Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Diabetul Zaharat
Horia T. STANCA
U.M.F. “Carol Davila” Bucuresti
Ce este diabetul zaharat?
AVC
Cresterea de 2-4 ori a
Retinopatia
diabetica mortalitatii cardiovasc
si a AVC
Principala cauza de orbire
in populatia
activa
Bolile
cardiovasculare
8/10 pacienti diabetici
mor prin evenimente CV
Nefropatia
diabetica Neuropatia
Principala cauza de afectare severa
diabetica
Principala cauza de
a rinichiului
amputare a membrelor5
1
Fong DS, et al. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(Suppl. 1):S99–S102. 2Molitch ME, et al. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(Suppl.1):S94–S98.
3
Kannel WB, et al. Am Heart J 1990; 120:672–676. 4Gray RP & Yudkin JS. In Textbook of Diabetes 1997.
5
Mayfield JA, et al. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(Suppl. 1):S78–S79.
Diabetul este o cauza cunoscuta de pierdere a vederii
la adulti in lume si poate afecta toate structurile
oculare!
Diabetul afecteaza toate structurile oculare!
Corneea Irisul
Retina !!!
Pupila Mm. extrinseci Cristalinul
-teoria aldoz-reductazei,
-teoria factorului vasoformator,
-teoria referitoare la hormonul somatotrop,
-modificarile hemoreologice,
-Hb A1C
Teoria Aldoz-reductazei:
Michaelson
Retina hipoxica produce un factor vasoproliferativ
ce difuzeaza in zonele de ischemie si induce
neovascularizatie , microanevrisme si sunturi A-
V.
Argumente:
Studii pe tumori
NVD si NVI – remisie prin PRP
Hormonul Somatotrop:
Poulson
Regresia unei RDP la o femeie cu necroza
hemoragica de hipofiza postpartum (sdr. Sheehan)
Creste Tx A2
• VN 3-6%
• in DZ slab controlat >9%
Membrana bazala
Celulele endoteliale
Pericitele
Diabetul afecteaza toate structurile oculare!
Corneea Irisul
Retina !!!
Pupila Mm. extrinseci Cristalinul
Fluoresceina
• 85% legata de proteinele serice
• 15% “libera”
Coriocapilara
• Permeabila doar ptr. fluoresceina
libera
Excitatie si emisie
Filtre
Tehnica fotografica
Tardiv
Venos interm. Venos tardiv • Fluorescenta redusa progresiv
• impregnarea discului
Importanta AFG
RD neprolif / prolif
monitorizare afectiuni: virare OVCR non-isch in OVCR isch
agravare RD
strategie tratament: medicamentos / laser / chirurgical
monitorizare eficienta tratament
Tomografia in Coerenţă Optică
Tehnica imagistică a ultimei decade, noninvazivă, de
mare rezoluţie, ce realizează secţiuni in vivo
transversale, bi-, şi mai recent tridimensionale, în
microstructurile interne ale sistemelor biologice, la
rezoluţie micronică, reproducându-le grafic într-un
sistem codificat de culori sau tonuri de gri.
OCT – istoric
…secţiunea HISTOLOGICĂ !
După 1996 s-a putut obţine o imagine în secţiune a retinei prin…
…metode non-invazive!
Optical Coherence Tomography
Culori deschise (rosu, alb) reprezinta straturi Culori inchise (albastru, negru) corespund
cu reflectivitate si/sau grosime crescuta structurilor cu reflectivitate minima sau
absenta
Biopsie Optica
Sectiune histologica Sectiune transversala
din retina optica - OCT
in vitro in vivo
OCT
- non-contact
- non-invaziv
Analiza optica a straturilor retinei
Reflexie inalta Reflexie medie Reflexie joasa
NFL ILM OPL IPL INL ONL GCL
Foveea
NFL: nerve fiber layer OPL: Outer plexiform layer IS/OS: Junction of inner and outer
ILM: Internal limiting membrane ONL: Outer nuclear layer photoreceptor segments
GCL: Ganglion cell layer OLM: Outer limiting membrane
IPL: Inner plexiform layer IS: Inner photoreceptor segment RPE: Retinal Pigment Epithelium
INL: Inner nuclear layer OS: Outer photoreceptor segment
HD OCT cu rezolutie la 5 microni = STANDARD
OCT instrument dinamic
• Analiza retinei
• Analiza RNFL
• Analiza ONH
OCT instrument de diagnostic
• Complicaţii post-cataractă
• DMLV
• Glaucom
Retinopatia diabetică
Clasificare:
ETDRS
EURODIAB
ETDRS fundus camera si stadializarea
4:2:1
RDNP severa, definit de EDTRS de regula 4:2:1,
este caracterizata prin una din urmatoarele:
NVD NVE
Neovascularizatia retinei, irisului, si a unghiului
irido-cornean determina complicatii precum hemoragiile
vitreene, dezlipirea tractionala de retina si inchiderea
unghiului.
Edemul Macular Diabetic
Pe
rm
Va eab
An scu ilita
or lara te
ma
la
Diagnosticul EMD :
OCT
ingrosare maculara
excluderea tractiunii hialoidei
posterioare
AFG
Microanevrisme
Edem macular difuz
Ischemie maculara
Maculopatia diabetica focala
Exudate dure la
Edem retinian max. 500µm de
sub 500 µm de centrul foveei cu
fovee edem adiacent ce
poate depasi limita
de 500µm
NVD > 1/3 disc in NVD mai putin extinsa NVE > 1/2 disc in
suprafata +hemoragii suprafata+ hemoragii
PANFOTOCOAGULAREA LASER
Stefansson E., Machemer R., de Juan E., et al: Retinal oxygenation and laser treatment in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 199
113:36-38.
Mecanismul fundamental de actiune al
fotocoagularii pentru neovascularizatia retiniana implica
distrugerea tesutului prin aplicarea non-
invaziva a luminii care este absorbita de
gruparile cromofore naturale si este
transformata ulterior in caldura
• Obiectivul tratamentului de fotocoagulare
opri si a induce regresia
in RDP este de a
neovascularizatiei, si prin urmare de a
preveni hemoragia vitreana, dezlipirea
tractionala de retina si pierderea vizuala
DRS recomanda tratamentul prompt la ochii
cu risc inalt de RDP deoarece acest grup a
avut cel mai inalt risc de pierdere
seminificativa a vederii (SVL).
, DAR...
!!!
Asadar (avand in vedere riscul inalt de progresie la boala
proliferativa si pierderea vederii)…
…PRP trebuie luata in vedere la retinopatia
non-proliferativa severa si foarte severa , in
special in aceste cazuri:
Complianta scazuta
Boala proliferativa avansata la ochiul congener
Cataracta (in asteptarea interventiei)
dimensiunea spoturilor:
500 microni prin lentila Goldmann
200 microni prin lentila panfunduscopica
Rodenstock
Tratamentul laser poate fi
aplicat:
Trei-oglinzi
Imaginea marita in lentila centrala
Unghi larg
Vederea larga a campului, imaginea inversata
Cu cat campul este mai mare cu atat este mai mica este
imaginea
PANFOTOCOAGULAREA LASER TEHNICA
putere: 150-600 mW
durata expunerii: 0,1
secunde
reper clinic: albirea
usoara a retinei
Lungimea de unda laser
Nd:YAG 1064.0
Panfotocoagularea retiniana laser
ochii
la care neovascularizatia a regresat si exista
doar tesut fibrotic NU TREBUIE
TRATATI
Daca EMCS este prezent , trat. laser pentru
acesta trebuie realizat inainte de PRP sau in
aceeasi sedinta
Scaderea AV prin:
edem macular
pucker macular
Afectarea moderata a CV
Afectarea vederii colorate si a adaptarii la intuneric
Glaucom secundar prin decolare coroidiana
Ruptura membranei Bruch cu aparitia
neovascularizatiei coroidiene
Evaluarea dupa fotocoagulare
Evolutie nefavorabila Evolutie buna
Vitrectomie posteriora
Disectia membranelor
de proliferare:
segmentare
delaminare
disectie in bloc
+/- endodiatermie
Endofotocoagulare laser
Tamponament intern cu
gaz
ENDOFOTOCOAGULAREA
SITUATII IN CARE SE APLICA:
Pacienti fara
panfotocoagulare in
antec.
Pacienti cu
panfotocoagulare
insuficienta
Pacienti cu
neovascularizatie activa
Pacienti cu neovase
iriene preop.
Pacienti cu rupturi
retiniene (iatrogene sau
nu)
Diabetul afecteaza toate structurile oculare!
Corneea Irisul
Retina !!!
Pupila Mm. extrinseci Cristalinul
Waite JH, Beetham WP. The visual mechanism in diabetes mellitus: a comprehensive study of 2002 diabetics and 457 non-diabetics for control. N. Engl. J. Med. 212, 367–379 (1935).
Rocha G, Garza G, Font RL. Orbital pathology associated with diabetes mellitus. Int. Ophthalmol. Clin. 38(2), 169–179 (1998).
Herse PR. A review of manifestations of diabetes mellitus in the anterior eye and cornea. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Optics. 65(3), 224–230 (1988).
Negi A, Vernon SA. An overview of the eye in diabetes. J. R. Soc. Med. 96, 266–272 (2003).
Conjunctiva
Pacientii ale caror simptome de ochi uscat s-au agravat sunt cei la
care glicemia a fost insuficient controlata.
Ozdemir M, Buyukbese MA, Cetinkaya A, Ozdemir G. Risk factors for ocular surface disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 59, 195–199 (2003).
Goebbels M. Tear secretion and tear film function in insulin dependent diabetics. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 84, 19–21 (2000).
Kaiserman I, Kaiserman N, Nakar A, Vinker S. Dry eye in diabetic patients. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 139, 498–503 (2005).
Este bine cunoscut faptul ca pacientii diabetici prezinta o
scadere a sensibilitatii corneene, ceea ce are o influenta
negativa asupra reflexului de lacrimare.
Saito J, Enoki M, Hara M, Morishige N, Chikama T, Nishida T. Correlation of corneal sensation, but not of basal or reflex tear secretion, with the stage of diabetic retinopathyCornea 22(1), 15–
18 (2003).
Nepp J, Abela C, Polzer I, Derbolav A, Wedrich A. Is there a correlation between the severity of diabetic retinopathy and keratoconjunctivitis sicca? Cornea 19(4), 487–491 (2000).
Anomaliile filmului lacrimal contribuie atat la senzatia de
disconfort a pacientului cat si la aparitia defectelor epiteliale
de suprafata oculara intalnite frecvent la pacientii diabetici.
Inoue K, Kato S, Ohara C, Numaga J, Amano S, Oshika T. Ocular and systemic factors relevant to diabetic keratoepithliopathy. Cornea 8, 798–801 (2001).
Corneea
Schultz RO, Matsuda M, Yee RW, Edelhauser HF, Schultz KJ. Corneal endothelial changes in Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 98(4), 401–410 (1984).
Complicatiile de la nivelul corneei se asociaza frecvent cu:
Saito J, Enoki M, Hara M, Morishige N, Chikama T, Nishida T. Correlation of corneal sensation, but not of basal or reflex tear secretion, with the stage of diabetic retinopathy. Cornea 22(1), 15–18 (2003).
Schwartz DE. Corneal sensitivity in diabetics. Arch. Ophthalmol. 91(3), 174–178 (1974).
Scaderea sensibilitatii corneene contribuie atat la
aparitia sd. de ochi uscat descris anterior, cat si la
predispunerea pacientului la traume corneene,
adaugand si riscul de a dezvolta ulcere corneene
neurotrofice si de a impiedica vindecarea.
Hyndiuk RA, Kazarian EL, Schultz RO, Seideman S. Neurotrophic corneal ulcers in diabetes mellitus. Arch. Ophthalmol. 95(12), 2193–2196 (1977).
Abraziunile și defectele epiteliale recurente au
fost de asemenea asociate si cu interventiile
chirurgicale intraoculare la pacientii diabetici.
Gekka M, Miyata K, Nagai Y et al. Corneal epithelial barrier function in diabetic patients. Cornea 23(1), 35–37 (2004).
Goebbels M, Spitznas M, Oldendoerp J. Impairment of corneal epithelial barrier function in diabetics. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 227, 142–144 (1989).
Alfonso EC, Rosa RH Jr. Fungal keratitis. In: Cornea. Krachmer JH, Mannis MJ, Holland HJ (Eds). Mosby, St. Louis, MO, USA, 1253–1265 (1997).
Gapinathan U, Garg P, Fernandes M, Sharma S, Athmanathan S, Rao G. The epidemiological features and laboratory results of fungal keratitis. Cornea 21(6), 555–
559 (2002).
• Cresterea grosimii corneei centrale la pacientii
diabetici a fost asociata cu cresterea nivelului de
HbA1c, a glicemiei si a unor complicatii severe
retiniene.
Busted N, Olsen T, Schmitz O. Clinical observations on the corneal thickness and the corneal endothelium in diabetes mellitus. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 65, 687–690 (1981).
Su DHW, Wong TY, Wong W et al. Diabetes, hyperglycemia, and central corneal thickness. Ophthalmology 115(6), 964–968 (2008).
Chirurgia Refractivă a Corneei - LASIK
Fraufelder FW, Rich LF. Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis complications in diabetes mellitus. Cornea 21(3), 246–248 (2002).
Un caz descris la un pacient cu retinopatie diabetica proliferativa
la care s-a practicat LASIK
in termen de o luna dupa interventie s-a constatat ca, retinopatia a progresat
dramatic, neovascularizatie extensiva la nivelul
cu
irisului si a unghiului pe 360° astfel incat autorii au atribuit
cresterea riscului ischemic in timpul fazei de suctiune a operatiei .
acest caz arata ca un istoric de retinopatie diabetica ar trebui sa contraindice
interventia LASIK .
Ghanbari H, Ahmadieh H. Aggravation of proliferative diabetic retinopathy after laser in situ keratomileusis. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 29, 2232–2233 (2003).
Mai recent, Halkiadakis si colab. au studiat rezultatele post-LASIK
la 24 de pacienti cu diabet bine controlat:
Niciunul dintre acesti pacienti nu a prezentat
complicatii semnificative ale epiteliului si toti au dobandit
o acuitate vizuala (AV) 20/20 post-operator
in pofida celor de mai sus, 28% din indivizi au avut nevoie in final de imbunatatiri in
comparatie cu 10 % la pacientii non-diabetici.
Halkiadakis I, Belfair N, Gimbel HV. Laser in situ keratomileusis in patients with diabetes. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 31, 1895–1898 (2005).
Cercetarile au relevat faptul ca interventiile tip
LASIK practicate la pacientii diabetici bine controlati
sunt sigure, dar sunt contraindicate la pacientii cu
retinopatie proliferativa.
Lentilele de contact
Eichenbaum JW, Feldstein M, Podos SM. Extended-wear aphakic soft contact lenses and corneal ulcers. Br. J. Ophthal. 66, 663–666 (1982).
Schein OD, Glynn RJ, Poggio EC, Seddon JM, Kenyon KR. The relative risk of ulcerative keratitis among users of daily-wear and extended-wear soft
contact lenses a case–control study. N. Engl. J. Med. 321, 773–778 (1989).
O'Donnell și colab. au studiat raspunsul ocular la hidrogelul din
lentila de contact, purtata de către pacientii diabetici sau cei de
control si nu au descoperit nicio diferenta semnificativa intre
cele doua grupuri, urmarind hiperemia oculara, impregnarea
corneei, sensibilitatea corneei si AV.
Alt studiu nu a evidentiat nicio diferenta legata de complicatiile
lentilelor de contact, privind colorarea si abraziunile corneei la
pacientii diabetici si cei de control, care folosesc lentile de
contact moi.
Fialho SA. The iris in diabetes. Int. Ophthalmol. Clin. 3(3), 609–616 (1963).
Gartner S, Henkind P. Neovascularization of the iris (rubeosis iridis). Surv. Ophthalmol. 22, 291–312 (1978).
Pavan PR, Folk JC. Anterior Neovascularization. Int. Ophthalmol. Clin. 24(4), 61–70 (1984).
Cavallerano JD. A review of non-retinal ocular complications of diabetes mellitus. J. Am. Optom. Assoc. 61(7), 533–543 (1991).
Epiteliul irian se poate depigmenta si poate elibera
pigment de trei ori mai mult.
X 3
Eliberarea pigmentului de catre iris poate duce la depozitarea
acestuia pe endoteliul cornean si reteaua trabeculara .
Waite JH, Beetham WP. The visual mechanism in diabetes mellitus: a comprehensive study of 2002 diabetics and 457 non-diabetics for control. N. Engl. J. Med. 212, 367–379 (1935).
L'Esperance FA, James WA. The eye and diabetes mellitus. In: Diabetes Mellitus: Theory and Practice. Ellenberg M, Rifkin H (Eds). Medical Examination Publishing, New York, NY, USA, 727–758 (1983).
Pupila
dilatator
Smith SA, Smith SE. Evidence for a neuropathic aetiology in the small pupil of diabetes mellitus. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 67, 89–93 (1983).
Zaczek A, Zetterstrom C. Cataract surgery and pupil size in patient with diabetes mellitus. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand. 75, 429–432 (1997).
Huber MJ, Smith SA, Smith SE. Mydriatic drugs for the diabetic patients. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 69, 425–427 (1985)
Hreidarsson AB. Pupil motility in long-term diabetes. Diabetologia 17, 145–150 (1979).
inervatia simpatica a irisului este mai afectata la
diabetici, reflexul la lumina fiind pastrat.
Moore RF. Diabetes in relation to diseases of the eye. Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. UK 49, 15 (1920).
Spalding FM, Curtis WS. Retinitis and other changes in the eye of diabetics. Med. Surg. J. 197, 165 (1927).
Rothova A, Meenken C, Michels RPJ, Kijlstra A. Uveitis and diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 106, 17–20 (1988).
• Refractia Cristalinul
– Duke-Elder a afirmat ca modificarea inspre miopie sau
hipermetropie se asociaza cu hiperglicemia sau
hipoglicemia, iar aceste descoperiri au fost confirmate ulterior.
• Studile recente afirma ca, la pacientii diabetici este mai frecventa
Duke-Elder WS. Changes in refraction in diabetes mellitus. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 9, 167–187 (1925).
Gwinup G, Villarreal A. Relationship of serum glucose concentration to changes in refraction. Diabetes 25, 29–21 (1976).
Marmor MF. Transient accommodative paralysis and hyperopia in diabetes. Arch. Ophthalmol. 89, 418–421 (1973).
Okamoto F, Sone H, Nonoyama T, Hommura S. Refractive changes in diabetic patients during intensive glycaemic control. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 84, 1097–1102 (2000).
Tai MC, Lin SY, Chen JT, Liang CM, Chou PI, Lu DW. Sweet hyperopia: refractive changes in acute hyperglycemia. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 16(5), 663–666 (2006).
Riordan Eva P, Pascoe PT, Vaughan DG. Refractive change in hyperglycaemia: hyperopia, not myopia. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 66, 500–505 (1982).
• Acomodatia Cristalinul
Waite JH, Beetham WP. The visual mechanism in diabetes mellitus: a comprehensive study of 2002 diabetics and 457 non-diabetics for control. N. Engl. J. Med. 212, 367–379
(1935).
Rogell GD. Internal opthalmoplegia after argon laser panretinal photocoagulation. Arch. Ophthalmol. 97, 904–905 (1979).
Cristalinu
l
• Cataracta
• este o cauza frecventa de scădere a vederii la pacientii
diabetici.
• Cataracta diabetica:
– « adevarata »
– legată de vârstă
– in diabetul latent
Cataracta diabetica "adevarată"
la tineri
opacitati subcapsulare posterioare
DZ grav cu evol. rapida
Datta V, Swift PGF, Woodruff GHA, Harris RF. Metabolic cataracts in newly diagnosed diabetics. Arch. Dis. Child. 67, 118–120 (1997).
Vinding T, Nielson NV. Two cases of acutely developed cataract in diabetes mellitus. Acta Ophthalmol. 62(3), 373–377 (1984).
Trindade F. Transient cataract and hypermetopization in diabetes mellitus. Arg. Bras. Oftalmol. 70(6), 1037–1039 (2007).
Sharma P, Vasavada AR. Acute transient bilateral diabetic posterior subcapsular cataracts. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 27, 789–794 (2001).
Cataracta legată de vârstă la diabetici
cataracta endocrină
evol. bilaterală
varsta medie 40-60 ani
pacienti cu stare
generala buna, dar cu
tendinta la obezitate
Cataracta diabetică
Patogenie:
aldoz-reductaza det. acumularea de sorbitol in fibrele cristaliniene
creste osmolaritatea celulara , ceea ce atrage apa in celula – vacuolizarea fibrelor
in paralel se pierd aminoacizi , potasiu si mioinozitol prin afectarea
permeabilitatii membranare
se acumuleaza sodiu si clor in cristalin - opacifiere
Factori de risc ai cataractei diabetice:
TINERI:
-sex (femei)
VARSTNICI:
-durata DZ
-fumat
-varsta
-HTIO
-gravitatea RD
-HTA
-utilizarea diureticelor
– Studiul Framingham:
Klein BE, Klein R, Moss SE. Prevalence of cataract in a population-based study of persons with diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology 92, 1191–1196 (1985).
Ederer F, Hiler R, Taylor HR. Senile lens changes and diabetes in two population studies. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 91, 381–395 (1981).
Cataracta tinde să apară mai devreme și să
progreseze mai rapid la diabetici, adesea
necesitând intervenție chirurgicală la o vârstă
mai precoce.
Hialoza asteroida
mai frecv. la diabetici ???
un proces anormal de
Vitrosul la pacientii diabetici sufera
crosslinking al colagenului si glicare non-
enzimatica, ce duce la lichefierea precoce si
dezlipirea de vitros (DPV).
s-a demonstrat la pacientii diabetici o degenerare a vitrosului
intr-o maniera similara pacientilor in varsta .
Sebag J, Buckingham G, Charles MA et al. Biochemical abnormalities in vitreous of humans with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol. 110, 1472–1476
(1992).
Foos RY, Krieger AE, Forsythe AV. Posterior vitreous detachment in diabetic subjects. Ophthalmology 87, 122–128 (1980).
Tagawa H, McMeel JW, Furukawa H. Role of the vitreous in diabetic retinopathy. I. vitreous changes in diabetic retinopathy and in physiologic aging. Ophthalmology 93,
596–601 (1986).
Sebag J. Abnormalities of human vitreous structure in diabetes. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophth. 231, 257–260 (1993).
• S-a demonstrat ca sinchizisul si sinerezisul induse au un
rol important in retinopatia diabetica proliferativa
(RDP).
Tagawa H, McMeel JW, Furukawa H. Role of the vitreous in diabetic retinopathy. I. vitreous changes in diabetic retinopathy and in
physiologic aging. Ophthalmology 93, 596–601 (1986).
Sebag J. Abnormalities of human vitreous structure in diabetes. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophth. 231, 257–260 (1993).
Sebag J. Diabetic vitreopathy. Ophthalmol. 103, 205–206 (1996).
• O incidenta scazuta a RDP s-a inregistrat la pacientii
cu DPV completa !!!
Sebag J. The Vitreous – Structure, Function, and Pathobiology. Springer-Verlag, NY, USA (1989).
Ocluzia arteriala si venoasa
Hayreh SS, Zimmerman B, McCarthy MJ, Podhajsky P. Systemic diseases associated with various types of retinal vein occlusion. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 131, 61–77 (2001).
Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Meuer SM. The epidemiology of retinal vein occlusion: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 98, 133–143 (2000).
Zegarra H, Gutman FA, Conforto J. The natural course of central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 86, 1931–1942 (1979).
Little HL, Sacks A, Vassiliadis A, Greer R. Current concepts of pathogenesis of diabetic retinpathy: a dysproteinemia. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 75, 397–426 (1977).
Conditiile care cresc vascozitatea sanguina cresc
turbulenta fluxului sanguin si favorizeaza aparitia
OVCR
Nagy V, Takacs L, Steiber Z, Pfliegler G, Berta A. Thrombophilic screening in retinal artery occlusion patients. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2, 557–561 (2008).
Sindromul de ischemie oculara (SIO)
de ischemie oculara.
• Pe langa diabet, cei mai frecventi factori de risc pentru
SIO sunt:
» hipertensiune
» boli coronariene
» antecedente de infarct
» hemodializa.
Ino-ue M, Azumi A, Kajiura-Tsukahara Y, Yamamoto M. Ocular ischemic syndrome in diabetic patients. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 43, 31–35 (1999).
Chen KJ, Chen SN, Kao LY et al. Ocular ischemic syndrome. Chang Gung Med. J. 24, 483–491 (2001).
Mizener JB, Podhajsky P, Hayreh SS. Ocular ischemic syndrome. Ophthalmology 104, 859–864 (1997).
• Cele mai frecvente semne pentru SIO sunt:
Ino-ue M, Azumi A, Kajiura-Tsukahara Y, Yamamoto M. Ocular ischemic syndrome in diabetic patients. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 43, 31–35 (1999).
Chen KJ, Chen SN, Kao LY et al. Ocular ischemic syndrome. Chang Gung Med. J. 24, 483–491 (2001).
Mizener JB, Podhajsky P, Hayreh SS. Ocular ischemic syndrome. Ophthalmology 104, 859–864 (1997).
• prezentaretinopatiei unilaterale la un pacient
diabetic, mai ales daca e identificata
neovascularizatia iriana, trebuie sa orienteze
clinicianul spre suspiciunea de boala carotidiana
obstructiva.
CAROTID
Gilhotra JS, Mitchell P, Healey P, Cumming RG, Currie J. Homonymous field defects and stroke in an older population. Stroke 33, 2417–2420 (2002).
Warlow CP. Epidemiology of stroke. Lancet 352(Suppl. III), 1–4 (1998).
Thompson DW, Furlan AJ. Clinical epidemiology of stroke. Neurol. Clin. 14, 309–315 (1996).
Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Belanger AJ, Kannel WB. Probability of stroke: a risk profile from the Framingham Study. Stroke 22, 312–318 (1991).
Neuropatia optica
• Papilopatia diabetica
Slagle WS, Musick A, Eckermann D. Diabetic papillopathy and its relation to optic nerve ischemia. Optom. Vis. Sci. 86, E395–E403 (2009).
Barr CC, Glaser JS, Blankenship G. Acute disc swelling in juvenile diabetes: clinical profile and natural history of 12 cases. Arch. Ophthalmol. 98, 2185–
2192 (1980).
Lubow M, Makley TA Jr. Pseudopapilledema of juvenile diabetes mellitus. Arch. Ophthalmol. 85, 417–422 (1971).
Appen RE, Chandra SR, Klein R et al. Diabetic papillopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 90, 203–209 (1980).
Pavan PR, Aiello LM, Wafai MZ et al. Optic disc edema in juvenile-onset diabetes. Arch. Ophthalmol. 98, 2193–2195 (1980).
Regillo CD, Brown GC, Savino PJ et al. Diabetic papillopathy. Patient characteristics and fundus findings. Arch. Ophthalmol. 113, 889–895 (1995).
Boala este auto-limitanta si majoritatea pacientilor isi
recupereaza vederea pana la 20/30 sau chiar mai
mult.
Arnold A. Pathogenesis of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. J. Neuro. Opthalmol. 23, 157–163 (2003).
Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial Study Group. Characteristics of patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy eligible for the ischemic optic neuropathy decompression trial. Arch. Ophthalmol. 114, 1366–1374 (1996).
Neuropatia optica
Jacobson DM, Vierkant RA, Belongia EA. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. A case–control study of potential risk factors. Arch. Ophthalmol. 115, 1403–1407 (1997).
Salomon O, Huna-Baron R, Kurtz S et al. Analysis of prothrombotic and vascular risk factors in patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology 106, 739–742 (1999).
Neuropatia optica
Glaucomul
Tensiunea intraoculara crescuta a fost mai frecvent intalnita
la pacientii diabetici decat la cei care nu sufera de aceasta
afectiune .
Studiul Beijing Eye a aratat o asociere intre hipertensiunea intraoculara si
diabet.
Sahin A, Bayer A, Ozge G, Mumcuoglu T. Corneal biomechanical changes in diabetes mellitus and their influence on intraocular pressure measurements. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50, 4597–
4604 (2009).
Tan GS, Wong TY, Fong CW, Aung T. Diabetes, metabolic abnormalities, and glaucoma: the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Arch. Ophthalmol. 127, 1354–1361 (2009).
Tielsch JM, Katz J, Quigley HA, Javitt JC, Sommer A. Diabetes, intraocular pressure, and primary open-angle glaucoma in the Baltimore Eye Survey. Ophthalmology 102, 48–53 (1995).
Xu L, Wang YX, Jonas JB, Wang YS, Wang S. Ocular hypertension and diabetes mellitus in the Beijing Eye Study. J. Glaucoma. 18, 21–25 (2009).
Hennis A, Wu SY, Nemesure B, Leske MC. Hypertension, diabetes, and longitudinal changes in intraocular pressure. Ophthalmology 110, 908–914 (2003
Studiile Beaver Dam Eye , Blue Mountains Eye si
Nurses Health au demonstrat o asociere
semnificativa intre diabet si glaucom!!!
Klein BE, Klein R, Jensen SC. Open-angle glaucoma and older-onset diabetes: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 101, 1173–1177 (1994).
Mitchell P, Smith W, Chey T, Healey P. Open-angle glaucoma and diabetes: the Blue Mountain Eye Study, Australia. Ophthalmology 104, 712–718 (1997).
Pasquale LR, Kang JH, Manson JE, Willett WC, Rosner BA, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of Type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of primary open-angle glaucoma in
women. Ophthalmology 113, 1081–1086 (2006).
Chopra V, Varma R, Francis B et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of open-angle glaucoma: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. Ophthalmology 115, 227–232
(2008).
O meta-analiza din 2004 a concluzionat ca diabetul
5.
creste riscul GPUD cu 1.5
X 1,
Bonovas S, Peponis V, Filioussi K. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma: a meta-analysis. Diabet. Med. 21, 609–614 (2004).
The AGIS Investigators. The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 12. Baseline risk factors for sustained loss of visual field and visual acuity in patients with advanced glaucoma. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 134, 499–512 (2002).
Lichter PR, Musch DC, Gillespie BW et al. Interim clinical outcomes in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study comparing initial treatment randomized to medications or surgery. Ophthalmology 108, 1943–1953 (2001).
In contrast, studiile Barbados Incidence of Eye Diseases,
Melbourne Visual Impairment Project si Rotterdam Eye nu au
demonstrat ca diabetul este un factor de risc pentru
dezvoltarea GPUD.
Heijl A, Leske MC, Bengtsson B et al. Reduction of intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression: results from the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial. Arch. Ophthalmol. 120, 1268–1279 (2002).
Leske MC, Heijl A, Hyman L, Bengtsson B. Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial: design and baseline data. Ophthalmology 106, 2144–2153 (1999).
Drance S, Anderson DR, Schulzer M; Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group. Risk factors for progression of visual field abnormalities in normal-tension glaucoma. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 131, 699–708 (2001).
Kooner KS, Albdoor M, Cho BJ, Adams-Huet B. Risk factors for progression to blindness in high tension primary open angle glaucoma: comparison of blind and nonblind subjects. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2, 757–762 (2008).
Paralizii de nervi cranieni
III IV VI VII
– Neuropatiile multiple au fost intalnite mult mai rar.
Green WR, Hackett ER, Schlezinger NS. Neuroophthalmologic evaluation of oculomotor nerve paralysis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 72, 154 (1964).
Watanabe K, Hagura R, Akanuma Y et al. Characteristics of cranial nerve palsies in diabetic patients. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 10(1), 19–27 (1990).
Trigler L, Siatkowski RM, Oster AS et al. Retinopathy in patients with diabetic ophthalmoplegia. Ophthalmology 110, 1545–1550 (2003).
Shrader EC, Schlezinger NS. Neuroophthalmologicc evaluation of abducens nerve paralysis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 63, 84 (1960).
Chauhan S. Simultaneous bilateral oculomotor nerve paralysis: an unusual manifestation of diabetes mellitus. Singapore Med. J. 47(11), 1006 (2006).
• Pacientii diabetici cu paralizii de nervi cranieni au avut
Trigler L, Siatkowski RM, Oster AS et al. Retinopathy in patients with diabetic ophthalmoplegia. Ophthalmology 110, 1545–1550 (2003).
• Mononeuropatiile de nervi cranieni s-au prezentat
de obicei cu:
• Debut rapid
• Durere tranzitorie
• Absenta altor semne neurologice
• Recuperare spontana in 3–6 luni
• Acidul α-lipoic s-a demonstrat a avea un rol
VI (50%)
III
(43,3%)
IV
(6,7%)
Trigler L, Siatkowski RM, Oster AS et al. Retinopathy in patients with diabetic ophthalmoplegia. Ophthalmology 110, 1545–1550 (2003).
• Paraliziile de nerv abducens sunt atribuite de
multe ori antecedentelor ischemice
microvasculare ale pacientilor diabetici.
VI
Richards BW, Jones FR, Younge BR. Causes and prognosis in 4,278 cases of paralysis of the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens cranial nerves. Am. J. Opthalmol. 113(5), 489–496 (1992).
Mononeuropatia nervului oculomotor fara afectarea
pupilara este asociata frecvent cu boala
microvasculara diabetica .
III
Afectarea tuturor mm. Extrinseci Pupila semimidriatica sau
(excp.OS si DE) de cele mai multe ori normala
Schwartz JN, Donnelly EH, Klintworth GK. Ocular and orbital phycomycosis. Surv. Ophthalmol. 22, 3–28 (1977).
Yohai RA, Bullock JD, Aziz AA, Markert RJ. Survival factors in rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis. Surv. Ophthalmol. 39, 3–22 (1994).
Lee BL, Holland GN, Glasgow BJ. Chiasmal infarction and sudden blindness caused by mucormycosis in AIDS and diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 122, 895–
896 (1996).
Clinic:
Proptoză
Reducerea AV
Durere oculară
oftalmoplegie
Tratament:
Amphotericină B
Debridare chirurgicală
Schwartz JN, Donnelly EH, Klintworth GK. Ocular and orbital phycomycosis. Surv. Ophthalmol. 22, 3–28 (1977).
Yohai RA, Bullock JD, Aziz AA, Markert RJ. Survival factors in rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis. Surv. Ophthalmol. 39, 3–22 (1994).
Lee BL, Holland GN, Glasgow BJ. Chiasmal infarction and sudden blindness caused by mucormycosis in AIDS and diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 122, 895–896 (1996).
Blitzer A, Lawson W, Meyers BR, Biller HF. Patient survival factors in paranasal sinus mucormycosis. Laryngoscope 90, 635–648 (1980).
• Pacientii cu diabet necontrolat dezvolta o
varietate de patologii oculare care afecteaza
aproape toate tesuturile oculare.
• Cele mai cunoscute complicatii care afecteaza vederea
sunt retinopatia, edemul macular si
cataracta, dar este important sa stim efectele acestei
boli pe structurile oculare, care pot duce de asemenea la
compromiterea functiei vizuale.
• Cea mai importanta abordare de preventie a
complicatiilor oculare la diabetici ramane
mentinerea
Controlului glicemic
DZ este o boala multifactoriala ce necesita un abord
multidisciplinar