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HRA HBE
CS
• Automatism anormal
• P precoce de morfologie diferita de a P sinusal
• De obicei PR lung
– PR scurt in WPW sau in ESA din NAV
v automatism anormal
v tahiaritmie neregulata cu QRS inguste
v P de morfologie variabila (cp. 3 morfologii) 100-140/min
v PR variabil (RP lung/PR scurt)
v PP complet neregulat
v apare in boli cardiace organice: BPOC cu CPC si IC severa
v Poate evolua spre FA; clinic se aseamana cu FA
v Tratament: beta-blocante, verapamil, amiodaron
v Trat hipoxemiei, diselectrolitemiilor (magneziu, potasiu)
q raspunde greu la tratament
R.V. - Tahiaritmii 2016
Tahicardia jonctionala neparoxistica
• Automatism anormal
• Tahiaritmie regulata cu QRS inguste, 70-130/min
• Mecanism: automatism crescut in NAV-His
• Debut - intrerupere progresive
• P variabil: absent; negativ DII, DIII, aVF, inainte sau dupa QRS)
• Etiologie:
– Supradozaj digitalic
– congenitala
Context clinic sugestiv: regularizarea frecventei
– Miocardita, RAA cu cardita
cardiace la pt cu FA cronica tratat cu digitala
– IMA inferior
– Chirurgia valvei mitrale
• Tratament: in functie de cauza
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Tahicardia prin reintrare in NAV
(TRNAV): mecanism
V2
D2
V3
D3
aVR
V4
aVL
V5
aVF
V6
• Cronic, profilactic:
– paleativ
• Beta blocante
• Calciu blocante
• ??? Digoxin
• Alte AA (f.rar)
– Curativ
DE ELECTIE: studiu electrofiziologic si ablatie prin RF a caii lente
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AHV
– FA ,,preexcitată”
• Mecanism:
– Conducerea anterograda prin NAV
q mecanism:
caz de aparitia FA → FV
• Neinvaziv ????:
– Preexcitatia intermitenta = risc redus (??)
– Disparitia preexcitatiei cu procainamida = risc redus (?)
– Test de effort (????)
– Intervalul RR in FA
• Cu cat RR este mai scurt risc vital mare (<250 ms)
• Invaziv = EPS:
– Determinarea perioadei refractare a caii accesorii
• Profilactic, cronic:
– Antiaritmice de clasa Ia, Ic, III
– ABLATIE prin RF a caii / cailor accesorii
• CONTRAINDICATE:
– Digoxina
– Blocantele de calciu
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A H V
V
A
• Manevrele vagale scad AV “in trepte” prin cresterea progresiva a gradului de bloc
• Aritmie recurenta
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Fl.A: situatii speciale
Focar AS Focar AD
superior
• > 65 ani = 6%
Clasificare
considered (see Section 4.1).
(3) Persistent AF is present when an AF episode either la
FA depistata prima oara longer than 7 days or requires termination by cardioversi
either with drugs or by direct current cardioversion (DCC
(4) Long-standing persistent AF has lasted for ≥1 year wh
it is decided to adopt a rhythm control strategy.
(5) Permanent AF is said to exist when the presence of
PAROXISTICA PERSISTENTA
arrhythmia is accepted by the patient (and physician). Hen
(autolimitata) (ne-autolimitata)
rhythm control interventions are, by definition, not pursu
in patients with permanent AF. Should a rhythm cont
PERMANENTA
First diagnosed episode of atrial fibrillation
Paroxysmal
(usually <48 h)
Persistent
(>7 days or requires CV)
Long-standing
Persistent (>1 year)
Permanent
(accepted)
ESC Practice Guidelines. EHJ 2010
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Fiziopatologie
• Mecanisme:
– Focare ectopice: initiere
– Reintrare dezordonata:
• MASA CRITICA ATRIALA
• Perioade refractare scurte
• Sistemul nervos vegetativ:
– ↑ vag: dupa masa, somn
– ↑ simpatic: stress, efort, isuprel
• Functia mecanica atriala dispare
• AV mediata de:
– “conducerea ascunsa” in NAV
– Functia NAV: PRE = 0.3 sec
– Anularea fronturilor de unda in A
• “AF begets AF”: cardiomiopatie atriala
Substrat Trigger
Page 9 of 6
Durata
Hipertensiune: 1 pt
Varsta: 1 pt
Diabet: 1 pt
at maximum
(Note: ‘moderate
from variousapproachpublished
score isrisk’
expressed asana-
scoring system, with the acronym CHA2DS2-VASc
9 since(currently
a point based
defined
age may contribute 0, 1, or 2 points)
Sex category (i.e. female sex)
Maximum score
1
9
1, i.e.Riskonefactor risk factor) still derive significant Score (c) Adjusted stroke rate according to CHA2DS2-VASc score
OAC (or aspirin)
overCongestive
aspirinheart use,failure/LV
oftendysfunction
with low rates of 1
Nothing (or aspirin) CHA2DS2-VASc Patients (n = 7329) Adjusted stroke
Importantly,
Hypertension prescription of an antiplatelet 1 score rate (%/year)b
iatedAgewith >75 a lower risk of adverse events. 2
0 1 0%
score does
Diabetes not include many stroke risk 1
mellitus
e prevention in AF. AF ¼ atrial fibrillation; OAC ¼ oral anticoagulant; 1 422 1.3%
roke risk
on modifiers’
Stroke/TIA/thrombo-embolism
be found page 13. need to be considered 2
trokeVascular
risk disease
assessment
a (Table 8). 1 2 1230 2.2%
ors Age (previously
65–74 referred to as ‘high’ risk 1 3 1730 3.2%
troke Sexor
Table 10 TIA,(i.e.
category or
Clinical
femalethrombo-embolism,
characteristics comprising
sex) and the 1 4 1718 4.0%
s). HAS-BLED
The presence
Maximum score of
bleeding some
risk types
score of valvular 9 5 1159 6.7%
stenosis or prosthetic
(c) Adjusted stroke rate according heart valves) would
to CHA2DS2-VASc score
Letter Clinical characteristica Points awarded 6 679 9.8%
valvular’
CHA2DS AF patients
-VASc as ‘high
Patients risk’.
(n = 7329) Adjusted stroke
HscoreHypertension
2
1
ant non-major’ risk factors (previously rate (%/year)b 7 294 9.6%
Abnormal renal and liver
rate’ risk A factors)
0 function (1are pointheart
each) failure
1 [especially
1 or 2 0%
8 82 6.7%
systolic SLV1 Stroke dysfunction, defined 422 arbitrarily 1as 1.3% 9 14 15.2%
on fraction (LVEF) ≤40%],1230
B 2 Bleeding hypertension, or 1 2.2%
cally relevant
L 3 Labilenon-major’
INRs risk
1730 factors (pre- 1 3.2%
See text for definitions.
s ‘less validated
E 4 Elderly (e.g. riskagefactors’)
>65 years)
1718 include female 1 4.0% a
Prior myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, aortic plaque. Actual rates
and vascular
D 5 Drugs disease
or alcohol(specifically,
(1 point each) myocardial
1159 1 or 2 6.7% of stroke in contemporary cohorts may vary from these estimates.
b
Based on Lip et al. 53
ortic plaque 6
and PAD). Note 679
that risk factors
Maximum 9 points
9.8% AF ¼ atrial fibrillation; EF ¼ ejection fraction (as documented by
he simultaneous presence of two or more echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography, cardiac catheterization, cardiac
a
7 294 9.6%
Hypertension’ is defined as systolic blood pressure .160 mmHg. ‘Abnormal magnetic resonance imaging, etc.); LV ¼ left ventricular;
n-major’ risk factors would justify a stroke
8
kidney function’ is defined as the presence82 of chronic dialysis or renal
6.7%
TIA ¼ transient ischaemic attack.
gh transplantation
to requireoranticoagulation.
serum creatinine ≥200 mmol/L. ‘Abnormal liver function’ is
R.V. - Tahiaritmii 2016
9 14 15.2%
Terapia ablativă
PVI
PVp PVp PVp
VENTRICULARE
• Uneori interpolate
Potential maligne
Benigne Maligne
FE>35% FE<35%
ESV, TVNS,
Tip aritmie cuplete
ESV, cuplete, TVNS TVNS, TVS, FV
Moderat
Cardiopatie Lipsa Moderata
severa
Severa
Semnific. Sincopa,
Nu Nu Sincopa, MSC
hemodin. MSC
Holter,
Evaluare ECG, Holter Holter
PVT, VRS
Holter, SEF
– Amiodarona
• curativă
• RISCURI:
– Degradare hemodinamica
– Degenerare in FV
R.V. - Tahiaritmii 2016
TV monomorfa:
diagnostic
qR
– V6 rS
• rS
Wellens 1978
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Criterii morfologice
pe baza derivatiilor V1,2 si V6
TSV TV
• Tip BRS
– V1,2 > 0.03
• R inițial larg >30 ms
• deflexiunea
descendenta S
– lentă > 0.06
– Incizură
Fără q q
– Încep. QRS → nadir S
≥ 60 ms
– V6
• Q sau QS
Da Nu
Da Nu
TV Disociatie A-V ?
Da
Nu
TV
Criterii de VT in V1,2 si V6 ?
Da
Nu
TV
TSV cu aberanta
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Criteriile Vereckei V4
Vi & Vt
Unda R in AvR
.
** *
*
Vereckei et al, Eur Heart J, ;28:589-600, March
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2016
Disociatie AV ?
Da Nu
Da Nu
Morfologie QRS
TV “unlike BBB or FB” ?
Da
Nu
TV
Vi < Vt
Da Nu
TV TSV cu aberanta
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Dg ≠ TV vs. TSV cu QRS largi
• TSV cu QRS largi
• TSV + BR pre-existent
• TSV cu aberanta de conducere
• TSV + TRAV prin mecanism antidromic (WPW)
• Alternative:
– “Overdrive pacing” – TV monomorfe
– “thump version” (?!)
– Amiodarona.
– Chirurgia AA
– DEFIBRILATOR IMPLANTABIL
Indicatii:
Proflilaxie secundară Profilaxie primară
Orice CP structurală/electrică cu un BCI FEVS<35-40%
eveniment (MSC resuscitată, TV CMD FEVS <30-35% și NYHA ≥II
sustinută, FV) la care nu se decelează CMH
o cauză reversibilă CAVD
LQT
Brugada
SQT
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ICD reduc mortalitatea cu ~ 40%
atât in prevenţia primară cât şi în cea secundară
40
Control
54%
73% 51% ICD
30
39%
36%
20% 38% 0 31%
0
20
41% 0 23%
10
Stevenson WG. et al al, Thermocool Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation Trial, Circulation 2008
• mecanisme • Evoluție
– benignă la majoritatea
– denervări simpatice localizate
– MSC rar
– alterări localizate ale recaptării • tachyCMP