Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiin e Juridice , Nr.

1/2015

REGIMUL SEPARA IEI DE BUNURI THE REGIME OF SEPARATION OF

Alin-Gheorghe GAVRILESCU*
Abstract: n actuala reglementare a Codului civil,
sub regimul separaiei de bunuri soii pot avea numai
dou categorii de bunuri: bunuri proprii i bunuri
proprietate comun pe cote-pri.
Regimul separaiei de bunuri asigur fiecruia
dintre soi un drept de proprietate exclusiv att n
privina bunurilor dobndite nainte de ncheierea
cstoriei, precum i n ceea ce privete bunurile pe
care le achiziioneaz n nume propriu n timpul
cstoriei. De asemenea, sub regimul separaiei de
bunuri datoriile asumate de fiecare dintre soi sunt
personale, excepie fcnd cele asumate de oricare
dintre acetia pentru acoperirea cheltuielilor
obinuite ale cstoriei i a celor legate de creterea
i educarea copiilor pentru care soii rspund solidar.
n cadrul regimului separaiei de bunuri fiecare
dintre soi administreaz, folosete i dispune n mod
discreionar de bunurile proprietate exclusiv, fr
nicio ingerin din partea celuilalt.
Cuvinte cheie: regimul separaiei de bunuri,
soi, cstorie, bunuri proprii
1. Caracterizare general
Regimul separaiei de bunuri este
regimul matrimonial care ofer soilor cea
mai mare independen patrimonial. Practic,
ceea ce caracterizeaz acest regim este faptul
c patrimoniile soilor sunt n principiu,
distincte att din punct de vedere al
activului ct i al pasivului.
n actuala reglementare a Codului civil,
sub regimul separaiei de bunuri soii pot
avea numai dou categorii de bunuri: bunuri
proprii i bunuri proprietate comun pe cote-
pri.
Regimul separaiei de bunuri asigur
fiecruia dintre soi un drept de proprietate
PROPERTY
Alin-Gheorghe GAVRILESCU**
Abstract: In the current regulation of the Civil
code, under the regime of separation of property the
spouses may have only two classes of assets: own
assets and assets tenancy-in-common.
The regime of separation of property shall
ensure to each of the spouses an exclusive property
right both in terms of assets acquired before the
marriage, as well as in respect of the assets that they
purchase on his own behalf during the
marriage. Also under the regime of separation of
property debts assumed by each of the spouses are
personal, except those arising out of either of them to
cover the costs of marriage and those related to the
growth and education of the children for whom
spouses are jointly responsable.
Under the separation of property each spouse
administers, uses and disposes of sole proprietorship
assets in a discretionary way, with no
interference from the other side.
Key words: the regime of separation of
property, spouses, marriage, own assets
1. General characterization
The regime of separation of
property is the matrimonial property
regime which provides the greatest patrimonial
independence for husbands. Basically,
what characterizes this regime is the fact that the
patrimonies of spouses are, in principle, distinct
from the point of view of the asset, but also of
the liability.
In the current regulation of the Civil
code, under the regime of separation of
property the spouses may have only two
classes of assets: own assets and assets tenancy-

*
Conf. univ. dr. Departamentul tiine Juridice, Facultatea de Relaii Internaionale, Drept i tiine
Administrative, Universitatea Constantin Brncui din Tg-Jiu
**
Associate Prof. PhD, Department of Juridical Sciences, Faculty of International Relations, Law and
Administrative Sciences Constantin Brncui University of Tg-Jiu

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exclusiv att n privina bunurilor dobndite in-common.

nainte de ncheierea cstoriei, precum i n The regime of separation of
ceea ce privete bunurile pe care le property shall ensure to each of
achiziioneaz n nume propriu n timpul the spouses an exclusive property right both in
cstoriei. De asemenea, sub regimul terms of assets acquired before the marriage, as
separaiei de bunuri datoriile asumate de well as in respect of the assets that they
fiecare dintre soi sunt personale, excepie purchase on his own behalf during the
fcnd cele asumate de oricare dintre acetia marriage. Also under the regime of separation of
pentru acoperirea cheltuielilor obinuite ale property debts assumed by each of the
cstoriei i a celor legate de creterea i spouses are personal, except those arising out of
educarea copiilor pentru care soii rspund either of them to cover the costs of marriage and
solidar. those related to the growth and education of the
n cadrul regimului separaiei de bunuri children for whom spouses are jointly
fiecare dintre soi administreaz, folosete i responsable.
dispune n mod discreionar de bunurile Under the separation of
proprietate exclusiv, fr nicio ingerin din property each spouse administers, uses
partea celuilalt and disposes of sole proprietorship assets in a
2. Sursa regimului separa iei de discretionary way, with no interference from the
bunuri other side.
Regimul separaiei de bunuri reglementat 2. The source of the regime of
de art. 360-365 Cod civil este un regim separation of property
convenional ce poate avea ca surs fie The regime of separation of
convenia matrimonial ncheiat dup caz property governed by art. 360-365 of the
nainte de cstorie, fie dup cel puin 1 an Civil code is a conventional regime that may
de la ncheierea cstoriei cnd soii have as a source either a matrimonial convention
nlocuiesc regimul matrimonial existent cu completed as appropriate before marriage or
regimul separaiei de bunuri (art. 369 alin (1) after at least 1 year
Cod civil) fie hotrrea judectoreasc of marriage when spouses are to replace
pronunat de ctre instana judectoreasc la the existing matrimonial regime of property
cererea unuia dintre soi, atunci cnd cellalt with the regime of separation of property
so ncheie acte care pun n pericol interesele (art. 369 paragraph 1 of the Civil code) or the
patrimoniale ale familiei (art. 370 alin. (1) judgment rendered by the Court at the request of
Cod civil). Separaia pronunat de ctre one of the spouses, when the other spouse
instan face ca regimul matrimonial anterior concludes acts that endanger the patrimonial
s nceteze, iar soilor li se aplic regimul interests of the family (art. 370 para. (1) of the
matrimonial prevzut la art. 360-365 Cod Civil code). Separation pronounced by the
civil. Court makes the previously matrimonial
3. Categorii de bunuri ale so ilor regime to cease, and spouses are subject to
Din punct de vedere al activului the matrimonial regime under article 360-365 of
patrimonial soii cstorii sub regimul the Civil code.
separaiei de bunuri au dou categorii de 3. Categories of assets of the spouses
bunuri. From the point of view
- bunuri proprii ale fiecruia dintre soi. of patrimonial asset under the regime
Privitor la acestea art. 360 alin. (1) Cod civil of separation, the spouses have two categories of
arat c fiecare dintre soi este proprietar assets:
exclusiv n privina bunurilor dobndite - assets of each of
nainte de ncheierea cstoriei, precum i a the spouses. Regarding these art. 360 para. (1) of
celor pe care le dobndete n nume propriu the Civil code shows that each of the spouses

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dup aceast dat. Bunul dobndit de unul
dintre soi pe numele su va fi n
exclusivitate bun propriu al acestuia chiar
dac dobndirea s-a fcut cu banii celuilalt
so. n aceast situaie, soul proprietar
datoreaz celuilalt so sau motenitorilor
acestuia valoarea bunului achiziionat. Soul
care a contribuit cu bani la dobndirea
bunului de ctre cellat so este numai
titularul unui drept de crean pentru suma
mprumutat i nu al unui drept de
proprietate1.
- bunuri comune pe cote-pri ale
soilor. Referitor la acestea legiuitorul
stabilete n art. 362 alin. (1) Cod civil c
bunurile dobndite mpreun de soi aparin
acestora n proprietate comun pe cote-pri,
n condiiile legii. Referirea la condiiile legii
din finalul art. 362 alin. (1) Cod civil face
trimitere la dispoziiile art. 634 i
urmtoarele Cod civil care reglementeaz
coproprietatea.2 n caz de nenelegere,
caracterul de bun proprietate comun pe
cote-pri nu se prezum ci el trebuie probat
de soi. Prin urmare, soii sunt cei care
trebuie s produc i s conserve probele cu
privire la caracterul indiviz al bunului
achiziionat i la cotele pri care aparin
fiecruia dintre ei3
Din prevederile art. 360 alin. (1) Cod
civil rezult c n cazul n care soilor le este
aplicabil regimul separaiei de bunuri regula
este aceea c orice bun dobndit de ctre
unul dintre soi devine bun propriu al
acestuia ca i cum nu ar fi cstorit, fiind
aplicabile, n principiu dispoziiile dreptului
comun (regulile privitoare la accesiune,
mandat, mbogirea fr just cauz etc.4
Fiecare so i administreaz, folosete i
dispune de bunurile proprietate exclusiv
fr nicio ingerin din partea celuilalt.
4. Gestiunea bunurilor
n cadrul regimului separaiei de bunuri
fiecare dintre soi are dreptul de a administra,
folosi i dispune liber de bunurile sale, fr
nicio ingerin din partea celuilalt. Prin
urmare, n cazul acestui regim matrimonial
regula este aceea c fiecare dintre soi are
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 1/2015
is exclusive owner in, respect
of property acquired before the marriage, as well
as those which he acquires in his own name after
that date. The property acquired by either
spouse on his name will be exclusively his
own property even though the acquisition was
made with the money of the other spouse. In this
situation, the husband owner dues to the other
spouse or to his heirs the value of the property
purchased. The spouse who contributed with
money to the acquisition of the property by
the other spouse is only the holder of a right
of claim for the amount borrowed and not of a
proprietary right11.
- common assets on tenancy-in-
common. With respect to these the legislator
establishes in the art. 362 para. (1) of the Civil
code that assets acquired jointly by the
spouses belongto their common ownership share
s, according to the law. The reference to the
conditions of the law of the art. 362 para. (1) of
the Civil code referred to article 634 and the
following of the Civil code governing joint
ownership12. In case of misunderstanding, the
character of property on tenancy-in-common is
not presumed but must be proved by the
spouses. Therefore, husbands are the ones
who must produce and conserve evidence
concerning the nature of the unseparable
property purchased and the shares that belong
to each of them13.
From the provisions of
art. 360 para. (1) of the Civil code result
that when spouses are applicable the regime of
separation of property the rule is that any
property acquired by either
spouse gets his own property as if would not
have married, being applicable in principle the
provisions of common law (rules relating
to acceding, mandate,
unjust enrichment etc14. Each spouse administer
s, uses and disposes
of property assets exclusive with no
interference from the part of the other.
4. Property management
Under the regime of separation of
property each spouse has the right
to manage, use and free disposal of his assets,
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Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiin e Juridice , Nr. 1/2015
gestiunea exclusiv a bunurilor sale.
Separaia patrimonial a soilor nu este
ns absolut. Astfel, privitor la anumite
bunuri chiar proprietate exclusiv a unuia
dintre soi legiuitorul consacr regula
cogestiunii instituind anumite limitri ale
exerciiului dreptului de proprietate din
raiuni ce in de protejarea intereselor
familiei. n acest sens sunt prevederile 322
alin. (1) i (2) Cod civil care stabilete c
fr consimmntul scris al celuilalt so
niciunul dintre ei, chiar dac este proprietar
exclusiv, nu poate dispune de drepturile
asupra locuinei familiei, nu poate ncheia
acte prin care ar fi afectat folosina acesteia,
nu poate deplasa din locuin bunurile ce
mobileaz sau decoreaz locuina familiei i
nu poate dispune de acestea.
n plus, n unele situaii soii pot s
procedeze la achiziionarea unor bunuri
indivize caz n care, conform art. 362 alin (1)
Cod civil devin aplicabile regulile dreptului
comun privitoare la indiviziune.
n afara bunurilor proprii reglementat
de art. 360 Cod civil i a bunurilor
proprietate comun pe cote pri prevzute
de art. 362 alin. (1) Cod civil soii crora le
este aplicabil regimul separaiei de bunuri nu
pot avea i bunuri comune n devlmie
ntruct art. 360 i 362 alin (1) Cod civil
cuprind norme imperative de la care,
conform art. 332 alin (1) Cod civil, nu se
poate deroga, sub sanciunea nulitii
absolute. n consecin, dac prin convenia
matrimonial viitorii soi ori soii ar decide
ca n cadrul separaiei de bunuri anumite
bunuri s fie comune n devlmie
asemenea clauze ar fi lovite de nulitate
absolut n temeiul art. 332 alin. (1) Cod
civil.5
5. Dovada bunurilor
Inventarul bunurilor mobile
Separaia patrimoniilor soilor implic
unele probleme legate de dovada bunurilor,
soluia propus de legiuitor fiind aceea a
ntocmirii de ctre notarul public a unui
inventar al bunurilor mobile proprii.
n temeiul art. 361 alin. (1) Cod civil la
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 1/2015
without any interference from the part of the
other.Therefore, in the case of this matrimonial
regime the rule is that of each of the
spouses has the exclusive management of his
assets.
The patrimonial separation of the
spouses is not absolute, however. Thus, with
respect to certain assets even sole
proprietorship of one of the spouses the
legislature enshrining the rule
of comanagement establishing certain
limitations on the exercise of the right of
ownership for the sake of protecting the interests
of the family. To this sense are the provisions
of paragraphs 1 and 2 of art. 322 of the
Civil code which state that without the written
consent of the other spouse, none of them,even
if he is exclusive owner cannot dispose of the
rights over the family home, cannot conclude
any acts through which its use would
be affected, cannot move from the house assets
that furnish or decorate the home and
cannot dispose of them.
In addition, in some
cases husbands can proceed to purchase some
unseparable assets in which case, pursuant to
article 362 paragraph 1 of the Civil code become
applicable the rules of common
law concerning joint possession.
Outside of the own assets regulated
by art. 360 of the Civil code and common
ownership of property on shares provided for
in art. 362 para. (1) of the Civil code the
spouses to whom is applicable the regime of
separation of property may not have also
common indivisible ownership assets
whereas art. 360 and 362 paragraph 1 of the
Civil code include mandatory rules from which,
under art. 332 paragraph 1 of the Civil code, it is
not possible to derogate, under the sanction of
absolute nullity. Accordingly, if in
the matrimonial convention the future spouses
or the spouses decide that under the
separation of property certain assets to be in
common indivisible ownership, such clauses
would also be hit by absolute
nullity under art. 332 paragraph 1. (1) of the
Civil code15.
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adoptarea regimului separaiei de bunuri,
notarul public ntocmete un inventar al
bunurilor mobile proprii, indiferent de modul
lor de dobndire.
Inventarul poate fi ntocmit, conform art.
361 alin. (2) Cod civil i pentru bunurile
mobile dobndite n timpul separaiei de
bunuri.
Inventarul se ntocmete de ctre notarul
public, care n condiiile art. 330 Cod civil,
autentific convenia matrimonial. Aceast
idee rezult din prevederile art. 361 alin (3)
Cod civil care statueaz c pentru
opozabilitate fa de teri, inventarul se
anexeaz la convenia matrimonial
supunndu-se acelorai formaliti de
publicitate ca i convenia matrimonial.
ntruct legiuitorul folosete formularea
la adoptarea regimului separaiei de bunuri,
fr a distinge, facem precizarea c,
ntocmirea inventarului este necesar n
urmtoarele cazuri:
- dac nainte de ncheierea cstoriei
viitorii soi opteaz, prin convenie
matrimonial pentru regimul separaiei de
bunuri, avnd ca obiect bunurile dobndite
nainte de ncheierea cstoriei.
- dac n timpul cstoriei, dup
trecerea unui an de la ncheierea acesteia
soii hotrsc prin convenie matrimonial s
nlocuiasc regimul comunitii legale ori
regimul comunitii convenionale cu
regimul separaiei de bunuri caz n care
inventarul cuprinde bunurile mobile proprii
dobndite de soi n timpul comunitii legale
sau convenionale, necesitatea ntocmirii
inventarului n acest caz rezult din
prevederile art. 369 alin. (2) Cod civil care
arat c dispoziiile art. 361 Cod civil sunt
aplicabile n mod corespunztor.
- dac, la cererea unuia dintre soii
cstorii sub regimul comunitii legale sau
convenionale instana pronun separaia de
bunuri n situaia n care cellalt so ncheie
acte care pun n pericol interesele
patrimoniale ale familiei ntr-o atare situaie
inventarul va cuprinde, de asemenea,
bunurile mobile proprii dobndite de soi n
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 1/2015
5. The proof of assets
Inventory of movable assets
The separation of patrimonies of
spouses implies some issues related to the
proof of assets, the solution proposed
by legislator being the drawing up by the
public notary of an
inventory of moveable assets.
Pursuant to article 361 para. (1) of the
Civil code at the date of adoption of the regime
of separation of property, the public notary shall
draw up an inventory of
the movable property, regardless
of their manner of acquisition.
The inventory may be drawn up in
accordance with art. 361 para. (2) of the Civil
code also for the movable assets acquired
during the separation of property.
The inventory shall be drawn up by the
public notary,which, pursuant to article 330 of
the Civil code, authenticates the
matrimonial convention. This idea stems
from the provisions of art. 361 (3) of the
Civil code stating that for enforceability against
third parties, the inventory will be annexed to
the matrimonial convention obeying the
same publicity formalities as the
matrimonial convention.
Whereas the legislature uses the
formulation to the adoption of the regime of
separation of property, without
distinguishing, we make clear that, inventory is
required in the following cases:
- If, before the conclusion of the
marriage of the future spouses, by matrimonial
convention opts for separation of
matrimonial property regime, having as object
assets acquired before the marriage.
- If during the marriage, after an year
of it, the spouses decide by matrimonial
convention to replace the
matrimonial legal regime or the regime of
conventional community with the regime
of separation of property, in which
case inventory includes own moveable assets
acquired by spouses during legal
or conventional community, the need to draw up
the inventory in this case arises from
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timpul regimului comunitii legale sau dup the provisions of art. 369 para. (2) of the
caz al regimului comunitii convenionale. the Civil code to the effect that the provisions
Pentru aceast situaie necesitatea ntocmirii of art. 357 of the Civil code shall
inventarului rezult din prevederile art. 370 apply accordingly.
alin (3) Cod civil care stabilesc c - If, at the request of one of
dispoziiile art. 361 Cod civil se aplic n the spouses married under the regime of legal or
mod corespunztor. conventional community the
Dac inventarul nu a fost ntocmit art. Court pronounce the separation of
361 alin. (4) Cod civil instituie prezumia c assets where the other spouse concludes acts that
dreptul de proprietate exclusiv aparine endanger the patrimonial interests of
soului posesor. Din prevederile aceluiai the family in such a situation the
articol rezult c aceast prezumie are inventory will also feature their own moveable
caracter relativ putnd fi rsturnat prin assets acquired by spouses during the regime of
proba contar. legal or, as appropriate, the conventional
n cazul n care posesia este comun se community. For this situation the necessity of
prezum c bunul este coproprietatea soilor drawing up the inventory results from the
fiind aplicabile prevederile art. 633 Cod civil provisions of art. 370 (3) of the Civil code which
care stabilesc c dac bunul este stpnit n establish that the provisions of art. 361 of the
comun coproprietatea se prezum pn la Civil code shall apply accordingly.
proba contrar, cotele-pri fiind prezumate If the inventory was
egale conform art. 634 alin. (2) Cod civil. not drawn art. 361 para. 4 of the Civil
Dovada c un bun aparine numai unuia code establishes the presumption that the
dintre soi sau ambilor soi n coproprietate exclusive property right belongs to the owner's
se poate face cu orice mijloc de prob admis husband. From the same article shows that this
de lege. Prin excepie, n cazul n care bunul presumption is relative and can be rebutted by
a fost dobndit printr-un act juridic supus, contrary proof.
potrivit legii, unei condiii de form pentru When possession is common property
validitate ori unor cerine de publicitate, is presumed to be joint ownership of the
legiuitorul stabilete n alineatul 5 al art. 361 spouses being applicable to the provisions of
c dreptul de proprietate exclusiv nu se art. 633 of the Civil code which establish
poate dovedi dect prin nscrisul care that if the property is mastered in common joint
ndeplinete formula cerut de lege. ownership shall be presumed until proven of the
n cazul bunurilor proprietate comun pe contrary, shares being presumed equal according
cote - pri dovada acestora se face n to art. 634 para. (2) of the Civil code.
aceleai condiii n care se face dovada The proof that a property belongs only to
bunurilor mobile proprii. n acest sens sunt one of the spouses or both spouses jointly can be
prevederile art. 362 alin 2 din noul Cod civil done with any evidence admitted by law. By
conform crora dovada coproprietii se face exception, if the property has
n condiiile art. 361 care se aplic n mod been acquired through a legal act governed
corespunztor. to the law, by a condition as a
6. Folosina bunurilor celuilalt so form for validity or advertising
Potrivit art. 363 alin (1) Cod civil soul requirements, the legislature established
care se folosete de bunurile celuilalt so fr in paragraph 5 of article 361 that
mpotrivirea acestuia din urm are obligaiile the exclusive property right cannot prove than
unui uzufructuar cu excepia celor prevzute by the entry that satisfies the formula required
de art. 723 (obligaia de inventariere a by law.
bunurilor) art. 726 (obligaia constituirii In the case of common property on
garaniei pentru ndeplinirea obligaiilor shares their proof is made under the same

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uzufructuarului) i art. 727 (referitor la
numirea administratorului).
Prin urmare, n cazul n care un so
folosete un bun al celuilalt so fr ca acesta
din urm s se opun soul care folosete
bunul va avea urmtoarele obligaii:
- s respecte destinaia dat bunului de
ctre soul proprietar, cu excepia
cazului n care se asigur o cretere a
valorii bunului sau cel puin nu se
prejudiciaz n niciun fel interesele
proprietarului;
- s l despgubeasc pe soul
proprietar pentru orice prejudiciu
cauzat prin folosirea
necorespunztoare a bunului;
- s efectueze reparaiile de ntreinere
a bunui, reparaiile mari revenind
soului proprietar;
- s suporte sarcinile i s plteasc
cheltuielile ocazionate de litigiile
privitoare la folosina bunului,
culegerea fructelor ori ncasarea
veniturilor;
- s plteasc primele de asigurare dac
bunul este asigurat;
- s-l ncunotineze pe soul proprietar
cu privire la orice uzurpare a fondului
i la orice contestare a dreptului de
proprietate;
- s restituie pieile sau valoarea lor, n
cazul pieirii n ntregime a unei turme
din cauze neimputabile soului care o
folosete, respectiv de nlocuire a
animalelor pierite cu cele de prsil
dac turma nu a disprut n ntregime.
Teza final a aceluiai articol prevede c
soul care se folosete de bunurile celuilalt
so fr mpotrivirea acestuia din urm este
dator s restituie numai fructele existente la
data solicitrii lor de ctre cellalt so sau,
dup caz, la data ncetrii ori schimbrii
regimului matrimonial.
Dac unul dintre soi ncheie singur un
act prin care dobndete un bun folosindu-se,
n tot sau n parte, de bunuri aparinnd
celuilalt so art. 363 alin. (2) Cod civil
confer acestuia din urm posibilitatea ca, n
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 1/2015
conditions as the proof for own movable
assets. In this respect are articles. 362 para 2 of
the new Civil code according to which proof of
joint holdership shall be carried out pursuant to
article. 361 which applies accordingly.
6. The use of the assets of the other
spouse
Under art. 363 paragraph 1 of the Civil
code the husband who uses the assets of the
other spouse without resistance has the
obligations of an usufructuary, except
as provided for in art. 723 (obligation to
inventory property) art. 726 (obligation
of provision of a security for fulfilment of the
obligations of the usufructuary)
and art. 727 (concerning the appointment of the
manager).
Therefore, when a husband uses the
property of the other spouse without the latter to
oppose, his husband who uses the property will
have the following obligations:
- to respect the destination of use of the
property given by the owner husband, except to
ensure an increase in the value of the property or
at least not in any way be prejudicial to the
interests of the owner;
- to compensate the owner husband for
any injury caused through misuse of property;
- to carry out maintenance
repairs, repairs large returning to the owner
husband;
- to bear burdens and to pay the costs
of disputes regarding the use of the property,
receipt of fruit or collected revenues ;
- to pay insurance premiums if the
property is insured;
- let it know the owner husband about
any misappropriation of the fund and to
any appeals on property right;
- to return the skins or their value, in the
case of a missing entirely for reasons not
attributable to the husband who uses it,
namely the replacement of the missing
animal with breeding stock animals if the
flock has not disappeared entirely.
The final thesis of that article
provides that the husband who uses the assets of
the other spouse without resistance of the
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proporia bunurilor proprii folosite fr latter one shall be obliged to reimburse only the
acordul su s aleag ntre: fruits existing at the date of the request by
- a reclama pentru sine proprietatea the other spouse or, where appropriate, the
bunului achiziionat i expiry date or that of the
- a pretinde daune interese de la soul changing of matrimonial regime.
dobnditor. If one of the spouses concludes by
Proprietatea nu poate fi ns himself an act by which
reclamat, conform tezei finale a art. 363 acquires a property using, in whole or in
alin. (2) Cod civil, dect nainte ca soul part, assets belonging to the other
dobnditor s dispun de bunul dobndit, cu spouse art. 363 para. (2) of the Civil
excepia cazului n care terul dobnditor a code confers to the latter the possibility, in
cunoscut c bunul a fost achiziionat de ctre proportion to their own assets used without his
soul vnztor prin valorificarea bunurilor consent to choose between:
celuilalt so. -to advertise for himself the property of
7. Rspunderea soilor pentru the purchased property and
obligaiile personale -to claim damage-interests from the purchaser
Din punct de vedere al pasivului spouse.
patrimonial regimul separaiei de bunuri se No property may be claimed,
caracterizeaz, n principiu numai prin however, according to the final thesis of
existena datoriilor personale ale fiecrui so. the art. 363 para. (2) of the Civil
n materia datoriilor soilor cstorii code, than before the purchaser
sub regimul separaiei de patrimonii art. 364 spouse acquired the property, except when the
alin. (1) Cod civil stabilete regula c third party purchaser knew that the property was
niciunul dintre soi nu poate fi inut de acquired by the seller spouse by capitalizing on
obligaiile nscute din acte svrite de the assets of the other spouse.
cellalt so. Aadar, numai soul care a 7. The liabilityof spouses for persona
contractat datoria va rspunde pentru aceasta l obligations
cu bunurile sale proprii. From the point of view of the
Regula independenei patrimoniale a patrimonial liability, the regime of separation
soilor pe latur pasiv cunoate unele of assets is, in principle, characterized only
limitri legale, legiuitorul instituind n art. through the existence of personal debts of each
364 alin. (2) rspunderea solidar a soilor spouse.
pentru obligaiile asumate de oricare dintre ei In matters of debts of the
pentru acoperirea cheltuielilor obinuite ale married spouses under the regime of separation
cstoriei i a celor legate de creterea i of patrimonies the art. 364 para. (1) of the Civil
educarea copiilor. Acest articol instituie o code establishes rule that none of the
solidaritate pasiv ntre soi determinat de spouses cannot be held to the
cauza obligaiei asumate i n considerarea obligations arising from acts committed by the
solidaritii de familie, n vederea acoperirii other spouse. Therefore, only the spouse who
cheltuielilor obinuite ale cstoriei i a celor contracted the debt
legate de creterea i educarea copiilor6. will respond to this with its own assets.
Cheltuiala va fi considerat comun chiar The rule of patrimonial independence of
dac este angajat doar de un singur so dac spouses on the passive
este fcut n interesul menajului, fiind side knows some legal limitations, the
necesar i util ducerii vieii de familie. n legislature establishing in article 364 para. (2) of
cazul n care cheltuiala este apreciat ca the Civil code joint liability of spouses for the
excesiv n raport de nivelul de via i de obligations of either of them to cover the
posibilitile materiale obinuite ale familiei, costs of marriage and those related to the growth

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soul carer a angajat-o va rspunde personal and education of children. This

pentru ea. article establishes a passive solidarity between
Rspunderea solidar a soilor poate spouses determined by the cause of assumed
avea i o surs convenional, nu doar una obligation and in consideration
legal, soii avnd posibilitatea de a decide of family solidarity, in order to cover
ca pentru anumite obligaii asumate the expenses of the marriage and those related
mpreun sau doar de unul dintre ei s fie to the growth and education of children16. The
inui solidar7. expense will be considered common even
8. Lichidarea regimului separaiei if one spouse assumed it if it is done for the sake
de bunuri of housekeeping, being necessary and useful for
Lichidarea regimului matrimonial al carrying family life. If the expense is appreciated
separaiei de bunuri presupune determinarea as excessive in relation to the level of living and
bunurilor proprii ale fiecruia dintre soi, to the normal material possibilities of the
mprirea bunurilor achiziionate n family, the husband who hired it will respond
coproprietate, respectiv transformarea acestei personally for it.
coproprieti ntr-un drept deplin i exclusiv Joint liability of spouses may also have a
pentru fiecare so, plata reciproc a conventional source, not just one legal,
eventualelor creane intervenite ntre soi n the husbands having the ability to decide
timpul cstoriei, precum i plata creditorilor that for certain assumed obligation together or
comuni ai soilor8. just by one of them to be jointly held17.
Potrivit art. alin. (2) Cod civil prin 8. The liquidation of the regime of
convenia matrimonial prile pot stipula separation of property
clauze privind lichidarea regimului separaiei The liquidation
de bunuri n funcie de masa de bunuri of the matrimonial regime of separation of
achiziionate de fiecare dintre soi n timpul property involves the determination of the
cstoriei, n baza creia se va calcula own assets of each of the spouses, the division
creana de participare. Dispoziiile aceluiai of jointly acquired property, namely converting
articol arat c dac prile nu au convenit this coproperty into a full and exclusive right
altfel, creana de participare reprezint for each spouse, the mutual payment of
jumtate din diferena valoric dintre cele any claims which may arise between
dou mase de achiziii nete i va fi datorat the spouses during the marriage, as well as the
de ctre soul a crui mas de achiziii nete payment of the common creditors of the
este mai mare, putnd fi pltit n bani sau n husbands18.
natur (art. 360 alin. (2) Cod civil). According to the paragraph 2 of the
Aceste prevederi reglementaz ceea Civil code by the matrimonial convention, the
ce doctrina consider a fi un nou regim parties may stipulate matrimonial clauses
matrimonial (al patrulea), respectiv regimul relating to the liquidation of the
participrii la achiziii9. n ce ne privete regime of separation of property depending
considerm c dispoziiile art. 360 alin. (2) on the mass of assets purchased by each of the
Cod civil nu reglementeaz un regim spouses during the marriage, in the basis of
matrimonial distinct ci doar o modalitate de which it will be calculated the participating
lichidare a regimului separaiei de bunuri. receivable. The provisions of the same
Dispoziiile acestui articol permit soilor article point out that if the parties have not
stipularea n convenia matrimonial a unei agreed otherwise, the participating receivable
clauze referitoare la lichidarea regimului represents one half of the difference in
separaiei de bunuri n condiii similare celor value between the two masses
din materia regimului participrii la of net purchases and will be payable by the
achiziii10. husband whose mass of net purchases is greater

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Dac prin convenia matrimonial
soii au stipulat clauze privind lichidarea
regimului separaiei de bunuri n funcie de
masa de bunuri achiziionate de fiecare dintre
soi n timpul cstoriei, n momentul
lichidrii regimului se va calcula creana de
participare n raport de masele de achiziii
nete ale fiecruia dintre soi. Fiecare dintre
soi are vocaia de a participa sub forma unei
creane la achiziiile realizate de cellalt so.
Masa de achiziii net reprezint
valoarea masei de bunuri dobndit de
fiecare dintre soi n timpul regimului
matrimonial rezultat din diferena dintre
activul patrimonial i pasivul patrimonial. La
rndul su, activul patrimonial se obine din
diferena dintre valoarea patrimoniului final
(de la momentul lichidrii regimului) i
valoarea patrimoniului iniial (existent la
momentul de nceput al regimului
matrimonial) valoarea obinut reprezentnd
partea fiecrui so de participare la achiziii.
Creana de participare reprezint o
cot din diferena valoric dintre cele dou
mase de achiziii nete. Determinarea
cuantumului creanei de participare se face,
aadar, scznd din valoarea mai mare a
masei de achiziii nete a unuia dintre soi
valoarea mai mic a masei de achiziii nete a
celuilalt so la care se aplic o cot mai mic
sau mai mare pe care soii au posibilitatea de
a o stabili prin convenia matrimonial. Dac
aceast cot nu a fost convenit de soi prin
convenia matrimonial legea stabilete
creana de participare la jumtate din
diferena valoric dintre cele dou mase de
achiziii nete.
n temeiul art. 365 Cod civil, la
ncetarea regimului separaiei de bunuri
fiecare dintre soi are un drept de retenie
asupra bunurilor celuilalt pn la acoperirea
integral a datoriilor pe care le au unul fa
de altul.
Spre deosebire de dreptul comun
unde dreptul de retenie presupune existena
unei legturi ntre lucru i datorie, n cazul
soilor retenia opereaz chiar dac datoria nu
ar avea legtur cu lucrul reinut. Prin
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 1/2015
and it can be paid in cash or in kind
(article 360, paragraph (2) of the Civil code).
These
provisions regulate what doctrine considers to
be a new matrimonial
patrimonial regime (fourth), respectively that of
participating to the
purchases19. In what concern us, we believe that
the provisions of article 360 para. (2) of the Civil
code does not cover a distinct regime, but
a modality of liquidation of the regime of
separation of property. The provisions of this
article allow to the spouses the stipulation in the
matrimonial convention of a clause relating to
the liquidation of the regime of separation of
property under conditions similar to those of the
regime of participation to the purchases20.
If the spouses have stipulated in the
matrimonial convention clauses relating to the
liquidation of the regime of separation
of property depending on the mass of
assets purchased by each of the spouses during
the marriage, at the time of liquidation of the
regime, the participating receivable will be
calculated in the ratio of net masses of
acquisitions of each of the spouses. Each of the
spouses has vocation to take part in the form of
receivables to the purchases made by the other
spouse.
The net mass of acquisitions is the
amount of the mass of assets gained by each of
the spouses in the matrimonial property
regime resulted from the difference between the
patrimonial asset and liability. In turn,
the patrimonial assets is obtained from the
difference between the value of final
patrimony (since the time of the liquidation of
the regime) and the value of the initial
patrimony (existing at the time of
commencement of the matrimonial
property regime), the value
obtained representing the part of each spouse of
participating receivables.
The participating receivable means a
share of the difference between the two masses
of net purchases. The determination of the
amount of the participating receivable is
made, thus reducing from the
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urmare, existena unei datorii de orice fel a
unuia dintre soi fa de cellalt so l
ndreptete pe acesta din urm s-i
exercite dreptul su de retenie asupra
bunurilor celuilalt so pn la momentul
acoperirii integrale a datoriei pe care acesta o
are.
amount of net purchases the les value of the
mass of net acquisition of one of the spouses, to
which is added a lesser or greater share,
which that spouses have the possibility
to establish by matrimonial convention. If this
share was not agreed by
the spouses through matrimonial convention,
the law establishes the participating receivable
to half of the difference in value between the
two masses of net purchases.
Pursuant to article 365 of the Civil
code, at the ceasing of the regime of separation
of property each of the spouses has a right
of retention on the assets of the other until the
coverage of entire debts that they have one for
each other.
Unlike the common law where the right
of retention implies the existence of a link
between the property and the debt, in the case
of spouses the retention operates even if the
debt would not be linked with restrained
property.Therefore, the existence of a debt of
any kind of one spouse against the other
spouse justifies the latter to exercise his
right of retention on the assets of the other
spouse until the moment of entire coverage of
the debt which he has.

1
G. C Freniu, Comentarii i doctrin la art. 360 Cod civil n lucrarea colectiv Noul Cod civil. Comentarii,
doctrin i jurispruden, vol. I, Art. 1-952, Editura Hamangiu, Bucureti, 2012, p. 496.
2
T., Bodoac, Regimul separaiei de bunuri n reglementarea noului Cod civil romn n Dreptul nr. 11/2010, p.
65.
3
D. Lupacu, C.M. Crciunescu, Dreptul familiei, Editura Universul Juridic, Bucureti, 2011, p.166.
4
M. Avram, C, Nicolescu, Regimuri matrimoniale, Editura Hamangiu, Bucureti. 2010, p. 330.
5
T. Bodoac, op. cit., p. 66.
6
M. Banciu, A. A. Banciu, Dreptul familiei conform noului Cod civil, Curs universitar, Editura Hamangiu,
Bucureti, 2012, p. 81.
7
M. Avram, C, Nicolescu, op cit., p. 334.
8
Franois Terr, Philippe Simler, Droit civil. Les rgimes matrimoniaux, Dalloz, 4e dition, Paris, 2005, p. 653.
9
C. M. Crciunescu, Prezentare general a regimurilor matrimoniale reglementate de noul Cod civil n Noul
Cod civil. Studii i comentarii, vol. I, Cartea I i Cartea a II-a (art. 1-534), Coord. M. Uliescu, Editura Universul
Juridic, Bucureti, 2012, p. 772; Al. Bacaci, V-Cl. Dumitrache, C.C. Hageanu, Dreptul familiei, Ediia 7, Editura
C.H. Beck, Bucureti, p. 129.
10
C. C. Nicolescu, Regimurile matrimoniale convenionale n sistemul noului Cod civil romn. Abordare
istoric, utilitarist i comparativ, Editura Universul Juridic, Bucureti, 2012, p. 273.
11
G. C. Freniu, Commentaries and Doctrine to the article 360 of the Civil code in the collective work The New Civil
Code. Commentaries, Doctrine and Jurisprudence, vol. I, Art. 1-952, Hamangiu Publishing House, Bucharest, p. 496.
12
T., Bodoac, The Regime of Separation of Assets in the Regulation of the Romanian New Civil Code in
Law no. 11/2010, p. 65.
13
D. Lupacu, C.M. Crciunescu, Family Law, Juridical Universe Publihing House, Bucharest, 2011, p. 166.

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14
M. Avram, C, Nicolescu, Matrimonial Regimes, Hamangiu Publihing House, Bucharest, 2010, p. 330.
15
T. Bodoac, op. cit., p. 66.
16
M. Banciu, A. A. Banciu, Family Law according the New Civil Code, Universitary course, Hamangiu Publishing
House, Bucharest, 2012, p. 81.
17
M. Avram, C, Nicolescu, op cit, p. 334.
18
Franois Terr, Philippe Simler, Droit civil. Les rgimes matrimoniaux, Dalloz, 4e dition, Paris, 2005, p. 653.
19
C. M. Crciunescu, General Presentation of Matrimonial Regimes Regulated by the New Civil Code in The New
Civil Code. Studies and Commentaries, vol. I, Book I and Book II nd (art. 1-534), Coord. M. Uliescu, Juridical
Universe Publishing House, Bucharest, 2012, p. 772; Al. Bacaci, V-Cl. Dumitrache, C.C. Hageanu, Family Law, 7th
Edition, C.H. Beck Publihing House, Bucharest, p. 129.
20
C. C. Nicolescu, The Matrimonial Conventional Regimes In The System Of The New Romanian Civil Code .
Historical, Utilitarian And Comparative Approach, Juridical Universe Publishing House, Bucharest, 2012, p. 273.

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