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Metoda de calcul folosită este metoda ciclului teoretic corectat, pentru care se fac
următoarele ipoteze simplificatoare:
Date iniţiale:
Pe ≔ 92 kW puterea maximă a motorului
rot
n ≔ 5000―― turaţia de putere maximă
min
i ≔ 4 numărul cilindrilor
ε ≔ 9.5 raportul de comprimare
λ ≔ 0.95 coeficientul de exces de aer
ps ≔ 0.13 MPa presiunea de supraalimentare
p0 ≔ 0.1 MPa presiunea atmosferică
T0 ≔ 298K temperatura mediului ambiant
Tg ≔ 950K temperatura gazelor arse; pentru MAS Tg ∈ ((600 ‥ .900 K))
m ≔ 1.9
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Raportul ψ se alege în funcţie de tipul motorului şi utilizarea acestuia. Astfel
valoarea sa se alege 1.07.
3 ‾‾‾‾‾
4 ⋅ Vs
Di ≔ ――= 0.71 dm rezultă D ≔ 71 mm alezajul cilindrului
⋅ψ
S ≔ ψ ⋅ D = 75.97 mm cursa pistonului
T's ≔ Ts + ΔT = 344.43 K
pa ⋅ ((ε + ((k - 1)) ⋅ ((ε - 1)))) - pg
ηv ≔ ――――――――― = 0.91
T's
ps ⋅ ((ε - 1)) ⋅ k ⋅ ――
Ts
coeficientul de gaze de ardere reziduale:
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pg 1 1 T0
γ ≔ ―⋅ ―⋅ ――⋅ ― = 0.05
p0 ηv ε - 1 Tg
temperatura la sfârșitul admisiei
pa 1 ε 1
Ta ≔ ―⋅ ―⋅ ――⋅ ――⋅ T0 = 421.17 K
p0 ηv ε - 1 γ + 1
kJ
Hi ≔ 43529 ― puterea calorifică inferioară
kg
ζz ≔ 0.83 -coeficientul de utilizare al căldurii
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-cantitățile de gaze de ardere:
NCO ≔ 0.42 ⋅ ((1 - λ)) ⋅ Lt = 0.01
c
NCO2 ≔ ― - NCO = 0.06
12
h
NH2O ≔ ―= 0.07
2
NN2 ≔ 0.79 ⋅ L = 0.38
NCO2 NN2
nCO2 ≔ ――= 0.12 nN2 ≔ ―― = 0.73
Nf Nf
Nf
μc ≔ ―― = 1.07
N0
825 800 kJ
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825 - 800 kJ
U825aer ≔ U800aer + ⎛⎝U900aer - U800aer⎞⎠ ⋅ ―――― = 17805.25 ―
900 - 800 kg
kJ kJ
U800CO ≔ 17171 ― U900CO ≔ 19561 ―
kg kg
825 - 800 kJ
U825CO ≔ U800CO + ⎛⎝U900CO - U800CO⎞⎠ ⋅ ―――― = 17768.5 ―
900 - 800 kg
kJ kJ
U800CO2 ≔ 25524 ― U900CO2 ≔ 29906 ―
kg kg
825 - 800 kJ
U825CO2 ≔ U800CO2 + ⎛⎝U900CO2 - U800CO2⎞⎠ ⋅ ―――― = 26619.5 ―
900 - 800 kg
kJ kJ
U800H2O ≔ 21331 ― U900H2O ≔ 24436 ―
kg kg
825 - 800 kJ
U825H2O ≔ U800H2O + ⎛⎝U900H2O - U800H2O⎞⎠ ⋅ ―――― = 22107.25 ―
900 - 800 kg
kJ kJ
U800N2 ≔ 17050 ― U900N2 ≔ 19385 ―
kg kg
825 - 800 kJ
U825N2 ≔ U800N2 + ⎛⎝U900N2 - U800N2⎞⎠ ⋅ ―――― = 17633.75 ―
900 - 800 kg
U825gar ≔ U825CO ⋅ nCO + U825CO2 ⋅ nCO2 + U825H2O ⋅ nH2O + U825N2 ⋅ nN2 = 19283.7
kJ
Q ≔ Hi - 119538 ⋅ ((1 - λ)) ⋅ Lt = 40496.67 ―
kg
ζz ⋅ Q
――+ U825aer + γ ⋅ U825gar
N0 kJ
Uz ≔ ――――――――― = 78305.85 ―
μ ⋅ ((1 + γ)) kg
Se găsesc pentru Tz ∈ ((2400 ‥ .3000K)) două valori Tz2 = Tz1 + 100 pentru care:
Uz1 < Uz < Uz2
kJ kJ kJ
U2800CO ≔ 71434 ― U2800CO2 ≔ 126952 ― U2800H2O ≔ 103331 ―
kg kg kg
kJ
U2800N2 ≔ 70685 ―
kg
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Uz2 ≔ U2800CO ⋅ nCO + U2800CO2 ⋅ nCO2 + U2800H2O ⋅ nH2O + U2800N2 ⋅ nN2 = 81643.91
Uz - Uz1
Tz ≔ Tz1 + ⎛⎝Tz2 - Tz1⎞⎠ ⋅ ―――= 2705.38 temperatura la sfârşitul arderii
Uz2 - Uz1
Tz
pz ≔ pc ⋅ μ ⋅ ―= 7.84 MPa presiunea la sfârşitul arderii
Tc
Tz
λp ≔ ―= 3.27
Tc
ρ ≔ 1 gradul de destindere prealabilă
⎛ ρ ⎞ md - 1
Td ≔ Tz ⋅ ⎜― ⎟ = 1376.93 K temperatura la finele destinderii
⎝ε⎠
3.3.3. Trasarea diagramei indicate[***]
1
Λ≔―
⎛ 1 1 ⎛ Λ ⎞⎞ 4
V ≔ Vs ⋅ ⎜――+ ―⋅ ⎜((1 - cos (( )))) + ―⋅ ((1 - cos ((2 ))))⎟⎟
⎝ε-1 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠⎠ md ≔ 1.3
pa pd
p ≔ ―― p ≔ ――
V mc V md
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Fig.3.6. Diagrama indicată
-randamentul indicat
kJ
R ≔ 8.315 ――
kmol
p i 1 N0 ⋅ T s
ηi ≔ ―⋅ ―⋅ ――― ⋅ R = 0.25 pentru MAS ηi ∈ ((0.28 ‥ .0.34))
ps ηv Hi
3.6 ⋅ 10 6 g
ci ≔ ―――= 327.08 ――
ηi ⋅ H i kWh
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calculul mărimilor caracteristice efective
-presiunea medie efectiva
pe ≔ ηm ⋅ pi = 0.85 MPa
-randamentul efectiv
ηe ≔ ηm ⋅ ηi = 0.23 pentru MAS ηe ∈ ((0.25 ‥ .0.32))
4 ⋅ Pe ⋅ 10 4 kW
Ps ≔ ―――― = 58.09 ―― puterea specifică
⋅ i ⋅ D2 dm 2
Pe
Pcil ≔ ―= 23 kW puterea pe cilindru
i
md - 1
―――
md
⎛ ps ⎞
Tev ≔ Td ⋅ ⎜―⎟ = 1050.47 K
⎝ pd ⎠
kJ kJ
I1000aer ≔ 30362 ―― I1100aer ≔ 33706 ――
kmol kmol
1050 - 1000 kJ
I1050aer ≔ I1000aer + ⎛⎝I1100aer - I1000aer⎞⎠ ⋅ ――――= 32034 ――
1100 - 1000 kmol
kJ kJ
I1000CO ≔ 30287 ―― I1100CO ≔ 33639 ――
kmol kmol
1050 1000 kJ
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1050 - 1000 kJ
I1050CO ≔ I1000CO + ⎛⎝I1100CO - I1000CO⎞⎠ ⋅ ――――= 31963 ――
1100 - 1000 kmol
kJ kJ
I1000CO2 ≔ 42758 ―― I1100CO2 ≔ 48249 ――
kmol kmol
1050 - 1000 kJ
I1050CO2 ≔ I1000CO2 + ⎛⎝I1100CO2 - I1000CO2⎞⎠ ⋅ ――――= 45503.5 ――
1100 - 1000 kmol
kJ kJ
I1000H2O ≔ 36012 ―― I1100H2O ≔ 40180 ――
kmol kmol
1050 - 1000 kJ
I1050H2O ≔ I1000H2O + ⎛⎝I1100H2O - I1000H2O⎞⎠ ⋅ ――――= 38096 ――
1100 - 1000 kmol
kJ kJ
I1000N2 ≔ 30111 ―― I1100N2 ≔ 33340――
kmol kmol
1050 - 1000 kJ
I1050N2 ≔ I1000N2 + ⎛⎝I1100N2 - I1000N2⎞⎠ ⋅ ――――= 31725.5 ――
1100 - 1000 kmol
kJ
ITevga ≔ nCO2 ⋅ I1050CO2 + nCO ⋅ I1050CO + nH2O ⋅ I1050H2O + nN2 ⋅ I1050N2 = 34189.67 ――
kmol
kJ
Qg ≔ Nf ⋅ ((34190 - 8713)) - N0 ⋅ 582 = 13036.98 ― căldura pierdută prin gazele
kg de evacuare
Qg
qg ≔ ―― ⋅ 100 = 32.19 %
Q
kJ
Qin ≔ 119538 ⋅ ((1 - λ)) ⋅ Lt = 3032.33 ― căldura pierdută prin ardere incompletă
kg
Qin
qin ≔ ―― ⋅ 100 = 7.49 %
Q
qrez ≔ ηi - ηe = 0.03
kJ
Qrez ≔ qrez ⋅ Q = 1023.99 ― termenul rezidual
kg
qr ≔ 100 - ⎛⎝qe + qg + qin + qrez⎞⎠ = 37.54
kj
Qr ≔ qr ⋅ Q = 1520124.35 ―căldura pierdută prin sistemul de răcire
kg
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3.4. Calculul dinamic al motorului proiectat
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cos (( + β))
Z ≔ F ⋅ ―――― forţa orientată în lungul manetnului
cos ((β))
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Fig3.9.Variaţia forţelor K şi N în funcţie de unghiul arborelui cotit
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Fig.3.10.Variația momentului motor în funcție de unghiul arborelui cotit
d
d ≔ 0.282 ⋅ D = 20.02mm ―∈ ((0.24 ‥ 0.28))
D
di
di ≔ 0.7 ⋅ d = 14.02 mm ―∈ ((0.64 ‥ 0.72))
d
b ≔ 0.26 ⋅ D = 18.46 mm
b
pentru bolţ fix ―∈ ((0.26 ‥ 0.30))
D
l
l ≔ 0.9 ⋅ D = 63.9 mm ―∈ ((0.88 ‥ 0.93))
D
j ≔ 1.3 mm j ∈ ((1 ‥ 2 mm))
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mbolt ≔ mgp - mp = 0.08 kg
F
pb ≔ ―― = 62.58 MPa < pbadm ∈ ((50 ‥ 70 MPa))
b⋅d
Verficarea de rezistenţă
σimax + σmin
σm ≔ ――――= 164.1 MPa efortul unitar mediu
2
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σimax - σmin
συ ≔ ――――= 163.87 MPa amplitudinea eforturilor unitare
2
σ_1 ≔ 350 Mpa
σ0 ≔ 480 MPa
2 ⋅ σ_1 - σ0
ψσ ≔ ―――― = 0.46
σ0
γ ≔ 2.5 coeficient de calitate a suprafetei γ ∈ ((1.5 ‥ 2.5))
Verificarea deformatiei
3
0.09 ⋅ F ⋅ k ⎛ 1 + χ ⎞ Δ'
f ≔ ―――― ⋅ ⎜―― ⎟ = 0.05 < ―= 0.05
E⋅l ⎝1-χ⎠ 2
1
αb ≔ 11 ⋅ 10 -6 ―coeficient de dilatare a bolţului
K
1
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1
αp ≔ 21 ⋅ 10 -6 ―coeficient de dilatare material piston
K
Tb ≔ 425K temperatura bolţului
hs ≔ 2.5 mm ms ≔ 1
h1 ≔ 0.3 mm D ≔ 71
as ≔ 3mm
Ft ≔ 11 N K ≔ 1.742 Es ≔ 11 ⋅ 10 4 C ≔ 0.196
2 ⋅ Ft
pE ≔ ――――― = 0.16 MPa presiunea medie elastică
D ⋅ ⎛⎝hs - 2 ⋅ h1⎞⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
pE ⋅ K ⎜ ⎛ D ⎞
σf ≔ ――⋅ 3 ⋅ ⎜―- 1⎟ - 1⎟ = 218.8 MPa
2 ⎜⎝ ⎝ as ⎠ ⎟⎠
⎛ 3⎞
2 ⋅ ms ⋅ Es ⎜ 3 ⋅ pE D ⎛ D ⎞ ⎟
σm ≔ ――― ⋅ 1 - ――⋅ ―⋅ ⎜―- 1⎟ = 296.97 MPa < σa =300
2 ⎜
⎛D ⎞ ⎝ 4 ⋅ Es as ⎝ as ⎠ ⎟⎠
⎜―- 1⎟
⎝ as ⎠
Rostul de dilatare
a) în stare liberă
3
3 ⋅ ((3 - C)) ⋅ pE ⎛ D ⎞
S0 ≔ ―――― ⋅ ― ⋅ ⎜―- 1⎟ ⋅ D = 4.24 mm
4 E ⎝ as ⎠
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b) în funcţionare
c) la montaj
1
T's ≔ 530 K αs ≔ 12 ⋅ 10 -6 ―coeficientul de dilatare al
K materialului segmentului
1
αc ≔ 11 ⋅ 10 -6 ―coeficientul de dilatare al materialului cilindrului
K
Tcil ≔ 390 K temperatura cilindrului Tcil ∈ ((385 ‥ 395 K))
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du ≔ 1.6 ⋅ d = 32.04 mm
A ≔ 3.417 mm
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Calculul regiunii port-segmenţi
Di ≔ Du - 2 ⋅ δs = 55.65 mm
Fc Fi
σcmax ≔ ―= 39.56 σimax ≔ ―= 34.83
Ω Ω
Calculul mantalei
a) Diametrul mantalei
αm ≔ αp
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Nmax
pm_max ≔ ――――= 0.56 MPa <0.8 (presiunea admisibila)
D ⋅ Lm - Aev
piciorul bielei
ψbrad ≔ 0.61
⎛ dpe ⎞
Xp ≔ ⎜―― + ρ⎟ ⋅ sin ⎛⎝ψbrad⎞⎠ = 19.08 mm poziţia secţiunii minime
⎝ 2 ⎠
şurubul bielei
mB ≔ 0.275 ⋅ mb = 0.19 kg
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mC ≔ 0.2 ⋅ mA = 0.1 kg masa capului bielei
rot ⋅ 1.5 ⋅ nmax rad
nmax ≔ 7000 ――ωmax ≔ ――――= 1099.56 ――
min 30 s
Fic ≔ ⎛⎝mtr ⋅ ((1 + Λ)) + mA - mC⎞⎠ ⋅ R ⋅ ωmax 2 ⋅ 10 -3 = 48586.02 N forţa maximă de
întindere a capului
bielei
Fic
Fs ≔ ―― = 24293.01 N forţa care revine unui şurub
2
capul bielei
he ≔ 1.5 mm hi ≔ 0.5 mm
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dce - dc
hc ≔ ――― = 11.53 mm
2
corpul bielei
Hp
Hp ≔ 0.6 ⋅ dc = 26.72 mm lăţime corp picior ―― ∈ ((0.48 ‥ 1))
dc
Hc
Hc ≔ 1.19 ⋅ Hp = 31.8 mm lăţime corp cap ―― ∈ ((1.1 ‥ 1.35))
Hp
Hc + Hp
Hm ≔ ――― = 29.26 mm lăţime corp în zona medie
2
la
Din intervalul ―∈ ((0.90 ‥ 1.20)) se alege valoarea 0.95 rezultă lungimea cotului:
D
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la ≔ 0.95 ⋅ D = 67.45 mm
dp
Din intervalul ―∈ ((0.60 ‥ 0.80)) se alege valoarea 0.70 rezultă diametrul fusului palier:
D
dp ≔ 0.70 ⋅ D = 49.7 mm
dmi
Din intervalul ――
∈ ((0.60 ‥ 0.80)) se alege valoarea 0.70 rezultă diametrul interior:
dm
ha
Din intervalul ――
∈ ((0.15 ‥ 0.36)) se alege valoarea 0.20 rezultă grosimea braţului:
dm
ha ≔ 0.20 ⋅ dm = 7.95 mm
ba
Din intervalul ――
∈ ((1.17 ‥ 1.90)) se alege valoarea 1.50 rezultă lăţimea braţului:
dm
ba ≔ 1.50 ⋅ dm = 59.64 mm
ρa
Din intervalul ――
∈ ((0.06 ‥ 0.1)) se alege valoarea 0.08 rezultă raza de racordare:
dm
ρa ≔ 0.08 ⋅ dm = 3.18 mm
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