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MP
marcaj intens i difuz (86% din cazuri) (Paner i colab., 2009).
Implicarea metodelor IHC n diagnosticul unor forme particulare de carcinom de tract urinar
Profilul IHC al carcinomul urotelial uzual:
panCK+
EMA+
p63+ (70%-90%)
CK5/6+ (50%-81%)
CK20+ (64%)
HMWCK+ (65%-100%)
trombomodulin+ (49%-69%)
AMACR (31%-48,7%)
CEAm+ (41-90%)
CD57/Leu7+(17%)
PSMA
PAP
prostein
PSA-/+ (focal, in 1,4% din cazuri)
(Lindeman i Weidner, 1996; Genega i colab., 2000; Parker i colab., 2003; Varma i colab., 2003; Chuang i colab., 2007; McKenney i Amin cit. de Paner i colab., 2008; Chen i colab, 2008;
Chu i colab., Wang i colab., Fuchs i colab., Schaafsma i colab., Mhawech i colab., Harnden i colab., Harnden i Southgate, Chu i Weiss, Kaufmann i colab., Miettinen, Moll i colab.,
Cheville i colab., Basilly i colab., cit. de Chu i Weiss, 2009).
(Ordonez, 1998; Kaufmann si colab., 2001; Bassily si colab., 2000; Miller, 2001; Mhawech si colab., 2002; Parker si colab., 2003; Langner si colab., 2006; Gunia si colab., 2008; Magi-Galluzzi si Falzarano, 2008; Dabbs, 2010).
Implicarea metodelor IHC n diagnosticul unor forme particulare de carcinom de tract urinar
Implicarea metodelor IHC n diagnosticul unor forme particulare de carcinom de tract urinar
Variante histologice ale carcinomului urotelial
Implicarea metodelor IHC n diagnosticul unor forme particulare de carcinom de tract urinar
Implicarea metodelor IHC n diagnosticul unor forme particulare de carcinom de tract urinar
Implicarea metodelor IHC n diagnosticul unor forme particulare de carcinom de tract urinar
Implicarea metodelor IHC n diagnosticul unor forme particulare de carcinom de tract urinar
Implicarea metodelor IHC n diagnosticul unor forme particulare de carcinom de tract urinar
Implicarea metodelor IHC n diagnosticul unor forme particulare de tumori de tract urinar
Implicarea metodelor IHC n diagnosticul unor forme particulare de tumori de tract urinar
(Dabbs, 2010).
Implicarea IHC n diagnosticul diferenial dintre un carcinom urotelial invaziv i interesarea secundar a vezicii
sau n precizarea naturii uroteliale a unei metastaze
panelul de atc.: Uro, CK20, TTF-1, ER i WT-1 sau/i PAX8 i mamaglobin are
valoare discriminatorie pentru precizarea originii unei metastaze/extensii de
carcinom micropapilar
carcinoamele uroteliale micropapiare: Uro+ i CK20+; p63, HMWCK i TM - mai
puin sensibili i specifici
carcinoamele micropapilare pulmonare - TTF1+ 100%
carcinoamele micropapilare mamare: ER+/mamaglobin+, PAX8/WT1carcinoamele ovariene micropapilare: ER+, PAX8/WT-1+, mamaglobin- (Lotan i colab.,
2009).
Endocervicoza
Clinic: *femei in perioada reproductiva
*semne si simptome: dureri suprapubiene, disurie, hematurie cu exacerbari
*localizare: perete posterior si dom
HE: proliferare haotica, in intregul perete, dar centrata in musculara proprie, de glande de tip endocervical:
*glande de dimensiuni si forme variabile, larg spatiate (nu inghesuite/spate in spate!)
*un singur strat de celule columnare:
-citoplasma abundenta, palida, mucicarmin+, PASD+
-nuclei bazali
-intercalat: celule ciliate / celule cubice nespecifice / chiar glande de tip endometrial
-fara atipii citologice semnificative
-mitoze foarte rare
*mucina extravazta: edem stromal, fibroza, infiltrat inflamator
ADK se poate dezvolta intr-un mediu de endocervicoza (tranzitie de la glande displazice la cele franc maligne)
IHC: CA125+apical CKs+ EMA+ ER+ PR+
DD: *Cistita glandulara de tip intestinal
*Resturi uracale
*ADK primitiv / secundar
CK7
cy
BIU
CK20
cy
CK5/6
cy
BIU
CK903 (CK34E12)
cy
p63
nc
mb
mb (IU), cy (U)
IU
cy
CD44
mb
S100P
UP3 (uroplakin III)
TM (trombomodulina)
Survivina
bcl-2
cy, mb, nc
bcl-6
cy, nc
CEA
cy
EGFR
cy, mb
BI
ErbB2
mb
p53
nc
CK7/CK20
DBEH
ADK mucinos
bronhioloalveolar
Cc mucinos ovarian
ADK endocervical
Cc scuamos
Cc neuroendocrin
ADK endometrial
Cc prostatic
CK7- CK20+
CK7- CK20-
Cc colorectal
Cc gastric
Cc Merkel
Cc pulmonar cu celule
Cc hepatocelular
Cc adrenocortical
Cc renal
Cc neuroendocrin de
mari (,,non-small)
Cc vezicule seminale
Cc prostatic
grad scazut
Cc prostatic
Amin MB. Histological variants of urothelial carcinoma: diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implications. Mod Pathol, 22, S96-S118, 2009;
Netto GJ, Epstein JI. Immunohistology of the prostate, bladder, kidney and testis. In: Diagnostic immunohistochemistry.Theranostic and
genomic applications. Edited by David J Dabbs, 3rd edition, Sunders/Elsevier, 593-661, 2010.
Marker foarte sensibil pentru diferentierea uroteliala: exprimat in > 90% (65-100%)din cc uroteliale
*egaleaza sensibilitatea lui p63 si o depaseste pe cea a UP3 si TM
*specificitate 100% si sensibilitate 83% pentru diferentierea uroteliala
Exprimat in numeroase tumori non-uroteliale:
*cc pulmonare ,,non-small cells
*mezotelioame
Dg diferential: *displazie uroteliala (imunocolorare in celule bazale)
*CUIS (imunocolorare transmucosala)
*cc prostatic (atentie la ariile de diferentiere scuamoase care apar in context
postterapeutic; exprimat in ~ 8% din cc prostatice)
Expresia difuza in CPU-LG: predictor puternic al recurentei tumorale
Netto GJ, Epstein JI. Immunohistology of the prostate, bladder, kidney and testis. In: Diagnostic immunohistochemistry.
Theranostic and genomic applications. Edited by David J Dabbs, 3rd edition, Sunders/Elsevier, 593-661, 2010.
p63
Netto GJ, Epstein JI. Immunohistology of the prostate, bladder, kidney and testis. In: Diagnostic immunohistochemistry.
Theranostic and genomic applications. Edited by David J Dabbs, 3rd edition, Sunders/Elsevier, 593-661, 2010.
Uroplakine (UPs)
Netto GJ, Epstein JI. Immunohistology of the prostate, bladder, kidney and testis. In: Diagnostic immunohistochemistry.
Theranostic and genomic applications. Edited by David J Dabbs, 3rd edition, Sunders/Elsevier, 593-661, 2010.
Trombomodulina (TM)
Netto GJ, Epstein JI. Immunohistology of the prostate, bladder, kidney and testis. In: Diagnostic immunohistochemistry.
Theranostic and genomic applications. Edited by David J Dabbs, 3rd edition, Sunders/Elsevier, 593-661, 2010.
p53
Goebell PJ, Groshen SG, Schmitz-Drager BJ. p53 immunohistochemistry in bladder cancer a new approach to an old question. Urol Oncol, 28(4):377-388, 2010;
Netto GJ, Epstein JI. Immunohistology of the prostate, bladder, kidney and testis. In: Diagnostic immunohistochemistry.
Theranostic and genomic applications. Edited by David J Dabbs, 3rd edition, Sunders/Elsevier, 593-661, 2010.
CUP metastatic
*Pentru excluderea originii uroteliale este necesar includerea in panel: CK7, CK20, HMWCK, p63, UP3, TM
*Ex.: san: ER, PR, GCDFP-15, UP3, TM
plasmocitom: CD138
Cc sarcomatoid vezical
*Atentie la imunocolorarea pentru: AE1/AE3, CAM5.2, HMWCK, EMA, p63, CK7, CK20
*Imunocolorarea pentru unul sau mai multi dintre acesti anticorpi sustin dg de carcinom sarcomatoid (
sarcom)
Cc cu celule mici vezical
*Foarte rar in forma pura
*Morfologie tipica (~ plaman)
*Dg diferential cu limfoame si alte tumori cu celule mici albastre
*Panel folosit: SYN, NSE, CD56, panCK (AE1/AE3, CAM5.2)
Netto GJ, Epstein JI. Immunohistology of the prostate, bladder, kidney and testis. In: Diagnostic immunohistochemistry.
Theranostic and genomic applications. Edited by David J Dabbs, 3rd edition, Sunders/Elsevier, 593-661, 2010.
IHC???
CK20
p53
CD44
CK5/6
(in studiu)
Ki67
CUIS
+ celule in umbrela
(nu intotdeuna)
+ in intreaga grosime
-/ slab + focal
(variabilitate de imunocolorare in
functie de clona)
+ intens si difuz
Crescut
Crescut
IHC: numai in cazuri borderline de novo (NU DE RUTINA!) si numai in conjunctie cu H&E
Brimo F, Epstein JI. Selecte common diagnostic problems in urologic pathology. Perspectives from a large consult service in genitourinary pathology.
Arch Pathol Lab Med, 136:360-371, 2012
Cuiburi von
Brunn
Papilom
urotelial
inversat
CPU cu pattern
inversat de
crestere
CK20
+/-
UP3
+/-
CEA
p53
-/+ (~10%)
+/-
Ki67
-/+ (~)
+/-
Hammerich KH, Ayala GE, Wheeler TM: Application of immunohistochemistry to the genitourinary system (prostate, urinary bladder, testis and kidney).
Arch Pathol Lab MED, 132(3):432-440, 2008;
Bostwick DG, Cheng L. Urologic surgical pathology. 2nd edition, Philadelphia, PA:Elsevier, 2008;
Wilkerson M. Urinary bladder In: Handbook of practical immunohistochemistry. Edited by Fan Lin, Jeffrey Prichard, Springer, 321-333, 2011.
Cc urotelial in cuiburi
(,,nested)
CK7
CK20
CK903
p63
p53
Rare celule
-/+
Ki67
Rare celule
-/+ (~15%)
p21
p27
-/+
+ (numai componenta
superficiala a tumorii)
bcl-2
-/+
EGFR
Hammerich KH, Ayala GE, Wheeler TM: Application of immunohistochemistry to the genitourinary system (prostate, urinary bladder, testis and kidney).
Arch Pathol Lab MED, 132(3):432-440, 2008;
Bostwick DG, Cheng L. Urologic surgical pathology. 2nd edition, Philadelphia, PA:Elsevier, 2008;
Wilkerson M. Urinary bladder In: Handbook of practical immunohistochemistry. Edited by Fan Lin, Jeffrey Prichard, Springer, 321-333, 2011.
Carcinoid
Paragangliom
Melanom
panCK
CK7
-/+
CK20
CEA
p53
pozitivitate focala
pentru p27
Vim
+/-
CG
SYN
NSE
S100
+ celule
sustentaculare
Ki67
-/+
rar
Amin MB. Histological variants of urothelial carcinoma: diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implications. Mod Pathol, 22, S96-S118, 2009.
Hammerich KH, Ayala GE, Wheeler TM: Application of immunohistochemistry to the genitourinary system (prostate, urinary bladder, testis and kidney).
Arch Pathol Lab MED, 132(3):432-440, 2008;
Bostwick DG, Cheng L. Urologic surgical pathology. 2nd edition, Philadelphia, PA:Elsevier, 2008;
Netto GJ, Epstein JI. Immunohistology of the prostate, bladder, kidney and testis. In: Diagnostic immunohistochemistry.
Theranostic and genomic applications. Edited by David J Dabbs, 3rd edition, Sunders/Elsevier, 593-661, 2010;
Wilkerson M. Urinary bladder In: Handbook of practical immunohistochemistry. Edited by Fan Lin, Jeffrey Prichard, Springer, 321-333, 2011.
CK7
CK20
p63
+/-
CEA, S100P
S100P
-/+
UP3
Vilin
+/-
-catenin
-/+
Villin, CDX2
PSA
PSA, Vim
P504S
+/-
CK903
CA125
-/+
CK7
CK903
Cc urotelial
TM
CEA
CDX2
PSAP
PSMA
PAP
Vim
ADK uracal
CK7
CK20
ADK colo-rectal
CK903
+/-
p63
S100P
UP3
TM
-/+
CK7, CA125
PSA, Vim
CEA
CDX2
Vilin
ADKP
+/-
-catenin
PSA
PSAP
PSMA
-/+
CA125
+/-
CK7
-/+
CEA
PAP
P504S
CA125
Vim
Vilina:
Coloreaza marginea in perie a celulelor intestinale
Frecvent pozitiva (92-100%) din ADK colorectale:
Difuz cy cu accentuare la nivelul marginii in perie
Imunocolorare cy si in alte ADK de tip intestinal:
Pulmonar
Vezical/urotelial
Wang HL, Lu DW, Yerian LM, et al. Immunohistochemical distinction between primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder and secondary colorectal adenocarcinoma.
Am J Surg Pathol, [ABSTRACT], 2001;
Rapsollini MR, Nesi G, Baroni G, et al. Immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis between primary and secondaryintestinal adenocarcinoma of
the urinary bladder. ApplnImmunohistochem Mol Morphol, 13:358, 2005
Dabbs DJ. Diagnostic immunohistochemistry. 3rd edition, Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2010.
ADK colorectal
CK7
+ (65%)
CK20
+ (53%)
+ (94%)
TM
+ (59%)
+ mb si cy (~100%)
+ nc (81%)
-catenina
CK7
CK7 si TM:
Imunocolorarea difuza cy
sustin originea uroteliala
TM
CDX2 si -catenina:
Ar putea permite definitiv
distinctia intre ADK vezical
si ADK colorectal
CDX2
-catenin
p63
p63;
Imunocolorarea nc extinsa sustine originea uroteliala
Absenta imunocolorarii nc trebuie interpretata ca
non-contributorie
(nu ca aspect care sustine originea colorectala)
PSMA
P501S (prosteina)
ADKP
+ mb; rareori + si cy
+ difuz cy
+ granular
perinuclear
ADKP
-/+
CK20
+/-
CK5/6
+/-
CK903
+/-
CK17
+/-
p63
S100P
+/-
TM
p53
-/+
rar
PSA
PSAP
PSMA
-/+difuz cy
+mb
P501S (prosteina)
-/+difuz cy
+granular perinc
-/+
CK7
UP3
P504S (AMACR)
ADKP metastatic poate pierde expresia PSA sau P501S (<20% din cazuri); foarte rar (~3% din
cazuri) poate pierde expresia ambilor markeri.
Panelul PSA + P501S: creste sensibilitatea pentru identificarea CUP (carcinoma of unknown primary)
metastatic, dar suspectat ca avand origine prostatica.
Hameed O, Humphrey PA. Immunohistochemistry in diagnostic surgical pathology of the prostate. Semin Diagn Pathol, 22(1):88-104, 2005;
Parwani AV, Marlow C, DeMarzo AM, et al: Immunohistochemical staining of precursor forms of prostate-specific antigen (proPSA) in metastatic prostate cancer. Am
J Surg Pathol, 30(10):1231-1236, 2006;
Chuang AY, DeMarzo AM, Veltri RW, et al: Immunohistochemical differentiation of high-grade prostate carcinoma from urothelial carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol,
31(8):1245-1255, 2007;
Higgins JP, Kaygusuz G, Wang L, et al: Placental S100 (S100P) and GATA3: Markers for transitional epithelium and urothelial carcinoma discovered by
complementary DNA microarrays. Am J Surg Pathol, 31(5):673-680, 2007;
Sheridan T, Herawi M, Epstein JI, Illei PB: The role of P501S and PSA in the diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Am J Surg Pathol, 31(9):13511355, 2007;
Hammerich KH, Ayala GE, Wheeler TM: Application of immunohistochemistry to the genitourinary system (prostate, urinary bladder, testis and kidney). Arch Pathol
Lab MED, 132(3):432-440, 2008;
Esheba GE, Longacre TA, Atkins KA, Higgins JP: Expression of the urothelial differentiation markers GATA3 and placental S100 (S100P) in female genital tract
transitional cell proliferations. Am J Surg Pathol, 33(#):347-353, 2009;
Netto GJ, Epstein JI. Immunohistology of the prostate, bladder, kidney and testis. In: Diagnostic immunohistochemistry. Theranostic and genomic applications.
Edited by David J Dabbs, 3rd edition, Sunders/Elsevier, 593-661, 2010.;
Liu H, Lin F, Zhai QJ. Prostate gland. In: Handbook of practical immunohistochemistry. Edited by Fan Lin, Jeffrey Prichard, Springer, 299-319, 2011.
Netto GJ, Epstein JI. Immunohistology of the prostate, bladder, kidney and testis. In: Diagnostic immunohistochemistry.
Theranostic and genomic applications. Edited by David J Dabbs, 3rd edition, Sunders/Elsevier, 593-661, 2010;
Wilkerson M. Urinary bladder In: Handbook of practical immunohistochemistry. Edited by Fan Lin, Jeffrey Prichard, Springer, 321-333, 2011.
CK7
CK20
CK7, CA125
p63
+/-
CK20, Villin
S100P
-/+
UP3
CK7, CA125
Vilin
+/-
Vim
-catenin
-/+
CEA, CDX2
PSA
P504S
+/-
CEA
CA125
-/+
CK903
ADK ovarian
TM
CEA
CDX2
ADK endometrial
PSAP
PSMA
PAP
ADK cervical
Vim
Cc urotelial
primitiv
vezical
Cc cu celule
tranzitionale
primitiv
ovarian
Tumora
Brenner
borderline
Tumora
Brenner
benigna
Uroteliu
normal
CK7
CK20
-/+ focal
+ celule in umrela
CK5/6
+ celule bazale
CK8
CK13
+ celule bazale si
intermediare
TM
+/-
UP3
+/-
+/-
-/+
CEA
+/-
-/+
-/+
+/-
CA125
+/-
WT1
-/+
Inhibin A
Vimentin
+/-
Uroteliu + epiteliul tumorilor Brenner: imunofenotip similar: CK7, CK20, UP3, TM, CEA
(aspectul tranzitional al epiteliului tumorilor Brenner reprezinta o adevarata metaplazie tranzitionala)
p63 -pozitiv nuclear difuz in tumori Brenner borderline si benigne (~ cc urotelial si uroteliu)
-marker pentru tumori Brenner ovariene (celelalte tipuri de tumori ovariene sunt negative pentru p63)
Tumorile Brenner borderline si maligne: exprima mai rar markeri uroteliali decat cele benigne
Cc cu celule tranzitionale primitiv ovarian:
-imunofenotip ~ cc de suprafata ovariene, dar cc cu celule tranzitionale de tip urotelial
-exprima: CK7, CA125, WT1 (~cc seroase), Mezotelina (~tumori epiteliale non-mucinoase ovariene)
-mai rar exprima markeri uroteliali: CK20, p63, UP3, TM, CK13
-dg diferential cu cc urotelial metastatic: CK7, CK20, p63, TM, WT1, Mezotelina
CK7
CK20
p63
TM
CA125
WT1
Mezotelin
Cc urotelial metastatic
Cc cu celule tranzitionale
primitiv ovarian
+/ -
+/-
Logani S, Oliva E, Amin MB, et al: Immunoprofile of ovarian tumors with putative transitional cell (urothelial)
Differentiation using novel urothelial markers: histogenetic and diagnostic implications. Am J Surg Pathol, 27:1434-1441, 2003;
Ordonez NG. Application of mesothelin immunostaining in tumor diagnosis. Am J Surg Pathol, 27:1418-1428, 2003;
Liao XY, Xue WC, Shen DH, et al: p63 expression in ovarian tumors: a marker for Brenner tumors but not transitional
Cell carcinomas. Histopathology, 51:477483, 2007;
Mittal K, Soslow R, McCluggage WD. Application of immunohistochemistry to gynecologic pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med,
132(3):402-423, 2008;
Prichard J, Liu H, Wilkerson M. Ovary. In: Handbook of practical immunohistochemistry. Edited by Fan Lin, Jeffrey Prichard,
Springer, 277-298, 2011;
Rabban JT, Soslow RA, Zaloudek CZ. Immunohistology of the female genital tract. In: Diagnostic immunohistochemistry.
Theranostic and genomic applications. Edited by David J Dabbs, 3rd edition, Sunders/Elsevier, 690-762, 2010.
+/-
-/+
Cc urotelial
CC-RCC
(cc renal cu
celule clare)
P-RCC
(cc renal papilar)
Chr-RCC
(cc renal cu
celule
cromofobe)
CDC
(cc ducte
colectoare)
PAX2/PAX8, Vinculin,
CD117, Vimentin, UEA1
MTSCC
(cc mucinos
tubular si cu
celule alungite)
RO
(oncocitom
renal)
CD15
S100A1/S100,
Vimentin
GST-alfa
PAX2/PAX8
RCC Ma
S100A1/S100, S100P,
CD15, GST-alfa,
Vimentin, AMACR, CAIX,
UEA1
CAIX
AMACR
PAX2/PAX8, Vinculin,
CD117, S100A1/S100,
Ksp-CD, pVHL
CD15
GST-alfa
Cc urotelial
pelvis renal
CK7
CK20
+/-
CK5/6
CK903
p63
+
S100P
UP3
TM
+/-
UEA1
PAX8
Vim
CK7
CK20
S100P
AMACR
pVHL
Cc urotelial noninvaziv
+/-
Cc urotelial invaziv
+/-
+/-
--/+
CK2O
Cc urotelial
CDC
p63
S100P
TM
Vim
CD10
CAIX
PAX8/
PAX2
+/-
-/focal+
+/-
+/-
-/+
+/-
CK7
CK20
p63
S100P
AMACR
PSA
PSAP
Cc urotelial
+/-
-/+
Adenom nefrogenic
+/-
focal+
focal+
CK7
CK20
CK5/6
p63
S100P
Cc urotelial
sarcomatoid
+/-
+/-
+/-
+/-
+/-
Cc renal sarcomatoid
-/+
TM
CD10
pVHL
+/-
+/-
+/-
CK7
Cc urotelial
CC-RCC
CK20
p63
Vim
PAX8/PAX2
RCC Ma
+/-
-/+
-/focal+
Eble JN, Sauter G, Epstein JI, Sesterhenn IA. WHO classifications of tumours. Pathology and genetics
of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs. Lyon, France: IARC, 2004;
Murphy WM, Grignion DJ, Perlman EJ. Tumors of the kidney, bladdder and related urinary structures. Fascicle 1,
4th edition, Washington, DC: American Registry of Pathology, 2004;
Bostwick DG, Cheng L. Urologic surgical pathology. 2nd edition, Philadelphia, PA:Elsevier, 2008;
Chu PG, Weiss LM. Modern immunohistochemistry. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2009;
Gupta R, Balzer B, Picken M, et al. Diagnostic implications of transcription factor Pax 2 protein and transmembrane
Enzyme complex carbonic anhydrase IX immunoreactivity in adult renal epithelial neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol,
33(2):241-247, 2009;
Lin F, Yang XJ. Kidney. In: Handbook of practical immunohistochemistry. Edited by Fan Lin, Jeffrey Prichard,
Springer, 335-354, 2011;
Netto GJ, Epstein JI. Immunohistology of the prostate, bladder, kidney and testis. In: Diagnostic immunohistochemistry.
Theranostic and genomic applications. Edited by David J Dabbs, 3rd edition, Sunders/Elsevier, 593-661, 2011.
Markeri IHC
HMWCK / CK34E12
Pozitivitate (%)
65-100%
Specificitate
p63
70-92%
57-60%
Trombomodulina (TM)
49-69%
Markeri IHC
Pozitivitate (%)
Specificitate
CK7+/CK20+
65%
CK7+/CK20-
37%
CK7-/CK20+
3%
CK7-/CK20-
10%
~70%
Hiperplazie uroteliala
CPU-LG
Recurente
H-RAS/FGFR3
mTOR-PIK3CA-Akt
10-15%
9q-/9p-
P53, Rb
8p-, 11p-,13q-, 14q-
Uroteliu normal
9q-/9p-
Displazie uroteliala/
CUIS
P53, Rb, 8p8p+, 17p-
~50%
CPU-HG
CUI
E-CD
MMP,VEGF
COX2
MMP9, VEGF
TSP, IL8, EGFR
IMP3, LAMC2
Metastaze
Netto GJ. Molecular diagnostics in urologic malignancies. A work in progress. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 135: 610-621, 2011;
Netto GJ, Cheng L. Emerging critical role of molecular testing in diagnostic genitourinary pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 136:372-390, 2012.
Activare
Frecventa
Rol in
tumorigeneza
Corelatii cale
patogenica
Relatia cu
prognosticul
FGFR-3
Mutatii
60-70%
Geneza
Tumori LG
Favorabil
H-RAS
Mutatii
30-40%
Geneza
Tumori LG
Favorabil
H-RAS
Supraexpresie
50%
Geneza
Favorabil
ERBB3
Supraexpresie
Geneza?
Tumori LG
Favorabil
ERBB4
Supraexpresie
Geneza?
Tumori LG
Favorabil
EGFR
Supraexpresie
50%
Progresie
Tumori invazive
Nefavorabil
ERBB2
Supraexpresie
40-50%
Progresie
Tumori invazive
Nefavorabil
ERBB2
Amplificare
10%
Progresie
Tumori invazive
Nefavorabil
Wu XR. Urothelial tumorigenesis: a tale of divergent pathways. Nature Rev Cancer, 5:713-725, 2005;
Wu XR. Biology of urothelial tumorigenesis: insights from genetically engineered mice. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 28: 281-290, 2009.
UroVysion
Analiza citogenetica urinara bazata pe FISH multitintit
Sensibilitate: 69-87%
Specificitate: 89-96%
Supravegherea recurentelor la pacienti diagnosticati cu cc urotelial
Screening-ul pacientilor cu risc crescut si hematurie
UroVysion+ citologie urinara: test reflex in cazuri de citologie atipica
Categorie pacienti ,,anticipator pozitivi (alterari moleculare caracteristice
cc urotelial in celule din urina cu cateva luni inainte de decelarea tumorii
prin cistoscopie sau citologie urinara)
Testare moleculara:
identificare precoce + urmarire cistoscopica riguroasa pacienti cu risc inalt
Sarosdy MF, Kahn PR, Ziffer MD, et al. Use of a multitarget fluorescence in situ hybridization assayto diagnose bladder cancer in patients with
hematuria. J Urol, 176:44-47, 2006
In viitor:
Stabilire criterii clare pentru interpretare
Trialuri randomizate prospective
Renshaw AA. UroVysion, urine cytology and the College of American Pathologists: where should we go from here? Arch Pathol Lab Med, 134:1106-1107, 2010;
Netto GJ, Cheng L. Emerging critical role of molecular testing in diagnostic genitourinary pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 136:372-390, 2012.
Ciclu celular
(cicline D3 si
D1, p16, p21,
p27) in tumori
neinvazive
Ki67, MIB-1
Chatterjee SJ, Datar R, Youssefzadeh D, et al. Combened effects of p53, p21 and pRb eexpression in the progression of bladder transitional cell carcinoma.
J Clin Oncol, 22:1007-1013, 2004;
Shariat SF, Ashfaq R, Sagalowsky AJ, Lotan Y. Predictive value of cell cycle biomarkers in nonmuscle invasive badder transitional cell carcinoma. J Urol,
177:481-487, 2007;
Shariat SF, Karakiewicz PI, Ashfaq R, et al. Multiple biomarkers improve prediction of bladder cancer recurrence and mortality in patients undergoing cystectomy.
Cancer, 112:315-325, 2008.
Receptori de tirozin-kinaze
(FGFR3, EGFR, ERBB2, ERBB3)
Mutatii FGFR3
Zuiverloon TC, van der Aa MN, van der Kwast TH, et al. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 mutation analysis on voided urine for surveillance
of patients with low-grad
Non-muscle-invazive bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 16:3011-3018, 2010;
Miyake M, Sugano K, Sugino H, et al. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 mutation in voided urine is a useful diagnostic marker
and significant indicator of tumor recurrence in non-muscle invazive bladder cancer. Cancer Sci, 101:250-258, 2010;
Kompier LC, Lurkin I, van der Aa MN, et al. FGFR3, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS and PIK3CA mutations in bladder cancer and
their potential as biomarkers for surveillance and therapy. PloS One. 5e13821, 2010;
Van Rhijn BW, Zuiverloon TC, Vis AN, et al. Molecular grade (FGFR3/MIB1) and EORTC risk scores are predictive in
primary non-muscle invazive bladder cancer. Eur Urol, 58:433-441, 2010.
RT-PCR pe probe TURV: identificare gene cu rol predictiv pentru recurente si progresie in tumori Ta:
*expresia CCND3: recurente
*expresia HRAS, E2F1, BIRC5/survivina si VEGFR2: progresie
*expresia combinata HRAS, VEGFR3 si VEGF: progresie
Birkhahn M, Mitra AP, Williams AJ, et al. Predicting recurrence and progression of noninvasive papillary bladder cancer at initial presentation based on
quantitative gene expression profiles. Eur Urol, 57:12-20, 2010
Analize ale expresiei genice in tumori neinvazive si invazive: amprente genice in probe urinare si
probe TURV.
Serizawa RR, Ralfkiaer U, Steven K, et al. Integrated genetic and epigenetic analysis of bladder cancer reveals an additive diagnostic of FGFR3
mutations and hypermethylation events. Int J Cancer, 129: 78-87, 2011
Alterari epigenetice:
Hipermetilare promoter
Hipermetilare promoter
Hipermetilare promoter
Hipermetilare promoter
Hipermetilare promoter
Markeri angiogenetici
Supraexpresie VEGF
Supraexpresie HIF1A
Supraexpresie TSP1
RASSF1
Caderina-E
EDNRB
DAPK
APC
Netto GJ. Molecular diagnostics in urologic malignancies. A work in progress. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 135: 610-621, 2011;
Activitatea A.1.6:
Netto GJ, Cheng L. Emerging critical role of molecular testing in diagnostic genitourinary pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 136:372-390, 2012.
Recurenta scazuta
Recurenta moderata/inalta
E-CD pozitiv
p53 negativ
p53 pozitiv
RB pozitiv
p53 pozitiv
RB negativ
p21 pozitiv
p21 negativ
p14/16 pozitiv
p14/16 negativ
Progresie inalta
p21 negativ
ODonnell MA. Advances in the management of superficial bladder cancer. Semin Oncol, 34(2):85-97, 2007
Cc urotelial invaziv
Pierdere caderina E
Inactivare/acumulare p53
Alterari expresie Rb
Pierdere expresie p21
Alterare expresie p16
RTK
Supraexpresie EGFR
Supraexpresie/amplificare HER2/neu
Markeri angiogenetici
Supraexpresie VEGF
Supraexpresie HIF1A
Supraexpresie TSP1
Cale MTOR
mTOR
Expresie Phos-S6 (rol protector)
Alterari epigenetice:
Hipermetilare promoter RASSF1
Hipermetilare promoter Caderina-E
Hipermetilare promoter EDNRB
Trastuzumab
Anti-EGFR
Cetuximab
Gefitinib
Anti-HER2/neu-EGFR
Lapatinib
Anti-VEGF
Bevacizumab
Inhibitor mTOR
Everolimus
Sorafenib;
Sunitinib
Trialuri faza I
Testare terapie genica intravezicala cu TP53 si Rb
RTK-HRAS-MAPK
TP53-Rb
mTOR
Cale angiogenetica
Functie
Markeri
tisulari
Detectie
Comentarii
Ki67
Proliferare
IHC
p53
IHC
p63
IHC
Bcl-2
Apoptoza
IHC
Survivina
Apoptoza
IHC
EGFR
Crestere si diferentiere
celulara
IHC
Cadherin-1
Adeziune celulara
IHC
CD24
Adeziune celulara
IHC
Citologie
urinara
Alterari
cromozomiale
Mentinere integritate
ADN
FISH
Creste sensibilitatea si
specificitatea detectiei tumorale
Genetic
MLH1
Mentinere integritate
ADN
IHC
MSI
Mentinere integritate
ADN
PCR
Apoptoza
Angiogeneza
Uroplakine
Proteine de semnalizare
Receptori hormonali
AR, ER, PR
Matsushita K, Cha EK, Matsumoto K, et al. Immunohistochemical biomarkers for bladder cancer prognosis. International Journal of Urology, 18: 616-629, 2011;
panCK
antiHMWCK
Montironi, R.,
Scarpelli, M.,
Mazzucchelli, R.,
Cheng, L. and LopezBeltran, A. (2012), The
spectrum of
morphology in nonneoplastic prostate
including cancer
mimics.
Histopathology,
60: 4158.
Adenom
nefrogen
AMACR
AMACR (P504S) + n
adenomul nefrogen; - n
glandele prostatice benigne i
uroteliu;
p63 -; 34E12
(ATENIE! confuzie cu
adenocarcinomul prostatic)
pozitivitate slab, focal pentru
PSA i PSAP (fosfataza acid
prostatic);
proteina S100A + citoplasmatic
sau nucleo-citoplasmatic n
94% din adenoame nefrogene;
- n adenocarcinoame
prostatice;
p53 i KI-67 negative;
Analiza ploidiei: leziune
diploid.
AMACR
Diagnostic diferenial
Carcinomul urotelial cu
pattern n cuiburi i
tubular:
mai mult de un strat de
celule care tapeteaz
structurile tubulare;
atipie nuclear evident;
absena altor patternuri
descrise n adenomul
nefrogen;
invazia stratului
muscular;
IHC: indice KI-67 nalt
(KI-67 negativ n
adenomul nefrogen).
KI-67
Lin O., Cardillo M, Dalbagni G et al - Nested Variant of Urothelial Carcinoma: A Clinicopathologic and
Immunohistochemical Study of 12 Cases. Mod Pathol 2003;16(12):12891298
Marusic Z, Zhang D, Kruslin B Bladder cancer therapy related histopathologic changes.Open Pathol J, 2009; 3:74-80
Uroteliu normal
Uroteliu cu
atipie reactiv
Carcinom in
situ
CK20
Doar celule
superficiale
pozitive
Doar celule
superficiale
pozitive
Pozitiv
p53
Negativ
Negativ
Pozitiv intens
i difuz
CD44
Celule bazale
pozitive
Pozitiv
Negativ
Endocervicoza
IHC:
CA125 + (antigen
prezent n epiteliul
mllerian normal, inclusiv
endocervical,
endometrial i tubar) la
polul apical al celulelor
mucosecretante;
CEA+;
EMA+;
panCK+;
B72.4+
CA125 n adenocarcinomul
endocervical
Pseudotumora inflamatorie
leziune strns legat de nodulul postoperator cu celule fuziforme, fiind
deosebite n principal de istoricul interveniei chirurgicale la locul dezvoltrii
nodulului postoperator cu celule fuziforme;
patogeneza pseudotumorii inflamatorii nu este cunoscut: leziune reactiv
sau leziune neoplazic (studii citogenetice);
pacieni cu vrste cuprinse ntre 30 i 50 de ani, uor mai frecvent la
femei.
Histologic
dou patternuri:
fascicole de celule fuziforme laxe, dezorganizate dispuse ntr-o strom
edematoas sau mixoid, cu o reea bine dezvoltat de capilare mici
(leziune asemntoare fasceitei nodulare);
arii dens celulare cu fascicole intersectate de celule fuziforme i strom
colagen variabil reprezentat;
celule relativ monomorfe, alungite, stelate sau poligonale, citoplasm
eozinofil, nuclei ovalari sau alungii cu unul sau mai muli nucleoli vizibili;
atipia celular nu este marcat; activitatea mitotic, dei este prezent
(pn la 4 mitoze/10 cmpuri microscopice la obiectiv mare) nu este att
de evident ca n nodulul postoperator cu celule fuziforme;
infiltrat inflamator cu eozinofile, limfocite, plasmocite.
2 aspecte histologice
ngrijortoare:
invazia frecvent a peretelui
vezical, chiar interesnd
straturile externe ale
muscularei propria;
prezena unor mici arii de
necroz.
Profil IHC:
vim +
CK frecvent +
SMA frecvent +
EMA
Des ;
CK 34E12
CK 5/6
p63
ALK1+ (receptor de tirozinkinaz, anomalia ALK1
asociat limfomului
anaplazic cu celule mari);
pacieni tineri (< 40 ani)
p53 slab + .
ALK1
Diagnostic diferenial
leiomiosarcomul mixoid: pacieni cu vrste medii de
50 ani, mase tumorale mari, exofitice sau infiltrative;
fascicule lungi intersectate, celule alungite cu
citoplasm eozinofil i nuclei n igar; strom
mixoid; focare de necroz tumoral, atipie
citologic, mitoze atipice. Infiltratul inflamator i
vascularizaia bogat nu sunt aspecte tipice pentru
leiomiosarcomul mixoid. IHC: vim+, act+, des rar +;
CK frecvent +, 34E12 -, CK5/6 -, rar EMA+, ALK1-.
carcinomul sarcomatoid:
la pacieni vrstnici (vrsta medie 70 ani);
microscopic: component de carcinom urotelial
convenional, carcinom in situ, carcinom scuamos,
adenocarcinom sau carcinom cu celule mici care se
intric cu o component sarcomatoid;
IHC: CK+; EMA+; Vim+; ACT; DES; 34E12+;
CK5/6+; p63; ALK1 panCK +, SMA + i ALK +
pseudotumora
inflamatorie;
CK34E12 +, CK5/6 + i p63 +
carcinom
sarcomatoid;
SMA +, ali markeri negativi
leiomiosarcom
Alte leziuni
esut prostatic ectopic
Diagnostic diferenial:
carcinomul urotelial invaziv;
proliferri reactive benigne ale uroteliului (cistita
chistic).
Trsturi utile:
glande prostatice cu aspecte histologice normale;
IHC: PSA+, PSAP+.
Leziune
Diagnostic diferenial
Profil IHC
metaplazia
intestinal
cistita chistica si
glandulara (forma
tipica)
- metaplazia intestinala
esutul prostatic
ectopic
adenomul nefrogen
leiomiomul
tumora inflamatorie
miofibroblastic
vim+, ALK-1+,
SMA/MA/Des+/-, CK-/+, EMA-
Leziune
Diagnostic diferenial
Profil IHC
nodulul
postoperator cu
celule fuziforme
- toate proliferrile cu
celule fuziforme fr atipie
sau cu atipie minor
neurofibrom
- toate proliferrile cu
celule fuziforme fr atipie
sau cu atipie minor
tumora cu celule
granulare
- carcinomul urotelial
- paragangliomul
- sarcomul alveolar
- metastaza unui carcinom
cu celule renale
- adenocarcinomul
prostatic
S100+,
NSE/laminin/CD68+/-
tumora fibroas
solitara
- toate proliferrile cu
celule fuziforme fr atipie
sau cu atipie minor
feocromocitomul
(paragangliomul)
- carcinomul urotelial
- adenocarcinomul
prostatic
- sarcomul alveolar
- metastaza unui carcinom
cu celule renale
CgA/Syn+, S100+ (n
celulele sustentaculare)
(Srigley, 2004; Herawi i Parwani, 2005; Varma i Jasani, 2005; Iczkowski, 2006).
II. Valoarea metodelor IHC pentru diagnosticul diferen ial dintre un carcinom de prostat i o
tumor extraprostatic ce intereseaz secundar glanda
panCK+
EMA+
p63+ (70%-90%)
CK7+ (82% - 100%)
CK5/6+ (50%-81%)
CK20+ (64%)
HMWCK+ (65%-100%)
uroplakin+ (80-88% din tumorile noninvazive i 39%-57% din tumorile invazive)
trombomodulin+ (49%-69%)
AMACR (31%-48,7%)
CEAm+ (41-90%)
CD57/Leu7+(17%)
PSMAPAPprosteinPSA-/+ (1,4%)
(Lindeman i Weidner, 1996; Genega i colab., 2000; Parker i colab., 2003; Varma i colab., 2003; Chuang i colab., 2007; McKenney
i Amin cit. de Paner i colab., 2008; Chen i colab, 2008 Chu i colab., Wang i colab., Fuchs i colab., Schaafsma i colab.,
Mhawech i colab., Harnden i colab., Harnden i Southgate, Chu i Weiss, Kaufmann i colab., Miettinen, Moll i colab.,
Cheville i colab., Basilly i colab., cit. de Chu i Weiss, 2009).
Adenocarcinom colo-rectal
CK20
CDX2
IV. Aportul metodelor IHC pentru diagnosticul leziunilor nonepiteliale ale prostatei
AFP reacie pozitiv (13% cazuri) n celule izolate, sau n arii celulare mici; totui, AFP
indic o difereniere spre tumor de sac yolk
hPL rar reacie pozitiv
OCT3/4 - reacie pozitiv
CD30 - reacie pozitiv permite diagnostic diferenial cu seminomul i tumora de sac
yolk; expresia CD30 dispare frecvent n metastaze, dup chimioterapie
Cytokeratin - reacie pozitiv
C-kit (CD117) reacie negativ
Vimentin reacie negativ
EMA reacie negativ; permite diagnostic diferenial ntre metastaza unui carcinoma
mebrionar i un carcinoma
D2_40 reacie negativ
CEA reacie negativ
hCG, pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein reacie negativ, reacie pozitiv exclusiv n
celulele sinciiotrofoblastice
Examenul imunohistochimic
GONADOBLASTOMUL
Examenul imunohistochimic
VASA reacie pozitiv n celulele germinale
proteina specific testicular codat Y - reacie pozitiv n celulele
germinale
c-kit uneori reacie pozitiv n celulele germinale
OCT-4 - reacie pozitiv n celulele germinale
PLAP uneori reacie pozitiv n celulele germinale
Inhibina reacie pozitiv n celulele stromale
gena tumorii Wilms (WT1) reacie pozitiv n celulele stromale
TUMORA CARCINOID
Examenul macroscopic
- formaiuni de 1-10 cm, solide, glbui, cu calcificri
Examenul microscopic
- celule endocrine monomorfe cu atipii extrem de reduse, organizate n noduli
solizi, trabecule sau dup un model pseudoglandular
Examenul imunohistochimic
- keratin, NSE (gamma-dimeric), sinaptofizin, CD56, CD57, cromogranin
reacie pozitiv
TUMORA BRENNER
Examenul imunohistochimic
NEFROBLASTOMUL
Examenul imunohistochimic
PARAGANGLIOMUL
Examenul macroscopic
Formaiune tumoral cu dimenisuni variate, ntre 1,5 i 10 cm
Examenul microscopic
- aspect histologic identic cu cel al paraganglioamelor cu alte localizri
- malignitatea nu poate fi prevzut doar prin aspectele histologice
caracteristice; doar metastazele tumorale certific caracterul malign al tumorii
Examenul imunohistochimic
Cromogranin, sinaptofizin, NSE, Leu-7 reacie pozitiv
Citokeratin reacie negativ
S-100 i GFAP reacie pozitiv a celulelor de suport (sustentacular cells)
Examenul microscopic
- tipul histologic cel mai frecvent - LMNH difuz cu celule B mari prognostic extrem de nefavorabil
- limfocitele infiltreaz circumferenial tubii seminiferi - ntreruperea
spermatogenezei, fibroz interstiial i hialinizare
- excepional - LMNH primare MALT, foliculare, cu celule T sau de tip nazal
cu celule T/NK CD56+ asociate cu EBV
- la copii - leziuni secundare testiculare provenite de la limfoame Burkitt,
limfoblastice, cu celule B
- pentru LMNH folicular primar testicular pediatric caracteristic: absena
expresiei Bcl-2, variabilitatea CD10 i pozitivitatea evident a Bcl-6; celelalte
limfoame nu au trsturi imunohistochimice distinctive.
Plasmocitoamele testiculare primare - mai puin frecvente dect LMNH cu
celule B
- noduli cu plasmocite atipice compactate, care nu invadeaz tubii seminiferi.
METASTAZE TESTICULARE
Young RH. Testicular Tumors - Some New and a Few Perennial Problems. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132:548564
Sesterhenn IA, Davis, CJ. Pathology of Germ Cell Tumors of the Testis. Cancer Control 2004; 11: 374-387
Ulbright TM. Germ cell tumors of the gonads: a selective review emphasizing problems in differential diagnosis, newly
appreciated, and controversial issues. Mod Pathol 2005; 18: S61S79
DE LUAT ACASA
TUMORILE GERMINALE TESTICULARE
Pentru a ajuta clinicianul n alegerea celui mai bun tratament, individualizat pentru pacient, raportul
patologului trebuie s furnizeze urmtoarele informaii:
Managementul tumorilor germinale testiculare conduce la vindecare n 90-95% din cazuri. Rata ridicat de
success a terapiei este susinut de acurateea diagnosticului histopatologic.
IHC poate juca un rol important n diagnosticul diferenial dintre seminom i carcinomul embrionar.
IHC - cea mai util asociere: c-kit CD30
(seminom : c-kit pozitiv, CD30 negativ, carcinom embrionar : c-kit negativ, CD30 pozitiv)