Politic i retoric n cultura romn

Discursul politic se constituie, alturi de pres i public, n organizatorul vieii

politice. Unii cercettori l consider un discurs de influen, supunndu-se regulilor i
principiilor unei teorii a comunicrii; pentru alii, discursul politic este singura form de
construcie i propagand a doctrinelor unei societi care refuz violena n scopul
obinerii supunerii. Chomsky (1986, Cunoaterea limbii, trad.rom. 1996, Bucureti,
Ed.tiinific, p.9) ncadreaz discursul puterii sub incidena principiului lui Orwell,
conform cruia Ignorana este Putere.
Vechile tratate de retoric ofer o paradigm a discursului politic (identificat n
genul deliberativ) n care persuasiunea este domeniul aciunii verbale. Oratoria politic se
revendic din aceste norme, reactualizate prin propaganda religioas, dar mecanismele ei
sunt mult mai subtile i mai complexe, ntr-o punere n scen logico-sintactic.
Subiect al istoriilor literare (George Clinescu, Eugen Lovinescu, Tudor Vianu
etc.), discursul politic romnesc nu poate fi scos de sub influena factorilor instituionali
i din contextul istoric specific.
Dificultatea de a surprinde mecanismele i resorturile care produc adeziunea la
opinia politic const n faptul c discursul se rostete, este un act verbal ce acioneaz n
prezena unui auditoriu cu care oratorul interacioneaz, iar efectele produse de acesta se
afl la intersecia lingvisticii cu psihologia cognitiv, tiinele politice i sociologia.
Peisajul politic din Romnia ultimilor 17 ani propune un discurs de re-facere a
unei tradiii brutal ntrerupte de dictaturile care s-au succedat ncepnd cu anul 1938. Din
ce n ce mai mult, discursul actual devine doar pretextul unei retorici bine definite: cea a
produsului (politic, n acest caz) destinat unui public larg (electoratul), iar figura
oratorului las locul speach-maker-ilor profesioniti. Scos de la tribun, discursul politic
actual acioneaz prin efecte vizuale i slogane, iar eficacitatea lui se concretizeaz n
procesul electoral i mai puin n cel deliberativ.
n cultura noastr interesul pentru retoric a aprut n momentul revirimentului
politic. Astfel, cel cruia i se atribuie primul tratat de retoric n limba romn este
I.Molnar-Piuaru, Retorica adec nvtura i ntocmirea frumoasei cuvntri. Acum
ntiu izvodit pe limba romneasc. mpodobit i ntemeiat cu pildele vechilor filosofi
i dascli bisericeti. S-au tiprit n criasca tipografie Orientaliceasc a Universitii
Petii, 1798.
n 1852, D.Gusti public la Iai Ritorica pentru tinerimea studioas, completat n
ediia din 1875 cu exemple de mari oratori. Titu Maiorescu, 1902, semnaleaz ns
apariia termenului de orator n dicionarul lui Laurian-Massim, n locul celui de ritor,
care se gsete la Dimitrie Cantemir n Istoria hieroglific de la 1704.
Volumul Retorica romneasc (1980)1 cuprinde, pe lng numele citate, manuale
i tratate de retoric aparinnd lui Simeon Marcovici, Cristu Negoescu, V.A.Urechi,
Alexandru Aman, Al.G.Drghicescu, Gheorghe Adamescu.
Unele lucrri de istorie literar (George Clinescu, Eugen Lovinescu, Tudor
Vianu) au capitole dedicate elocinei romneti, iar interesul pentru arta oratoric se va
1

Retorica romneasc, ed. ngrijit, prefa i note de Mircea Frnculescu, Bucureti,

Ed.Minerva, 1980.

manifesta n apariia unor antologii cuprinznd discursurile politice ale unor personaliti
politice marcante.
n ultimii ani se configureaz un interes tot mai mare pentru proza oratoric
(Mazilu, 1986-1987), ale crei nceputuri se situeaz n literatura noastr veche, printre
primii autori de discursuri politice i diplomatice (Mazilu, 1986, I, p.15) fiind citai }
tefan cel Mare i oratorii de la curtea sa, Luca Crj (orator i ambasador al lui }tefni,
domnitorul Moldovei), Neagoe Basarab iar de discursuri protocolare (Idem, p.19) Miron Costin i }tefan Vcrescu.
De-a lungul ntregii istorii a culturii romneti se va exercita, la nivele de
intensitate variabile, o aciune a retoricii, pn la instituionalizarea discursului politic.
Privit prin aceast prism, paradigma discursului politic se ncadreaz ntre obligaia de
a te supune i dreptul de a te supune.

The political discourse is constituted, with the press and public, the
organizer of political life. Some researchers consider it a discourse of
influence, subject to the rules and principles of a theory of communication,
for others, is the only form of political discourse and propaganda building a
society that refuses doctrines violence to obtain obedience. Chomsky (1986,
Knowledge, trad.rom. 1996, Bucharest, Ed.tiinific, p.9) within the
discourse of power under Orwell's principle according to which ignorance is
strength.
Treated old rhetoric provides a paradigm of political discourse (identified in
such deliberative) where the action is verbal persuasion. Political oratory is
claimed in these rules, updated by religious propaganda, but its mechanisms
are more subtle and complex, a logical-syntactic staging.
Subject of literary history (George Calinescu, Eugen Lovinescu, Tudor
Vianu, etc..) Romanian political discourse can not be removed from under
the influence of specific institutional and historical context.
Difficulty and resorts to capture mechanisms that cause adherence to
political opinion is that speech is pronounced, is a verbal act that acts in the
presence of an audience with the speaker interacts and effects of this is at the
intersection of linguistics to cognitive psychology, political science and
sociology.

Political landscape in Romania last 17 years suggests a discourse

of re-making of a tradition interrupted by brutal dictatorships that
have succeeded since 1938. Increasingly more current discourse is
only a pretext rhetoric defined: the product (political, in this case)
for the general public (voters) and instead lets figure speakermaker-s speach professionals. Removed from the stands, the
current political discourse and slogans works by visual effects and
its effectiveness is reflected in the electoral process and less in the
deliberative
In our culture there was interest in rhetoric when political revival. Thus, the
first treaty that is assigned to rhetoric in Romanian is I.Molnar-Piuaru,
adequate teaching and preparation beautiful rhetoric speeches. Now the
Romanian language ntiu izvodit. Parables based adorned with ancient
philosophers and religious teachers. Were printed in printing Craiasca Fish
Orientaliceasc University, 1798.
In 1852, D. public taste for Youth in Science Ritorica studied, completed
edition of 1875 examples of great orators. Maiorescu, 1902, but the
appearance of the term indicates the speaker's dictionary Laurian-Mass,
instead of ritor, found in the history of hieroglyphic Cantemir in 1704.
Romanian rhetoric Volume (1980) includes, in addition to the name
mentioned, manuals and treatises of rhetoric belonging to Simeon
Marcovici, Cristu Negoescu, VAUrechia Alexander Aman,
Al.G.Drghicescu, George Adamescu.
Some works of literary history (George Calinescu, Eugen Lovinescu, Tudor
Vianu) are chapters dedicated to Romanian eloquence and oratorical art of
interest will be manifested in the appearance of anthologies including
political speeches of prominent political figures.