Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncu i din Trgu Jiu, Seria Inginerie, Nr.

2/2012

SISTEM MODERN PENTRU DIRIJAREA CIRCULAIEI NTR-O INTERSECIE

MODERN SYSTEM FOR MANAGEMENT OF ROAD AT AN INTERSECTION

.L.Dr.Ing. Ilie Borcoi, Universitatea Lecturer dr. Eng. Borcosi Ilie, Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu Constantin Brncui University from Ing. Antonie Nicolae, Universitatea Trgu Jiu Eng. Antonie Nicolae, Constantin Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu Brncui University from Trgu Jiu
Abstract: Lucrarea de fa propune un sistem modern de gestiune a traficului, bazat pe o infrastructur complex, care poate conine senzori, camere de urmrire video, reea de transmisiuni de date i echipamente de detecie a poziiei exacte. Sistemul de semaforizare modern poate fi implementat pe unele poriuni ale unei axe de circulaie, utiliznd sisteme adaptive care regleaz fluxurile de trafic pe baza informaiilor captate de senzori implantai n infrastructura rutier, n scopul funcionrii undei verzi. Cuvinte cheie: Sistem, comanda, microcontroler, control, intersecii semaforizate, afisaj rutier, algoritmi fluidizare trafic rutier. Abstract: This paper proposes a modern traffic management system based on a complex infrastructure, which may include sensors, video tracking cameras, network data transmission and accurate position detection equipment. Modern traffic light system can be implemented on parts of an axis of movement, using adaptive systems that regulate traffic flows based on information captured by sensors implanted in road infrastructure for the operation of "green wave".

Keyords: System, command, microcontroller, control, intersection traffic lights, road display, algorithms streamline road traffic.

INTRODUCERE
n mediul urban dezvoltarea i extinderea amenajrii spaiului rutier sunt limitate de construciile i infrastructura deja existente. Odat cu creterea spectaculoas a traficului rutier datorit dezvoltrii activitilor urbane se ncearc soluii de decongestionare a traficului prin dou direcii: printr-o folosire judicioas a spaiului rutier precum i printr-un control i monitorizare eficiente. n prezent, n majoritatea interseciilor se gsesc mai multe tipuri de instalaii de semaforizare cu semnale luminoase, dintre care se pot aminti: - Semafor cu LED-uri sau clasice pentru vehicule; - Semafor cu LED-uri sau clasice pentru pietoni; - Semafoare mobile temporare, cu LED-uri sau clasice; - Lampa filatoare;

INTRODUCTION
In urban spatial development and expansion of road construction and limited by existing infrastructure. With the tremendous growth of traffic due to development activities seek solutions to urban traffic decongestion in two ways: through judicious use of road space and through effective monitoring and control. Currently in the majority intersections are several types of traffic light installations with light signals, of which we can mention: -Traffic light LED or classic vehicles; -Traffic light LED or conventional pedestrian; -Temporary Mobile Traffic lights, LED or conventional; -Lamp spun; - Acoustic device, etc.

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- Dispozitiv pentru semnalizare acustic, etc. Un sistem de gestiune a traficului poate fi un ansamblu de programe care asigur elaborarea soluiilor pentru comanda optim a semafoarelor, n raport cu fluctuaiile de trafic. n cazul unei intersecii independente, se poate aplica comutarea aprinderii semnalelor luminioase la intervale fixe (sistemele cu automatizare clasic), sau programe de reglare adaptiv n raport cu fluctuaiile de trafic instantaneu obinut din msurtori. Utiliznd reglarea adaptiv se aplic algoritmi de programare aciclic sau ciclic, optimizai pentru anumii parametri de trafic orar sau zilnic. n cazul unor intersecii din cadrul unui tronson rutier, acestea trebuie s funcioneze n regim coordonat, care ine seama de parametrii de programare specifici tronsonului respectiv. Comanda adaptiv se face n funcie de informaiile primite de la reelele de detectare i senzori care au caracteristici potrivite cu natura circulaiei i tipurile de informaii necesare reglrii. Reeaua de detectare este format din detectoare rutiere, detectoare pentru transportul n comun i detectoare pentru pietoni. Pentru detecia automobilelor cele mai raspndite sunt buclele inductive de diferite tipuri: bucle transversale pentru detectarea prezenei sau trecerii unui vehicul n apropierea liniei de oprire de pe o cale de rulare; bucle longitudinale care se monteaz suplimentar fa de bucla transversal i care pot avea o profunzime de pn la 30m, care semnaleaz prezena n intersecii; bucle avansate, plasate la 80-100m de linia de oprire pe o cale de rulare care servesc la msurarea traficului pe minut i a gradului de ocupare a arterei de circulaie, informaii necesare pentru alegerea timpului de comand. Elementele de detecie pentru pietoni cele mai raspndite sunt butoanele acionate de

A traffic management system can be a set of programs that provides development solutions for optimal control of traffic lights, in relation to traffic fluctuations. If an independent intersections, apply the ignition switch light signals at fixed intervals (classical automation systems), or adaptive control programs against traffic fluctuations from measurements instantly. Using adaptive programming algorithms apply acyclic or cyclic parameters optimized for hourly or daily traffic. In case of road intersections within a section, they must operate under coordinated, taking into account specific programming parameters that section. Adaptive control is based on information received from sensing and sensors networks have characteristics appropriate to the nature and types of information required traffic regulation. Detection network consists of traffic detectors, detectors for public transport and pedestrian detectors. To detect the spread of cars are inductive loops of different types: transverse loops for the presence or passage of a vehicle stop near the line on a running track; longitudinal loops are fitted in addition to the transverse loop which may have a depth of up to 30m, which indicates the presence of the intersection; advanced loops placed at 80-100m off line on a running path used to measure the traffic per minute and employment artery circulation is needed to control the timing.
Pedestrian detection elements most widespread are pedestrian actuated buttons, infrared devices have not yet proved effective.

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pietoni, dispozitivele cu raze infraroii nu iau dovedit nc eficiena. Strategia bazat pe reglementarea adaptiv are n vedere, pe lng alegerea sistemelor de detecie, i amplasarea lor i evaluarea ncrcrii fiecrei intersecii i ramuri ale acestora, precum i studierea fluctuaiilor orare i sptmnale sau sezoniere.

Strategy based on adaptive regulation envisages, in addition to the choice of detection systems, and their location and evaluation of charging each of these intersections and branches, and study schedules and weekly and seasonal fluctuations.

Monitorizarea unei intersecii

Monitoring an intersection

n cele ce urmeaz vom prezenta o In the following we present an intersection intersecie semaforizat la care se dorete where traffic lights are to implement a implementarea unui sistem numeric de numeric system of the traffic light (Fig.1) and block diagram (Fig.2). . semaforizare (Fig.1) i schema bloc (Fig.2.

Fig.1 Amplasarea semafoarelor n intersecie Placing semaphore in the intersection

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Dup cum se observ, n figur apar: - 4 semafoare pentru autovehicule, codificate: SA1 (semafor autovehicule 1), SA2, SA3, SA4; - 4 perechi de semafoare pentru pietoni, codificate: SP1-SP1 (semafor pietoni 1), SP2-SP2, SP3-SP3, SP4-SP4; Timpii asociai fiecrei culori sunt: - timpul asociat culorii verde pentru autovehicule: tva =20 secunde; - timpul asociat culorii rou pentru autovehicule va fi: tra=90 secunde; - timpul asociat culorii verde pentru pietoni: tvp=20 secunde; - timpul asociat culorii rou pentru pietoni: trp=90 secunde, iar timpul asociat culorii galben va fi de 3 secunde. Acest timp este suficient ca cele aproximativ 5-10 maini care se vor afla n intersecie, la un ciclu de semaforizare, s prseasc perimetrul interseciei. n aceast intersecie, semaforul SA1 se sincronizeaz cu grupul de semafoare SP2SP2, SA2 cu SP3-SP3, apoi SA3 cu SP4SP4 i SA4 cu SP1-SP1.
SA1... SA4 SP1.. SP4

As shown in the figure appears: - 4 lights for cars, codified: SA1 (traffic light car 1), SA2, SA3, SA4; - 4 pairs of lights for pedestrians, codified: SP1-SP1 '(pedestrian traffic light 1), SP2SP2', SP3-SP3 ', SP4, SP4'; Times associated with each color are: - time green color associated vehicles: tva = 20 seconds; - the time associated with red color car will be: tra=90 seconds; - the time associated with the color green for pedestrians: tvp = 20 seconds; - the time associated with red color for pedestrians: trp = 90 seconds, and the time associated yellow color will be 3 seconds. This time is sufficient for the approximately 5-10 cars will be at the intersection, the traffic light cycle, leaving the perimeter intersection. At this intersection, the traffic light is synchronized with the group SA1 lights SP2SP2 ', SA2 with SP3-SP3', then SA3 with SP4, SP4 'and SA4 with SP1-SP1'.
TCA1... TCA4 TCP1... TCP4

Conditioning module

Conditioning module

Conditioning module

Conditioning module

TR1 . . TR4

Central module with PIC 16F877 Microcontroller

B1 . . . B8

Comunication Module
PC

POWER Module

~ 220Vca

Fig.2. Schema bloc a sistemului de comand Block diagram of the control system.
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START I0.0 VSA1=VSP2 ACTIVARE TEMPORIZARE T1

(a)
SENZOR DE CURENT GALBEN INTERMITENT PENTRU TOATE SEMAFOARELE ACTIVARE T9

T1 GSA1=RSP2 ACTIVARE TEMPORIZARE T2 T2

Tr1

T9

(a)
VSA2=VSP3 ACTIVARE TEMPORIZARE T3 T3 GSA2=RSP3 ACTIVARE TEMPORIZARE T4 SENZOR DE CURENT PAUZA ACTIVARE T10

T10

T2 Tr2

(a)
VSA3=VSP4 ACTIVARE TEMPORIZARE T5 T5 GSA3=RSP4 ACTIVARE TEMPORIZARE T6 T2 VSA4=VSP1 ACTIVARE TEMPORIZARE T7 SENZOR DE CURENT SENZOR DE CURENT

(a)

T7 GSA4=RSP1 ACTIVARE TEMPORIZARE T8 T2

Fig.3. Schema logic

Logical scheme

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n schema logic de funcionare a instalaiei de semaforizare prezentat n figura anterioar, am facut urmtoarele notaii: START instruciune de ncepere a programului; I0.0 intrarea la care se primete impulsul; T1...T10 temporizri; VSA1...VSA4 culoarea verde pentru autovehiculele aflate la semafoarele SA1...SA4; GSA1...GSA4 culoarea galben pentru autovehiculele aflate la semafoarele SA1...SA4; RSA1...RSA4 culoarea rou pentru autovehiculele aflate la semafoarele SA1...SA4; VSP1...VSP4 culoarea verde pentru pietonii aflai la semafoarele SA1...SA4; RSP1...RSP4 culoarea rou pentru pietonii aflai la semafoarele SA1...SA4; TR1..TR4 trap 1..trap 4. Cu ajutorul acestor elemente se testeaz dac sunt maini care ateapt la semafor pe banda respectiv. n schema logic apar numai TR1 i TR2, ns similar se testeaz TR3 i TR4. Iniial, se testeaz semnalul de la butonul de start. Dac acest buton este apsat, se seteaz o temporizare (T1), a crei valoare coincide cu ntrzierea ct vor rmne activate culorile semafoarelor VSA1 (verde semafor autovehicule de pe banda 1) i VSP2 (verde semafor trecere pietoni 2). n acest timp, celelalte semafoare (SA2, SA3, SA4, SP1, SP3, SP4) au activat culoarea roie. Dup trecerea temporizrii T1, se dezactiveaz VSA1 i VSP2 i se activeaz GSA1 i RSP2 n acelai timp cu activarea temporizrii T2. n continuare, GSA1 rmne activ pe durata temporizrii T2 (care poate fi de cteva secunde), timp suficient pentru a se elibera intersecia.

In the flowchart of the installation of traffic lights shown in the previous figure, we made next notations: START - start instruction program; I0.0 imput the impulse is received; T1 ... T10 - timer; VSA1 ... VSA4 - green cars at traffic lights SA1 SA4; GSA1 ... GSA4 - yellow color for cars at traffic lights SA4 SA1; RSA1 ... RSA4 - red at traffic lights for vehicles SA1 ... SA4; VSP1 ... VSP4 - green for pedestrians at traffic lights ... SA4 SA1; RSP1 ... RSP4 - red for pedestrians at traffic lights ... SA4 SA1; TR1.. TR4 - Trap 1..Trap 4. With these elements are tested if cars waiting at traffic lights on that band. In logical diagram TR1 and TR2 appear only but TR3 and TR4 similarly tested. Initially, the test signal from the start button. If this button is pressed, it sets a timer (T1), whose value coincides with the delay as VSA1 lights will remain switched colors (green traffic light cars on band 1) and VSP2 (green traffic light pedestrian crossing 2). During this time other lights (SA2, SA3, SA4, SP1, SP3, SP4) have turned red. After crossing the T1 timing is off VSA1 and VSP2 and activate GSA1 and RSP2 simultaneously with activation delay T2. Next, GSA1 remain active during delay T2 (which may be several seconds), long enough to release intersection. Before initiating activation of green color for

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nainte de a se iniia activarea culorii verde pentru o alt band se testeaz dac sunt maini pe banda respectiv care ateapt la semafor. Pentru a se putea realiza testarea, trebuie amplasai senzori pe fiecare band de circulaie, care s furnizeze informaii despre prezena autovehiculelor care ateapt la semafor. Aceti senzori pot fi nite limitatori, amplasai cu sisteme de acionare sub form de trap sau detectoare inductive de trafic, care sunt asociate cu bucle inductive. Dac nu sunt autovehicule care s atepte la semafor i s activeze senzorii de prezen de pe banda care urmeaz s primeasc culoarea verde, se trece la testarea senzorilor de prezen de pe banda urmtoare (n ordinea de trecere a benzilor i de permitere a accesului n intersecie). Dac senzorii de prezen a autovehiculelor, de pe banda 2, sunt activai (Tr2=1, Tr=Trap2), se seteaz temporizarea T3, corespunztoare intervalului de timp a culorii verde pentru semaforul de pe banda 2 (VSA2=1). n acelai timp i VSP3 va fi 1 logic, pn trece temporizarea T3. Apoi, se activeaz GSA2 (GSA2=1), respectiv RSP3, (RSP3=1) dup ce s-a setat temporizarea T2. Sistemul de comand primete informaii i de la senzorii de curent, nseriai ntre circuitele de alimentare i elementele de iluminat, care furnizeaz culorile verde, galben i rou la semafoare. Aceti senzori trebuie s sesizeze dac unul dintre elementele de semnalizare ale semafoarelor, nu funcioneaz (nu funcioneaz corespunztor intensitatea luminoas este mic sau, la cele cu LED, cea mai mare parte din LED-uri sunt defecte) cnd intensitatea curentului prin elemente scade. Dac unul dintre senzorii de curent, detecteaz scderea intensitii (adic un element nu funcioneaz ), toate semafoarele din intersecie trec pe culoarea galben intermitent i n acelai timp se activeaz

another band to test if that cars waiting at traffic lights band. In order to perform testing must be installed on each lane sensors that provide information about the presence of cars waiting at traffic lights. These sensors may be some limits, place the drives as traffic trap or inductive detectors that are associated with inductive loops. If there are vehicles waiting at traffic lights to activate the sensors and the presence of the band to receive green, proceed to testing sensors band presence on the following (in order of crossing bands and sharing the intersection ). If the vehicle presence sensors, from band 2, are activated (Tr2 = 1, Tr = Trap2), set timer T3 appropriate time interval for traffic light green color of the band 2 (VSA2 = 1). At the same time VSP3 will be one logical switch to T3 timing. Then activate GSA2 (GSA2 = 1) and RSP3 (RSP3 = 1) after the delay set T2. The control system receives information from sensors and current, in series between power circuits and lighting elements, providing green, yellow and red traffic lights. These sensors have to notify if one of the signal of traffic lights do not work (not working properly - the light intensity is low or at the LED, the majority of LEDs are faulty) when the current density through the elements decreases. If one current sensor detects the intensity decrease (ie an element does not work), all of intersection traffic lights flashing yellow pass and simultaneously activates timer T20. Of intersection traffic lights remain in that state (yellow flashing) until the intervention team fixes damage.

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temporizarea T20. Semafoarele din intersecie rmn n starea respectiv (galben intermitent), pn cnd echipa de intervenie remediaz defeciunile.
CONCLUZII

Avantajul acestui sistem este capacitatea lui de a se adapta la condiiile reale de trafic. Soluia oferit de proiectul de fa, prin intermediul sistemelor de gestiune moderne ofer o flexibilitate a timpilor de rou i verde n funcie de traficul din zon i de intervalele orare precum i o monitorizare n timp real a traficului din intersecii. Aadar, printr-o continuare a lucrrii de fa, realizat pe baza aceluiai concept, se pot controla un grup de intersecii semaforizate, fiecare cu aceeai temporizare sau cu temporizare diferit, i asta doar cu ajutorul unor module de extensie, costurile fiind ca i insignifiante n comparaie cu cele la care se ridic realizarea unei intersectii semaforizate comandat individual. Toate aceste avantaje palpabile, la care se altur i posibilitatea comandrii tuturor interseciilor semaforizate dintr-un singur loc, o central, alctuiesc idealul unei semaforizri: flexibilitate, rapiditate, putere de calcul i, mai ales, reducerea considerabil a cheltuielilor.
REFERINE BIBLIOGRAFICE
[1]. Antonie, N., Borcoi, I., Dinc, A., Ionescu, M., FOC Control System of AC Machines, Analele Universitatii Constantin Brancusi din Tg. Jiu, Seria Inginerie, no.2/2008,ISSN 1844 4856, pag. 307-312. [2]. Antonie, N., Borcoi, I., Ionescu, M., Acquisition and development szstem with PIC16F84 and PIC16F877 microcontrolers, Analele Universitatii Constantin Brancusi din Tg. Jiu, Seria Inginerie, no.3/2010, ISSN 1842 4856, pag. 293-301. [3]. Borcosi I., Onisifor O., Popescu M.C., Antonie N., "A Method to Protect from no Pulse for a Three-Phase Rectifier Bridge Connected with the Resistive-Inductive Load", Proceedings of the 10th WSEAS International Conference on

CONCLUSIONS

The advantage of this system is its ability to adapt to the real traffic conditions. The solution provided by the present project, through modern management systems offer flexibility of red and green times depending on traffic in the area and slots as well as a real-time monitoring of traffic intersections. So, by continuing this paper, based on the same concept, you can control a group of intersection traffic lights, each with the same timing or different timing, and that only by means of plug-ins, the costs are as insignificant compared with those that rise achieve individually controlled traffic lights intersections. All these tangible benefits to joining the possibility of ordering all intersection traffic lights in one place, a central ideal form of a traffic light: flexibility, speed, computing power and, especially, considerable reduction of costs.

REFERENCES
[1]. Antonie, N., Borcoi, I., Dinc, A., Ionescu, M., FOC Control System of AC Machines, Analele Universitatii Constantin Brancusi din Tg. Jiu, Seria Inginerie, no.2/2008,ISSN 1844 4856, pag. 307-312. [2]. Antonie, N., Borcoi, I., Ionescu, M., Acquisition and development szstem with PIC16F84 and PIC16F877 microcontrolers, Analele Universitatii Constantin Brancusi din Tg. Jiu, Seria Inginerie, no.3/2010, ISSN 1842 4856, pag. 293-301. [3]. Borcosi I., Onisifor O., Popescu M.C., Antonie N., "A Method to Protect from no Pulse for a Three-Phase Rectifier Bridge Connected with the Resistive-Inductive Load", Proceedings of the 10th WSEAS International Conference on

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Mathematical and Computational Methods in Science and Engineering, Bucharest, November 2008, pp.146-152. [4]. Borcosi I, Olaru O, Popescu M.C., Antonie N., "Method to Protect from no Pulse for a Three-Phase Rectifier Bridge", International Journal of Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences, January 2009, pp.473-482. [5]. Borcoi Ilie, Olaru Onisifor, Popescu Marius-Constantin, Dinc Alina, Device with Analogical Circuits for Protection to the Lack of the Pulse for the Three-Phase Rectifiers in Bridge, Proceedings of the 10th WSEAS International Conference on MATHEMATICAL and COMPUTATIONAL METHODS in SCIENCE and ENGINEERING (MACMESE 08), Bucharest, Romania, Nov. 7-9, 2008, Part I, ISSN: 1790-2769, ISBN:978-960-474-019-2, pp. 152-157. [6]. Borcoi Ilie, Olaru Onisifor, Popescu Marius-Constantin, Dinca Alina, Antonie Nicolae, Ionescu Marian, Device with Analogical Circuits for Protection to the Lack of the Pulse for the Three-Phase Rectifiers in Electrical Drive, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND METHODS IN APPLIED SCIENCES, Issue 4, Volume 2, December 2008, ISSN: 1998-0140, pp. 483-492. [7]. Ilie Borcoi, Onisifor Olaru, Nicolae Antonie, Device for Protection to the Lack of the Pulse for the Tri-Phase Rectifiers in Bridge, International Journal of Coputers, Communications& Control, ISSN 1841-9836, EISSN 1841-9844, Vol. III, 2008, pp. 196-200. [8]. Marius-Constantin Popescu , Ilie Borcoi, Onisifor Olaru, Luminia Popescu, Florin Grofu, Simulation Hybrid Fuzzz Control of SCARA Robot, 2007, Proceedings of the 3rd WSEAS International Conference on Applied and THEORETICAL MECHANICS (Mechanics '07), Tenerife, Spain, December 14-16, 2007, pag. 175-180 Published by WSEAS Press, ISBN: 978960-6766-19-0, ISSN: 1790-2769; [9]. Popescu M.C., Mastorakis N., Borcosi I., Popescu L., Asynchronous Motors Drive Systems Command with Digital Signal Processor, International Journal of Systems Applications, Engineering & Development, Issue 2, Vol.3, pp.64-73, 2009. [10]. PIC 16F877 Datasheet 28/40-Pin CMOS FLASH Microcontrollers.

Mathematical and Computational Methods in Science and Engineering, Bucharest, November 2008, pp.146-152. [4]. Borcosi I, Olaru O, Popescu M.C., Antonie N., "Method to Protect from no Pulse for a Three-Phase Rectifier Bridge", International Journal of Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences, January 2009, pp.473-482. [5]. Borcoi Ilie, Olaru Onisifor, Popescu Marius-Constantin, Dinc Alina, Device with Analogical Circuits for Protection to the Lack of the Pulse for the Three-Phase Rectifiers in Bridge, Proceedings of the 10th WSEAS International Conference on MATHEMATICAL and COMPUTATIONAL METHODS in SCIENCE and ENGINEERING (MACMESE 08), Bucharest, Romania, Nov. 7-9, 2008, Part I, ISSN: 1790-2769, ISBN:978-960-474-019-2, pp. 152-157. [6]. Borcoi Ilie, Olaru Onisifor, Popescu Marius-Constantin, Dinca Alina, Antonie Nicolae, Ionescu Marian, Device with Analogical Circuits for Protection to the Lack of the Pulse for the Three-Phase Rectifiers in Electrical Drive, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND METHODS IN APPLIED SCIENCES, Issue 4, Volume 2, December 2008, ISSN: 1998-0140, pp. 483-492. [7]. Ilie Borcoi, Onisifor Olaru, Nicolae Antonie, Device for Protection to the Lack of the Pulse for the Tri-Phase Rectifiers in Bridge, International Journal of Coputers, Communications& Control, ISSN 1841-9836, EISSN 1841-9844, Vol. III, 2008, pp. 196-200. [8]. Marius-Constantin Popescu , Ilie Borcoi, Onisifor Olaru, Luminia Popescu, Florin Grofu, Simulation Hybrid Fuzzz Control of SCARA Robot, 2007, Proceedings of the 3rd WSEAS International Conference on Applied and THEORETICAL MECHANICS (Mechanics '07), Tenerife, Spain, December 14-16, 2007, pag. 175180 Published by WSEAS Press, ISBN: 978-9606766-19-0, ISSN: 1790-2769; [9]. Popescu M.C., Mastorakis N., Borcosi I., Popescu L., Asynchronous Motors Drive Systems Command with Digital Signal Processor, International Journal of Systems Applications, Engineering & Development, Issue 2, Vol.3, pp.64-73, 2009. [10]. PIC 16F877 Datasheet 28/40-Pin CMOS FLASH Microcontrollers.

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