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Avantaje Dezavantaje
Sunt obţinute funcţii ale deplasărilor, Este aparent mai complicată decât
respectiv ale rotirilor pentru întreaga metoda Mohr-Maxwell, afirmaţie
bară, deci dând valori coordonatei x adevărată numai pentru probleme
pot fi obţinute valorile deplasării şi a foarte simple.
rotirii pentru orice punct de pe bară.
Permite deci trasarea prin puncte a
formei deformate a fibrei neutre.
dTZ ij (x )
p Z ij ( x ) = (− 1) ⋅ semn ⋅
dx (13.2).
dM Y ij ( x )
T ( x ) = semn ⋅
Z ij dx
dM Y ij ( x )
Astfel, relaţia TZ ij ( x ) = semn ⋅ a fost folosită atât ca relaţie de verificare a
dx
corectitudinii legilor de variaţie pentru TZ ij ( x ) şi M Y ij ( x ) cât şi ca metodă pentru
determinarea valorilor momentului încovoietor la capătul “ j ” prin metoda integrării
grafice, cu ajutorul relaţiei:
M Yi ij = M Yj ij + semn ⋅ ARIATZ ij (13.3).
În continuare, din ansamblul relaţiilor (13.1) vom păstra numai relaţia
d 2u Z ( x) dϕ XOZ ( x) 1
2
= =− ⋅ M Y ( x) (13.4).
dx dx E ⋅ IY
Pentru planul XOY pot fi folosite direct rezultatele deduse în continuare.
Prin integrare, rezultă
d u Z ( x) 1
= ϕ XOZ ( x) = ϕ XOZ 1 + ∫ − ⋅ M Y ( x) (13.5).
dx 123 E ⋅ I Y
constantă
de
integrare
H (x − x j ) dx dx dx L dx dx dx=
(x − xj )
n
⋅ H (x − x j )
∫∫∫4L
1 2∫∫∫
43 144424443 n!
(13.9).
n× n×
Nr
Crt
Interval x ∈K H ( x ) = K H ( x − x2 ) = K H ( x − x3 ) = K H ( x − x4 ) = K H ( x − x5 ) = K
1. 1-2 x ∈ (0, x2 ) H ( x ) = 1 H (x − x2 ) = 0 H ( x − x3 ) = 0 H (x − x4 ) = 0 H ( x − x5 ) = 0
2. 2-3 x ∈ ( x2 , x3 ) H ( x ) = 1 H ( x − x2 ) = 1 H ( x − x3 ) = 0 H (x − x4 ) = 0 H ( x − x5 ) = 0
3. 3-4 x ∈ ( x3 , x4 ) H ( x ) = 1 H ( x − x2 ) = 1 H ( x − x3 ) = 1 H (x − x4 ) = 0 H ( x − x5 ) = 0
4. 4-5 x ∈ ( x4 , x5 ) H ( x ) = 1 H ( x − x2 ) = 1 H ( x − x3 ) = 1 H ( x − x4 ) = 1 H ( x − x5 ) = 0
5. 5-6 x ∈ ( x5 , x6 ) H ( x ) = 1 H ( x − x2 ) = 1 H ( x − x3 ) = 1 H ( x − x4 ) = 1 H ( x − x5 ) = 1
constantă de constantă de
integrare integrare
} 678
( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ u Z ( x ) = (E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ u Z 1 ⋅ H ( x ) + (E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ ϕ XOZ 1 ⋅ x ⋅ H ( x ) −
2
x2 x3
− M 1 ⋅ ⋅ H ( x ) − V1 ⋅ ⋅ H ( x ) − M 2 ⋅
( x − x2 ) ⋅ H ( x − x ) + (13.14).
2
2 6 2
+ F3 ⋅
(x − x3 )3 ⋅ H (x − x ) + p ⋅ (x − x4 )4 ⋅ H (x − x ) − p ⋅ (x − x5 )4 ⋅ H (x − x )
3 4 5
6 24 24
1 MY
interval bara este dreaptă, deoarece = , deci ρ XOZ → ∞ .
ρ XOZ E ⋅ IY
Pentru desenarea formei fibrei neutre, se va folosi o reprezentare la scară a
deplasărilor, astfel încât forma acesteia să fie relevantă.
După cum se observă din figură, fiind o problemă legată de eforturi, trebuie
folosită convenţia de semne pentru eforturi, fără de care condiţiile pot fi puse în
mod eronat.
În figura următoare sunt prezentate principalele tipuri de rezemări,
necunoscutele pe care le introduc acestea, modul în care deformează structura în
vecinătatea rezemărilor cât şi condiţiile la limită care se pun.
METODA PARAMETRILOR INIŢIALI 17
Aplicaţie
Rezolvare
0, x < x j
1
( )
H x − x j = + , x = x j , ∀ x j . (1)
2
+ 1, x > x j
Integrarea pe intervale a acestei funcţii se face pe baza relaţiei:
n
H(x − x )
(x − x )
∫∫∫
142∫∫∫
L
43 j
144424443
dx dx dx L dx dx dx =
n!
j
(
⋅H x − xj ) (2)
n× n×
( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ dx = ( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ ϕ Y ( x) = ( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ ϕ 1 ⋅ H ( x) −
x2 ( x − a) 2
1
− M 1 ⋅ x ⋅ H( x) − V1 ⋅ ⋅ H ( x) + P ⋅ ⋅ H( x − a ) + (6)
2 2
+ 3Pa ⋅ ( x − a ) ⋅ H( x − a ) + ( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ ϕ
{3 ⋅ H ( x − 2a )
Necunoscuta
unde ϕ 1 reprezintă constanta de integrare. Rotirea ϕ 3 introduce un salt în ecuaţia
rotirii şi resprezintă frângerea introdusă de prezenţa articulaţiei din secţiunea 3.
Integrăm ecuaţia rotirii şi rezultă ecuaţia deplasării:
}
Necunoscuta }
Necunoscuta
( Y ) Z ( Y ) Z1
E ⋅ I ⋅ u ( x ) = E ⋅ I ⋅ u ⋅ H ( x ) + ( Y ) 1 ⋅ x ⋅ H ( x) −
E ⋅ I ⋅ ϕ
3
x2 x3 ( x − a)
− M1 ⋅ ⋅ H( x) − V1 ⋅ ⋅ H( x) + P ⋅ ⋅ H( x − a) + (7)
2 6 6
3
⋅ Pa ⋅ ( x − a ) ⋅ H( x − a ) + ( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ ϕ
2
+ ( ) (
{3 ⋅ x − 2a ⋅ H x − 2a
)
2 Necunoscuta
Studiul deplasărilor prin metoda parametrilor iniţiali 21
2
x2 ( )
( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ ϕ Y ( x) = −2 Pa ⋅ x ⋅ H( x) − P ⋅ 2 ⋅ H( x) + P ⋅ x −2a ⋅ H( x − a) +
1
(14)
37 2
+ 3Pa ⋅ ( x − a ) ⋅ H( x − a ) + Pa ⋅ H( x − 2a )
6
x3 ( x − a) 3
( Y) Z
E ⋅ I ⋅ u ( x ) = − Pa ⋅ x 2
⋅ H ( x ) − P ⋅
6
⋅ H ( x ) + P ⋅
6
⋅ H( x − a ) +
(15)
3 2 37 2
+ Pa ⋅ ( x − a ) ⋅ H( x − a ) + Pa ⋅ ( x − 2a ) ⋅ H( x − 2a )
2 6
x ∈(0, a )
Intervalul 12, x2
( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ ϕ Y ( x) = −2 Pa ⋅ x − P 2
12
x2
Condiţia ( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ ϕ 12
Y x = 0 conduce la ecuaţia − 2 Pa ⋅ x − P
( ) = 0 . Rezultă soluţia
2
x = 0 . Această secţiune reprezintă chiar extremitatea din stânga unde există o
încastrare pentru care a fost pusă condiţia 2.
x ∈(a ,2a )
Intervalul 23, x2 ( x − a) 2
( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ ϕ Y ( x) = −2 Pa ⋅ x − P 2 + P
23
+ 3Pa ⋅ ( x − a )
2
Condiţia ( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ ϕ Y23 ( x) = 0 conduce la ecuaţia
2
x2 ( x − a)
− 2 Pa ⋅ x − P +P + 3Pa ⋅ ( x − a ) = 0
2 2
2
care, înmulţită cu , duce la ecuaţia − 4ax − x 2 + x 2 − 2ax + a 2 + 6ax − 6a 2 = 0 care,
P
după reducerea termenilor similari devine − 5a 2 = 0 . În mod evident, pe acest
interval nu există soluţii.
x ∈(2a ,3a )
Intervalul 34, x2 ( x − a) 2 37 2
( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ ϕ Y ( x) = −2 Pa ⋅ x − P 2 + P
34
+ 3Pa ⋅ ( x − a ) + Pa
2 6
Condiţia ( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ ϕ Y34 ( x) = 0 conduce la ecuaţia
2
x2 ( x − a) 37 2
− 2 Pa ⋅ x − P +P + 3Pa ⋅ ( x − a ) + Pa = 0
2 2 6
Studiul deplasărilor prin metoda parametrilor iniţiali 23
11 P ⋅ a 3 P ⋅ a3
Deplasarea este u Z3 = − ⋅ sau u Z3 = −3.666 ⋅ .
3 E ⋅ IY E ⋅ IY
În secţiunea 4 avem coordonata x = 3a . Pentru această coordonată rezultă
deplasarea:
(3a) 3 (2a ) 3 3 37
(E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ u Z4 = − Pa ⋅ (3a) − P ⋅ 6 + P ⋅ 6 + Pa ⋅ 2 (2a ) 2 + 6 Pa 2 ⋅ (a ) =
2
9 4 37 − 54 − 27 + 8 + 36 + 37 − 81 + 81
= Pa 3 − 9 − + + 6 + = Pa 3 = Pa 3 =0
2 3 6 6 6
u Z4 = 0 este un rezultat previzibil deoarece în secţiunea 4 este un reazem simplu.
Rezultatul u Z4 = 0 confirmă corectitudinea calculului necunoscutelor.
Aplicaţie
Rezolvare
0, x < x j
1
( )
H x − x j = + , x = x j
2
+ 1, x > x j ∀ x j
, . (1)
Integrarea pe intervale a acestei funcţii se face pe baza relaţiei:
n
H(x − x )
(x − x )
∫∫∫
142∫∫∫
L
43 j
144424443
dx dx dx L dx dx dx =
n!
j
(
⋅H x − xj )
n×
n×
(2)
Pentru fiecare interval funcţia treaptă unitate are următoarele valori:
1. Intervalul 12 x ∈( 0, a) , H( x) = +1 , H( x − a) = 0 , H( x − 2a ) = 0
( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ dx = (E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ ϕ Y ( x) = ( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ ϕ 1 ⋅ H( x) −
1 x2 ( x − a) 2
( )
− M 1 ⋅ x ⋅ H x − V1 ⋅ ( )
⋅ H x − 3F ⋅ ⋅ H( x − a ) +
2 2
( x − 2a ) 2
+ 2 Fa ⋅ ( x − a ) ⋅ H( x − a ) − V3 ⋅ ⋅ H ( x − 2a )
2 (6)
unde ϕ 1 reprezintă constanta de integrare.
Integrăm ecuaţia rotirii şi rezultă ecuaţia deplasării:
26 Rezistenţa Materialelor - Curs şi Aplicaţii
}
Necunoscuta }
Necunoscuta
( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ u Z ( x) = ( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ u Z 1 ⋅ H ( x) + ( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ ϕ 1 ⋅ x ⋅ H( x) −
3
x2 x3 ( x − a)
− M1 ⋅ ( )
⋅ H x − V1 ⋅ ⋅ H ( x) − F ⋅ ⋅ H( x − a ) +
2 6 2
2 ( x − 2a ) 3
+ Fa ⋅ ( x − a ) ⋅ H( x − a ) − V3 ⋅ ⋅ H( x − 2a )
6 (7)
unde u Z 1 reprezintă constanta de integrare.
19 51
(E ⋅ I ) ⋅ ϕ
Y Y
( x) = −
8
⋅ Fa ⋅ x ⋅ H( x) + ⋅ F ⋅ x 2 ⋅ H( x) −
32
(18)
3 2 35 2
− ⋅ F ⋅ ( x − a ) ⋅ H( x − a ) + 2 Fa ⋅ ( x − a ) ⋅ H( x − a ) − ⋅ F ⋅ ( x − 2a ) ⋅ H( x − 2a )
2 32
( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ u Z ( x) = − 19
16
51
⋅ Fa ⋅ x 2 ⋅ H( x) + ⋅ F ⋅ x 3 ⋅ H( x) −
96
(19)
1 3 2 35 3
− ⋅ F ⋅ ( x − a ) ⋅ H( x − a ) + Fa ⋅ ( x − a ) ⋅ H( x − a ) − ⋅ F ⋅ ( x − 2a ) ⋅ H( x − 2a )
2 96
19 51
Condiţia ( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ ϕ 12Y x = 0 conduce la ecuaţia −
( ) ⋅ Fa ⋅ x + ⋅ F ⋅ x 2 = 0 care,
8 32
x 1 = 0
după transformări devine: x ⋅ ( 51 ⋅ x − 76 ⋅ a ) = 0 . Rezultă soluţiile 76 .
x 2 = a ∉(0, a )
51
Singura soluţie care îndeplineşte toate condiţiile este x = 0 . Această secţiune
reprezintă chiar extremitatea din stânga unde există o încastrare pentru care a fost
pusă condiţia 2.
x ∈(a ,2a )
Intervalul 23, 19 51 3
( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ ϕ Y ( x) = − 8 ⋅ Fa ⋅ x + 32 ⋅ F ⋅ x − 2 ⋅ F ⋅ ( x − a ) + 2 Fa ⋅ ( x − a )
23 2 2
Condiţia ( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ ϕ 23
Y x = 0 conduce la ecuaţia
( )
3 ⋅ x 2 + 84 ⋅ a ⋅ x − 112 ⋅ a 2 = 0
2
(
∆ = ( 84 ⋅ a ) − 4 ⋅ ( 3) ⋅ ( − 112 ⋅ a 2 ) = ( 7056 + 1344) ⋅ a 2 = 8400 ⋅ a 2 = 20 21 ⋅ a
2
)
− 42 + 10 21
− (84 ⋅ a ) ± (20 21 ⋅ a ) − 42 ± 10 21 x 1 = ⋅ a = 1275252
. ⋅a
x 1,2 = = ⋅a ⇒ 3
2⋅3 3 x = − 42 − 10 21 ⋅ a = −29.275252 ⋅ a
2 3
U max
Rămâne soluţia x 23 = 1275252 Z
. ⋅ a pentru care se obţine deplasarea extremă
19 51
(E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ u Z ( x = 1275252
. ⋅ a ) = − ⋅ Fa ⋅ (1275252
16
.
2
⋅ a) +
96
⋅ F ⋅ (1275252
.
3
⋅ a) −
1 3 2
− ⋅ F ⋅ (0.275252 ⋅ a ) + Fa ⋅ (0.275252 ⋅ a ) = −0.7640963 ⋅ F ⋅ a 3
2
Studiul deplasărilor prin metoda parametrilor iniţiali 29
x ∈(2a ,3a )
19 51 3
( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ ϕ 34 ( )
Y x = −
2
⋅ Fa ⋅ x + ⋅ F ⋅ x 2 − ⋅ F ⋅ ( x − a ) +
Intervalul 34, 8 32 2
35
2
+ 2 Fa ⋅ ( x − a ) − ⋅ F ⋅ ( x − 2a )
32
Condiţia ( E ⋅ I Y ) ⋅ ϕ 34
Y x = 0 conduce la ecuaţia
( )
19 51 3 2 35 2
− ⋅ Fa ⋅ x + ⋅ F ⋅ x 2 − ⋅ F ⋅ ( x − a ) + 2 Fa ⋅ ( x − a ) − ⋅ F ⋅ ( x − 2a ) = 0
8 32 2 32
32
care, înmulţită cu , duce la ecuaţia
F
− 76 ⋅ a ⋅ x + 51 ⋅ x 2 − 48 ⋅ ( x 2 − 2 ⋅ x ⋅ a + a 2 ) + 64 ⋅ a ⋅ x − 64 ⋅ a 2 −
− 35 ⋅ ( x 2 − 4 ⋅ x ⋅ a + 4 ⋅ a 2 ) = 0
( − 32) ⋅ x 2 + ( 224 ⋅ a ) ⋅ x + (− 252 ⋅ a 2 ) = 0
( − 8) ⋅ x 2 + (56 ⋅ a ) ⋅ x + (− 63 ⋅ a 2 ) = 0
2
(
∆ = (56 ⋅ a ) − 4 ⋅ ( − 8) ⋅ ( − 63a 2 ) = 1120 ⋅ a 2 = 4 70 ⋅ a
2
)
− ( 14 ⋅ a) + ( 70 ⋅ a)
(
− ( 56 ⋅ a) ± 4 70 ⋅ a x 1) = = 1.408349 ⋅ a ∉( 2a ,3a)
−4
x 1, 2 = ⇒
2 ⋅ ( − 8) − ( 14 ⋅ a) − 70 ⋅ a ( )
x 2 = = 5.591650 ⋅ a ∉( 2a ,3a)
−4
Pe acest interval nu există soluţii.
19 51 1 35
(E ⋅ I ) ⋅ u
Y Z4
16
=−
2
⋅ Fa ⋅ ( 3a ) +
96
3
2
3 2
⋅ F ⋅ (3a ) − ⋅ F ⋅ ( 2a ) + Fa ⋅ ( 2a ) −
96
3
⋅ F ⋅ (a ) =