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PREPOZITIILE-
Prepozitiile sunt in mod normal asezate in fata substantivelor sau
pronumelor si dupa verbe. Ele pot de asemenea preceda verbele in –ing.
By = nu mai tarziu de: You will have my answer by the end of the week.
Before = inainte de: I talked to him before noon.
After = mai tarziu de, dupa: Ring me up after the meeting.
From to, till/until
To poate exprima relatii de timp sau directie, till/until numai de timp.
From (din, de la) indica momentul inceperii actiunii, to/till (pana in, pana la) sfarsitul ei: She
stayed with us from January to/till April last year.
Till/until (si nu to) trebuie folosit daca lipseste from: He waited for you until 9 o’clock.
Until indica sfarsitul unei actiuni pozitive sau inceputul unei actiuni negative: We
worked until noon (anmmd stopped then). We didn’t work until noon (We began then).
DURATA: During, for, (all) through/throughout, over
During (in timpul), exprima perioada in timpul careia a avut loc o actiune (in mod
intermitent): We were in Bucharest during summer. We visit the Art Galleries during our stay
in Bucharest.
For (de, timp de), indica durata unei actiuni neintrerupte: We stayed in Bucharest for three
weeks.
(All) through/throughout (to, tot timpul) = de la inceput pana la sfarsitul perioadei: We worked
hard all through the year. It rained throughout the summer.
Over (de, la) - indica o perioada limitata (sarbatori, vacanta) : We went to the
mountains over the weekend.
Atentie! Prepozitiile de timp/durata se omit:
a) in expresii cu last - next, this - that, some -every
I saw a film last night.(aseara) He came this morning(in aceasta dimineata). I go to school every
day (in fiecare zi)
b) in expresii incepand cu all: He stayed there all day/week (nu for all day/week)
MOD, INSTRUMENT, CANTITATE:
With (cu), without (fara), in manner/way (in modul) exprima modul in care are loc actiunea: She
spoke with confidence / without hesitation / in the usual way.
Like (ca) folosit ca prepozitie este urmat de un substantiv, pronume sau Gerund.
Like exprima modul: o asemanare / comparatie intre doi termeni: She walks like a dancer. He is
very much like his mother.
By (cu, prin, de) si on (pe, la) indica mijlocul cu care e savarsita actiunea:
She entered by the back door. This dress is made by hand. He goes to work by bus / on foot. I
listen to the news on the radio. He watches the news on television.
With (cu) precede instrumentul: The little child has learned to write with a pen. She opened the
door with a key.
In (cu) exprima modul sau materialul folosit: She wrote the letter in ink.
By (la, cu) exprima cantitatea: Cloth is sold by the yard. Eggs are sold by the dozen.
REFERINTA:
As to, as for, regarding, in regard to, concerning (formal) = cu privire la, (cat) despre: As to our
grandmother, everybody loves her. Some interesting documents concerning our ancient history
have just been found.
About, on (despre):
About este folosit cu verbe ca: chat, quarrel, talk:
They talked about their school days.
On este folosit pentru activitati organizate, dupa verbe ca lecture, write speak: He
lectured on Scottish literature.
CAUZA: Because of, on account of (formal), from, out of, for, through (din cauza de):
We put off our trip because of the weather. She was late on account of the heavy
trafffic. He coundn’t speak for shame. He did it from pity / out of curiosity. She lost her
gloves through her carelessness.
SCOP: for (pentru) I went to the chemist’s for some aspirin.
SURSA/ORIGINE: from (din) He comes from France.
AGENT: by (de, de catre): She was examined by a specialist.
CONCESIE: in spite, despite (formal), for all, with all (familiar) = in ciuda, cu toata / toate: They
enjoyed the trip, in spite of the bad weather. Despite her ill;ness, she still goes skiing. He was a
good man, for all his defects.
Exceptie: except for, but (cu exceptia): Everybody left but the headmaster.
5. Diferenta intre propozitii in limba romana si in limba engleza
Intre folosirea prepozitiilor in limba engleza si limba romana exista numeroase diferente, care
prezinta dificultati pentru elevii romani. Unele dintre acestea sunt:
in the street (Engl. americ. - on the stret) - pe strada
in the playground - pe terenul de sport
in the sky - pe cer
in the sun - la soare
in the open air - la aer curat
on the way to - in drum spre
on the 1st floor - la etajul 1
round the corner - dupa colt
at present - in prezent
at the some time - in acelasi timp
at this moment - in acest moment
at last - in sfarsit
in a year`s time - peste un an
in my opinion - dupa parerea mea
beyond control - independent de vointa
in all probability - dupa toate probabilitatile
by my watch - dupa ceasul meu
by heart - pe dinafara
by mistake - din greseala
to go on a trip/ on holiday - a merge in calatorie in vacanta
to go (out) for a walk - a merge la plimare
lo look out of the window - a privi pe fereastra
to get in through the window - a intra pe fereastra
he`s the tallest in the class - e cel mai inalt din clasa
outside the cinema - in fata cinematografului
6. Diferente intre prepozitii in limba engleza britanica si prepozitii in engleza americana
Exista unele diferente si in folosirea prepozitiilor in varianta britanica si americana a limbii
engleze:
Engleza britanica Engleza americana
towards toward
in the street on the street
at the back of in back of
at the weekend on the weekend
it’s ten minutes past six it’s ten minutes after six
it’s a qurter to one it’s a quarter before one
I’ll see you on Sunday I’ll see you Sunday
7. Particule adverbiale (Adverbial Particles)
Particulele adverbiale sunt asemanatoare ca forma cu unele prepozitii sau adverbe. Ele se
deosebesc insa de acestea prin functia lor.
Particulele adverbiale modifica sensul verbelor pe care le insotesc, transformandu-le in verbe cu
particule adverbiale: They have put off the meeting again = They have postponed the meeting
again. Au amanat din nou sedinta.
Particulele adverbiale cel mai frecvent folosite sunt: about, across, along, around, away, back, by,
down, in, of, on, out, over, past, roud, through, up.
Nota: Multe dintre aceste particule adverbiale pot fi folosite si ca adverbe propriu-zise: He
is in. Este inauntru. / Este in casa.
sau ca prepozitii: He is in the kitchen. Este in bucatarie.
7.1. Intrebuintarea particulelor adverbiale
a) in majoritatea cazurilor, particulele adverbiale modifica total sensul verbelor la care sunt
atasate: He came round after the accident. Si-a recapatat cunostinta / Si-a revenit dupa accident.
b) In alte cazuri, sensul verbului cu particula adverbiala poate fi dedus din analiza elementelor
componente: go in, come, bring back, take away.
c) Folosirea unor particule adverbiale pe langa anumite verbe intareste doar ideea exprimata de
acestea: drink up (bea tot/pana la fund), stand up, lie down.
7.2. Locul particulelor adverbiale in propozitie. Particulele adverbiale se aseaza imediat
dupa un verb intranzitiv: He turned round and looked at me. S-a intors si s-a uitat la mine.
Daca verbul este tranzitiv si este urmat de un complement direct exprimat printr-un pronume
sau alt determinant, particula adverbiala este asezata dupa complementul direct: We saw THEM
off to the station. I-am condus la gara. Pick THESE up, please. Ridica astea, te rog.
Nota: Prin aceasta caracteristica, verbele cu particole adverbiale se deosebesc de verbele urmate
de prepozitii obligatorii, deoarece prepozitiile nu pot fi separate de verb. Comparati: Please
look ME up when you come to Bucharest. (up=particola adverbiala)
She was looking at HIM (at = prepozitie)
Daca complementul direct este exprimat printr-un substantiv, particula adverbiala poate fi
asezata inainte sau dupa acesta (mai ales in vorbirea familiara): He gave back THE BOOK. He
gave THE BOOK back. A inapoiat cartea.
Daca complementul direct este lung, sau este exprimat prinytr-o propozitie subordonata,
particula adverbiala este asezata imediat dupa verb: He gave back the book he had
borrowed. A inapoiat cartea pe care o imprumutase.
EXERCISES
I. Completati spatiile libere cu prepozitii de loc sau directie:
1. I live.. 53, Franklin street. My flat is. the 10th floor. 2. The tallest building. the world is. New
York. 3. Father drove. the corner slowly, while I went. the shop. 4. We’ll
leave.. Brasov tomorrow. 5. They'll stopParistheir wayLondon. 6. They ran schoolthe bus stop. 7.
We wentOradea a business trip last week. Peter isn'thome. He must be school. 9. They arrived
cinema early. 10. My uncle drove me his car, but he didn't see me. 11. The coins fell his pocket.
12. She carried the boxthe stairsher room. 13. Let's sit the sun. 14. He leant the wall. 15. Don't
go the street on a red light.
II. Completati spatiile libere cu prepozitii de timp sau durata:
1. I’ll be in the country. July.. September. 2. They travelled.the day and sleptnight. 3. Eminescu
was born.. January 15, 1850. 4. He came.10 o’clock.the same time with his friend. 5. It is very hot
here summer. 6. I phoned all my friends New Year's Day. 7. We go to school the morning. I hope
I'll have finished my homework9 o'clock. 9. We stayed at homethe weekends. 10. I've been living
in Bucharest ten years. 11. They'll be hereten minutes. 12. The manager won't be backlater this
afternoon. 13. School begins September and ends July. 14. I didn't understand himfirst.
III. Traduceti in limba engleza:
1. La ce te uiti? 2. El se uita pe fereastra. 3. Pe cine astepti? 4. Cat e ora dupa ceasul tau? 5. Hai sa
mergem la plimbare. 6. E in spital de doua saptamani. 7. De ce ti-e teama? El e intotdeauna
amabil cu pacientii. Ii sunt recunoscator pentru serviciul pe care mil-a facut. 9. L-am felicitat
pentru succesul sau. 10. Tremura de frig. 11. Nu ma minti! 12. Dimineata s-au plimbat prin oras,
dupa-amiaza au stat acasa. 13. Cursul a durat o luna intreaga. 14. Au pornit-o spre rau. 15.
Sedinta a inceput la ora 11 dimineata si a durat pana la ora 2 dupa-amiaza. 16. A fost plecat in
timpul vacantei. 17. Au calatorit ca de obicei. 1 Tine o conferinta despre arta contemporana. 19.
Tabloul a fost pictat in ulei, nu in acuarela. 20. E un program bun la televizor diseara
Sa observam catedra profesorului si multitudinea de prepozitii pe care le putem folosi pentru a o descrie:
You can sit before the desk (or in front of the desk).
The professor can sit on the desk (when he's being informal) or behind the desk, and then his feet are
under the desk or beneath the desk.
He can stand beside the desk (meaning next to the desk), before the desk, between the desk and you, or
even on the desk (if he's really strange).
If he's clumsy, he can bump into the desk or try to walk through the desk (and stuff would fall off the
desk).
Passing his hands over the desk or resting his elbows upon the desk, he often looks across the desk and
speaks of the desk or concerning the desk as if there were nothing else like the desk.
Because he thinks of nothing except the desk, sometimes you wonder about the desk, what's in the desk,
what he paid for the desk, and if he could live without the desk.
You can walk toward the desk, to the desk, around the desk, by the desk, and even past the desk while he
sits at the desk or leans against the desk.
Prepozitii inutile
In vorbirea de zi cu zi se folosesc incorect prepozitii acolo unde ele nu isi au rostul. Observa urmatoarele
exemple:
Ex.: She met up with the new coach in the hallway.
The book fell off of the desk.
He threw the book out of the window.
She wouldn't let the cat inside of the house. (sau folositi 'in')
Where did they go to?
Put the lamp in back of the couch. (se va folosi 'behind')
Where is your college at?
Exista vreo regula care ne spune cand folosim si cand nu folosim To in Engleza?
Din pacate, nu. Ai o lista de cuvinte pe care trebuie sa le inveti si gata. Nu sunt
multe asa ca nu trebuie sa iti faci griji ca ai prea multe cuvinte de invatat.