1.

CALCULUL LA TRACTIUNE AL AUTOCAMIONULUI

Autofurgon cu motor MAC-185 kW/2700 RPM

1.1 Parametri geometrici ai autocamionului

DIMENSIUNI [mm]
Ampatament (L) 2800
Ecartamentul fata (B1) 1520
Ecartamentul spate (B2) 1465
Lungime totala (A) 4794
Latime totala (D) 1600
Inaltime totala (H) 1500
Garda la sol (c) 200
Consola fata (l1) 918
Consola spate (l2) 1076

Unghiul de trecere fata (α1⁰) 24⁰

Unghiul de trecere spate (α2⁰ 20⁰

MASE [N]
Greutate Proprie (G0) 40000
Greutate Utila (Gu) 10800
Nr. Persoane 2
Greutate Persoane (Gp) 150
Greutate Bagaje (Gb) 50
Greutate Totala (Ga) 148000

1.2 Repartizarea greutatii pe punti

Fata 1/3
Spate 2/3

Distributia greutatii pe punti

Punte fata (G1) [N] 1/3*Ga G1= 48840

Punte spate (G2) [N] 2/3*Ga G2= 97680

Coeficientul de utilizare al greutatii:

ηG= G0/Gu
ηG= 3.7037037037037
 1.3 Alegerea pneurilor si determinarea razei de rulare

Se adopta: Pneuri 315/80R 22,5

Jenti 9,00x 22,5

Latime sect. max (B) 315 mm

Diametrul jantei (d) 22.5 inch
x= 0.8
Coeficientul de deformare a λ=(0.945 - 0,960) 0.95
pneului
Inaltimea Pneului (H) H=x*B 252 mm
Diametrul exterior (D) D=d*25,4+2H 1075.5 mm
Raza Statica (Rs) Rs=(d*25,4)/2+B*0,84 550.35 mm
Raza Nominala (Rn) Rn=D/2 537.75 mm
Raza Dinamica (Rr) Rr=λ*Rn 510.86 mm
Marime camera aer 12.00-20''
Presiune aer - fata 7.25 daN/cm2
- spate 6.75 daN/cm2
Viteza maxima 85 km/h
Coeficient de incarcare k=(0.1…0.16) 0.16
statica

1.4 Calculul caracteristicii externe a motorului

Puterea motorului P [kW] 185

Turatia n [rot/min] 2700
Ampatamentul L [m] 2.8
Ecartamentul B2 [m] 1.465
Inaltime Totala H [m] 2.742
Latime Totala D [m] 1.6
Greutatea Ga [N] 148000
Raza rotii motoare Rn [mm] 510.86
Aria supraf frontale S [m²] 2.9
Coef. de rez. aerodinamica K [kg/m³] 0.65
Unghiul rampei maxime α⁰ 10
Coef. de rez. la rulare f 0.015
Coef. de aderenta φ 0.8
Randamentul transmisiei ηtr 0.92
Coef. de elasticitate c 0.6
Coef. de adaptabilitate k 1.07
Coef. aerodinamic Cx 0.85

Cunoasterea caracteristicii externe a motorului este necesara pentru efectuarea calculului de

tractiune si pentru studierea performantelor autovehiculuilui.
In cazul in care nu se cunoaste caracteristica exterioara determinata experimental,aceasta poate fi
calculata cu ajutorul relatiilor de mai jos:
  n  n 
2
 n 
3

P e  P m  1   2

 
   3

 
 
 n m  n m   n m  
 

 n  n  
2

M e  M m 1   2   3  

 n m  n m  


3  4c
1   3  4 * 0 . 6 / 2 (1  0 . 6 )  0 . 75
2 (1  c )
2c
 2   2 * 0 . 6 / 2 (1  0 . 6 )  1 . 5
2 (1  c )
1
3    1 / 2 (1  0 . 6 )   1 . 25
2 (1  c )

Coeficientii alfa
α1= 0.75
α2= 1.5
α3= -1.25
α1+α2+α3= 1

Putere Maxima Pm 185 [kW]

Turatia Puterii Maxime 2700 [rot/min]
Momentul maxim MM 815.32 [N*m]

Turatia Momentului Maxim nM 1620 [rot/min]

Momentul corespunzator Mm 679.47 [N*m]
puterii maxime

n(rot/min) Pe(kW) Me(N*m) c(g/kW) C(kg/h)

1000 77.71 770.58 296.26 23.02
900.00
1100 86.95 783.86 291.24 25.32 200
1200 96.18 794.81 287.22 27.63 180
800.00
1300 105.32 803.43 284.14 29.93 160
1400 114.32 809.72 281.93 32.23 140
700.00
1500 123.08 813.69 280.56 34.53 120
1590 130.72 815.26 280.02 36.60 600.00
100
1600 131.55 815.32 280.00 36.83 80
1700 139.65 814.62 280.24 39.14 500.00
60
1800 147.31 811.59 281.29 41.44 40
1900 154.47 806.23 283.16 43.74 400.00 20
2000 161.05 798.54 285.88 46.04 0
2100 166.98 788.52 289.52 48.34 300.00
2200 172.19 776.17 294.12 50.65
2300 176.62 761.49 299.79 52.95 200.00
2400 180.18 744.48 306.64 55.25
2500 182.81 725.14 314.82 57.55 100.00
2600 184.44 703.47 324.52 59.85
2650 184.86 691.76 330.01 61.01 0.00
2900 0 0 500 10 1000 1500 2000 2500
 100.00

0.00
1000 1500 2000 2500

1.5 Stabilirea vitezei maxime a autocamionului

Viteza maxima se determina din conditia functionarii motorului dupa caracteristica
externa (sarcina maxima).

2 3 2 3
B  B   A B  B  A
v max  3      3      
2 2
    3 2 2 3
Gt * f 148000 * 0 . 015
A    491 . 868113
K * S 0 . 65 * 6 . 9437

 tr * PV 0 . 92 * 185
B  max
  37709 . 888165
K * S 0 . 65 * 6 . 9437

Pvmax=P (pt. M.A.C.)= kW 185

A= 1177.72
B= 90291.78
Vmax= [m/s] 31.84
Vmax= [km/h] 115

1.6 Determinarea raportului de transmitere al transmisiei

Valoarea raportului de transmitere al transmisiei principale ale autocisternei (i₀) se determina

din conditia realizarii vitezei maxime in priza directa a cutiei de viteze, pe drum orizontal de calitate
foarte buna.

Raportul de transmitere al transmisiei principale :

 r * nV max  0 . 51086 * 2650

i0  *  *  4 . 54
30 i kv max * iCDN * v max 30 1 * 1 * 31 . 84
Raza dinamica Rd 0.51 m
Turatia vitezei maxime nvmax 2700 rot/min
Raportul din CV pentru Vmax ikvmax 1
Raportul din reductor iCDN 1
Viteza maxima Vmax 31.84 m/s
i0 4.54

Coeficientul rezistentei totale:

 max  f cos( max )  sin(  max )

Ψmax= 0.19

1.7 Determinarea rapoartelor de transmitere din cutia de viteze

Presupunem ca valorile rapoartelor de transmitere ale cutiei de viteze, formeaza o

progresie geometrica.

Calculul raportului de transmitere din treapa I

Raportul de transmitere in prima treapta din cutia de viteze se calculeaza din conditia invingerii
pantei maxime (αmax), neglijand forta de rezistenta a aerului care este neinsemnata din cauza
vitezei reduse. Urcarea pantei maxime are loc la valoarea maxima a momentului motor.

G a  max  r m  Gm    r
 ik 1 
M m  tr  i0 M m  tr  i0

Coeficientul de aderenta: φ = 0.8

Coeficientul schimbarii dinamice a reactiunilor la puntea motoare m = 1.2

Gt   max  r
 4.19
M m   tr  i 0

m  Gm   r
 14.08
M M   tr  i0

Raportul de transmitere pentru treapta I ik1= 8.14

Determinarea celorlalte rapoarte din cutia de viteze

Cunoscand rapoartele de transmitere din prima treapta icvI si la penultima treapta

in priza directa icvVI se trece la determinarea rapoartelor de transmitere intermediare.
Pentru aceasta se considera ca motorul lucreaza tot timpul pe caracteristica externa,
adica la admisie totala.

Numarul de trepte din cutia de vite i= 6

Ratia geometrica: qn1ik1  1.52

i k 2  i k 1  q  ( 2 1)  8 .7 * 1 .541 1  5.35

i k 3  i k 1  q  ( 31)  8 .7 * 1 .541  2  3.52

i k 4  i k 1  q  ( 4 1)  8 .7 * 1 .541  3  2.31

i k 5  i k 1  q  ( 5 1)  8 .7 * 1 .541  4  1.52

i k 6  i k 1  q  ( 6 1)  8 .7 * 1 .541 5  1.00

Determinarea vitezelor corespunzatoare treptelor de viteza

Turatia limita inferioara de schimbare a treptei:

 n1  nn / q  1775.17

Se adopta turatia limita inferioara de schimbare a treptelor de viteza n1 :

n1= 1742

Viteza minima a treptei de viteza:

  r  n1
vi min 
30  i0  iki

Viteza maxima a treptei de viteza:

 r n
vi max 
30  i0  iki
Puterea la roata:
Pr  Pe   tr

Momentul la roata:
Mr  Me  itr   tr
Forta la roata:
Me  i 0  i kn   tr
Fr 
r
Factorul dinamic:
Fr  Fa
D
Ga
Acceleratia :
g
a   (D   )

Coeficientii maselor de rotatie corespunzatori treptelor de viteza alese se vor calcula cu relatia:

2
itr  tr g I r g
  1 Im    
r2 Ga r 2 Ga

Se adopta: Momentul de inertie al motorului Im :

I m  0,3

Momentul de inertie al rotilor autovehiculului Ir :

I r  30

Treapta de viteza Rap.trans. Ik δ Viteza [m/s] Viteza [km/h]

1 8.14 1.01 3.91 14.08
2 5.35 1.01 5.95 21.42
3 3.52 1.01 9.04 32.56
4 2.31 1.01 13.76 49.53
5 1.52 1.01 20.94 75.37
6 1.00 1.01 31.84 114.63

2. PERFORMANTELE AUTOCAMIONULUI
Performantele reprezinta posibilitatile maxime ale autocisternei in privinta vitezei,
demarajului si capacitatii de franare, precum si indicii de apreciere ai acestora.

Caracteristica fortei la roata

Caracteristica fortei la roata sau caracateristica de tractiune reprezinta curbele de variatie

ale acesteia in functie de viteza autocisternei Fr=f(v) pentru fiecare treapta a cutiei
de viteze utilizate.
Me  i 0  i kn   tr
Fr 
r
Me - momentul efectiv al motorului
itr - raportul de transmitere al transmisiei
ηtr - randamentul transmisiei
r - raza dinamica a rotii

            Caracteristica dinamica a autocamionului

Forta de tractiune disponibila excedentara: Fe=Fr-Rd , care se utilizeaza la invingerea

rezisetntelor drumului si rezistentei la demarare, caracterizeaza dinamicitatea
autocisternei, dar nu poate fi folosita ca indice de comparatie pentru autocisterne
de greutati diferite, deoarece la valori egale ale fortei excedentare Fe, calitatile dinamice
ale unei autocisterne cu greutate mai mica sunt superioare celor ale unei
autocisterne cu greutate totala mai mare. 3

Fr  k  S  v 2
D 
Ga
            Acceleratia si inversul ei

Acceleratia autocisternei caracterizeaza in general, calitatile lui dinamice,

deoarece, in conditii egale, cu cat este mai mare cu atat creste viteza medie de exploatare.
Valoarea acceleratiei autobasculantei se poate determina cu ajutorul caracteristicii dinamice.

turatia limita inf de schimbare a treptei n1=n/q= 1775.17

 n v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 v6
1590 2.30 3.50 5.33 8.11 12.33 18.75
1600 2.32 3.53 5.36 8.16 12.41 18.87
1700 2.46 3.75 5.70 8.67 13.18 20.05
1742 2.52 3.84 5.84 8.88 13.51 20.54
1800 2.61 3.97 6.03 9.18 13.96 21.23
1900 2.75 4.19 6.37 9.69 14.73 22.41
2000 2.90 4.41 6.70 10.20 15.51 23.59
2100 3.04 4.63 7.04 10.71 16.28 24.77
2200 3.19 4.85 7.37 11.22 17.06 25.95
2300 3.33 5.07 7.71 11.73 17.83 27.12
2400 3.48 5.29 8.04 12.23 18.61 28.30
2500 3.62 5.51 8.38 12.74 19.38 29.48
2600 3.77 5.73 8.71 13.25 20.16 30.66
2650 3.84 5.84 8.88 13.51 20.55 31.25

n Pe Me v Fr D a
0,9*vmax 2250 184.86 784.13 28.66 52142.27 0.34 3.24

Turatia Putere Moment Treapta I

n Pe Me Viteza I Fr D a Viteza II
[rot/min] [kW] [N*m] [m/s] [N] - [m/s2] [m/s]

1000 77.71 770.58 1.45 51241.11 0.03 0.19 2.20

1100 86.95 783.86 1.59 52124.31 0.04 0.20 2.42
1200 96.18 794.81 1.74 52852.56 0.04 0.20 2.64
1300 105.32 803.43 1.88 53425.87 0.04 0.21 2.86
1400 114.32 809.72 2.03 53844.22 0.04 0.21 3.09
1500 123.08 813.69 2.17 54107.63 0.04 0.21 3.31
1590 130.72 815.26 2.30 54212.22 0.04 0.21 3.50
1600 131.55 815.32 2.32 54216.10 0.04 0.21 3.53
1700 139.65 814.62 2.46 54169.61 0.04 0.21 3.75
 1800 147.31 811.59 2.61 53968.18 0.04 0.21 3.97
1900 154.47 806.23 2.75 53611.80 0.04 0.21 4.19
2000 161.05 798.54 2.90 53100.48 0.04 0.21 4.41
2100 166.98 788.52 3.04 52434.20 0.04 0.20 4.63
2200 172.19 776.17 3.19 51612.98 0.03 0.20 4.85
2300 176.62 761.49 3.33 50636.81 0.03 0.19 5.07
2400 180.18 744.48 3.48 49505.70 0.03 0.18 5.29

1/a[I] 1/a[II] 1/a[III] 1/a[IV] 1/a[V] 1/a[VI]

1000 5.16064 13.01819 -2089.87971 -19.41215 -11.71024 -9.22610
1100 5.00844 12.39341 488.00474 -20.03976 -11.84152 -9.25670
1200 4.88958 11.92212 242.40629 -20.58072 -11.94584 -9.27348
1300 4.79994 11.57616 173.91489 -21.01757 -12.02169 -9.27630
1400 4.73663 11.33679 144.44479 -21.29189 -12.06796 -9.26513
1500 4.69769 11.19202 130.81009 -21.52181 -12.08395 -9.24006
1590 4.68250 11.13679 126.45300 -21.57191 -12.07224 -9.20581
1600 4.68195 11.13492 126.34609 -21.57047 -12.06941 -9.20133
1700 4.68895 11.16285 126.34609 -21.47924 -12.02458 -9.14928
1800 4.71890 11.27710 140.83656 -21.25165 -11.95012 -9.08436
1900 4.77268 11.48305 166.22363 -20.89626 -11.84712 -9.00713
2000 4.85193 11.79085 223.21215 -20.42590 -11.71709 -8.91823
2100 4.95918 12.21667 401.19039 -19.85657 -11.56183 -8.81840
2200 5.09802 12.78506 18653.35364 -19.20619 -11.38345 -8.70842
2300 5.27347 13.53282 -352.50060 -18.49329 -11.18425 -8.58912
2400 5.49246 14.51597 -161.84187 -17.73601 -10.96668 -8.46138

3. DEMARAJUL AUTOCISTERNEI

Performantele si calitatile dinamice ale autocamioane sunt puternic influentate de

capacitatea de demarare a acestora.

3.1 Timpul si spatiul de demarare

Capacitatea de demarare a autocisternei este caracterizata de acceleratie, insa

pentru a avea indici de apreciere mai usor de utilizat in compararea diferitelor tipuri
de autocisterne, este necesara determinarea timpului si spatiului. Studiul demarajului
autocamionului presupune determinarea acceleratiei, a timpului si spatiului de demaraj, indici cu
care se poate aprecia si compara capacitatea de demarare pentru diferite tipuri de autoccisterne.

 1 1  v v vi  vi 1
td  ti 1      i i 1 S d  Si 1  (ti  ti 1 )vi  (ti  ti 1 )
 ai ai 1  2 2

tabel 4
Treapta n v 1/a Td Sd
[rot/min] [m/s] [s2/m] [s] [m]
- 0 0 0 0
I 1000 1.44882 5.16064 3.73842 2.70815
1100 1.59370 5.00844 4.47508 3.82880
1200 1.73858 4.88958 5.19210 5.02346
1300 1.88347 4.79994 5.89402 6.29465
1400 2.02835 4.73663 6.58486 7.64587
1500 2.17323 4.69769 7.26829 9.08161
1589 2.31811 4.68195 7.94776 10.60748
1700 2.46299 4.68895 8.62659 12.23027
1800 2.60788 4.71890 9.30811 13.95821
1900 2.75276 4.77268 9.99569 15.80114
2000 2.89764 4.85193 10.69290 17.77091
2100 3.04252 4.95918 11.40363 19.88183
2200 3.18740 5.09802 12.13218 22.15124
2300 3.33229 5.27347 12.88350 24.60043
2320 3.47717 5.49246 13.66340 27.25576
II 1505 2.42400 12.39341 4.24496 -0.53412
1600 3.52581 11.13492 17.20691 38.02644
1700 3.74618 11.16285 19.66371 46.95937
1800 3.96654 11.27710 22.13618 56.49410
1900 4.18690 11.48305 24.64394 66.71750
2000 4.40727 11.79085 27.20829 77.73676
2100 4.62763 12.21667 29.85348 89.68626
2200 4.84799 12.78506 32.60821 102.73766
2300 5.06836 13.53282 35.50796 117.11511
2320 5.28872 14.51597 38.59842 133.11918
III 1505 3.68686 488.00474 -363.88489 -1673.14150
1600 5.36271 126.34609 150.89385 656.12138
1700 5.69788 126.34609 193.24117 890.31444
1800 6.03305 140.83656 238.01687 1152.94459
1900 6.36822 166.22363 289.47543 1472.02014
2000 6.70338 223.21215 354.73888 1898.56895
2100 7.03855 401.19039 459.37913 2617.54894
2200 7.37372 18653.35364 3652.62755 25628.53900
2300 7.70889 -352.50060 6719.56895 48757.28763
2320 8.04406 -161.84187 6633.37306 48078.36773
IV 1505 5.60766 -20.03976 6854.94137 49590.76218
1600 8.15660 -21.57047 6801.91045 49225.79660
1700 8.66638 -21.47924 6790.93735 49133.49649
1800 9.17617 -21.25165 6780.04552 49036.32740
1900 9.68596 -20.89626 6769.30228 48935.00725
 2000 10.19575 -20.42590 6758.76953 48830.30269
2100 10.70553 -19.85657 6748.50178 48722.99816
2200 11.21532 -19.20619 6738.54493 48613.86684
2300 11.72511 -18.49329 6728.93558 48503.64545
2320 12.23490 -17.73601 6719.70096 48393.01470
V 1505 8.52917 -11.84152 6774.50411 48961.98276
1600 12.40606 -12.06941 6728.15403 48476.80805
1700 13.18144 -12.02458 6718.81305 48357.30182
1800 13.95682 -11.95012 6709.51831 48231.18038
1900 14.73220 -11.84712 6700.29238 48098.83887
2000 15.50758 -11.71709 6691.15678 47960.70975
2100 16.28295 -11.56183 6682.13180 47817.25516
2200 17.05833 -11.38345 6673.23615 47668.95909
2300 17.83371 -11.18425 6664.48689 47516.31932
2320 18.60909 -10.96668 6655.89921 47359.83974
VI 1505 12.97273 -9.25670 6712.89230 48259.81251
1600 18.86943 -9.20133 6658.47161 47393.37632
1700 20.04877 -9.14928 6647.65081 47182.81336
1800 21.22811 -9.08436 6636.89899 46960.91257
1900 22.40745 -9.00713 6626.23099 46728.16053
2000 23.58679 -8.91823 6615.66095 46485.08004
2100 24.76613 -8.81840 6605.20219 46232.22434
2200 25.94547 -8.70842 6594.86716 45970.17126
2300 27.12480 -8.58912 6584.66732 45699.51718
0.9*Vmax 2320 28.65795 -8.46138 6571.59690 45334.96532

4. BILANTUL DE PUTERE

Acesta reprezinta echilibrul dintre puterea la roata Pr si suma puterilor necesare

invingerii rezistentelor la inaintare si se determina cu relatia:

PR  tr Pe  Pr  Pp  Pa  Pd  va (Ga f cos  Ga sin  k  S  va    Ga aa )

2

Pe = puterea efectiva a motorului

Pr = puterea consumata pentru invingerea rezistentelor la rulare
Pp = puterea necesara invingerii rezistentei la urcarea pantei
Pa = puterea necesara invingerii rezistentei aerului
Pd = puterea necesara invingerii rezistentei la demarare

Pr  Ga  f  cos  v a
Pp  Ga  sin   v a
3
Pa  K  S  va
 Pr  Ga  f  cos  v a
Pp  Ga  sin   v a
3
Pa  K  S  va

Panta Coeficient Ga 148000

α ψ S 2.9
12 0.227474642832435 K 0.65
10 0.193344332727174 ηtr 0.92
5 0.107079636709493 f 0.015
0 0.02

tabel 5
PRi = Pe×ηtr Pa = k×S×va³ Pr = f×Ga×va×cosa Pp=Ga×va×sina
α 0 5 10 12
Pr Pa va PR Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp
5650.39729147308 18.2471223675323 1.449 71.48953411573 7.55940902661199 30.270474221 54.6417678 64.284453
6215.43702062039 24.2869198711855 1.594 79.99391352944 8.32125104864685 33.301736728 60.1101597 70.717114
6780.4767497677 31.5310274510958 1.739 88.4853223594 9.08477910478847 36.334203546 65.5797559 77.150978
7345.51647891501 40.0889278414684 1.883 96.89890768684 9.85014647086473 39.367984156 71.0506658 83.586157
7910.55620806231 50.0701037765086 2.028 105.169816593 10.6175064227035 42.403188042 76.5229991 90.022759
8475.59593720962 61.5840379904214 2.173 113.2331961591 11.3870122361328 45.439924686 81.9968651 96.460893
8984.1316934422 73.3475745911997 2.304 120.2591992455 12.0815288623506 48.174388661 86.9247455 102.25662
9040.63566635693 74.7402132174122 2.318 121.0241934664 12.1588171869803 48.478303571 87.4723733 102.90067
9605.67539550424 89.6481121916861 2.463 128.4779555962 12.933074551074 51.51843418 92.9496333 109.3422
10170.7151246516 106.417217647448 2.608 135.5296296296 13.7099376042418 54.560425995 98.4287545 115.78559
10735.7548537989 125.157012318904 2.753 142.114362648 14.4895596223116 57.6043885 103.909846 122.23095
11300.7945829462 145.976978940258 2.898 148.1673017325 15.2720938811112 60.650431176 109.393018 128.67839
11865.8343120935 168.986600245716 3.043 153.6235939643 16.0576936564686 63.698663507 114.87838 135.12802
12430.8740412408 194.295358969484 3.187 158.4183864248 16.8465122242117 66.749194976 120.366041 141.57995
12995.9137703881 222.012737845765 3.332 162.4868261952 17.6387028601682 69.802135065 125.85611 148.03429
13560.9534995354 252.248219608766 3.477 165.7640603567 18.4344188401661 72.857593256 131.348698 154.49114
8594.16853352625 64.2050261847299 2.204 71.48953411573 11.5487784146936 46.077383355 83.1457511 97.812129
9453.58538687888 85.4568898518754 2.424 79.99391352944 12.7244201616311 50.699953051 91.4751575 107.60817
10313.0022402315 110.946285247213 2.644 88.4853223594 13.9059944529881 55.326760279 99.8088015 117.40846
11172.4190935841 141.058442527852 2.865 96.89890768684 15.0940406109845 59.95819027 108.147068 127.21336
12031.8359469368 176.178591850899 3.085 105.169816593 16.2890979578403 64.594628252 116.490343 137.02327
12891.2528002894 216.691963373463 3.305 113.2331961591 17.4917058157753 69.236459456 124.839011 146.83858
13664.7279683067 258.083595449209 3.504 120.2591992455 18.5809543247045 73.419037138 132.357742 155.67728
13750.669653642 262.983787252654 3.526 121.0241934664 18.7024035070097 73.884069113 133.193457 156.65966
14610.0865069946 315.439293645578 3.746 128.4779555962 19.9217303537633 78.537842452 141.554068 166.48691
15469.5033603473 374.443712709345 3.967 135.5296296296 21.1502256782561 83.198164704 149.921227 176.32071
16328.9202136999 440.382274601062 4.187 142.114362648 22.388428802708 87.865421099 158.29532 186.16144
17188.3370670525 513.640209477839 4.407 148.1673017325 23.636879049339 92.539996866 166.676732 196.00949
18047.7539204051 594.602747496783 4.628 153.6235939643 24.896115740369 97.222277237 175.065849 205.86524
18907.1707737578 683.655118815004 4.848 158.4183864248 26.166678198018 101.91264744 183.463056 215.72909
19766.5876271104 781.182553589608 5.068 162.4868261952 27.449105744506 106.61149271 191.868738 225.60141
20626.004480463 887.570281977706 5.289 165.7640603567 28.7439377020528 111.31919827 200.283281 235.48259
13071.5999199053 225.914273185167 3.352 71.48953411573 17.7450798756663 70.211260244 126.591685 148.89902
14378.7599118959 300.691897609457 3.687 79.99391352944 19.592648539181 77.284572466 139.30304 163.84111
15685.9199038864 390.379864063968 4.022 88.4853223594 21.4610916815381 84.372795029 152.029305 178.79811
16993.0798958769 496.333658187811 4.357 96.89890768684 23.3523069826322 91.477283421 164.771836 193.77138
18300.2398878675 619.908765620097 4.692 105.169816593 25.2681921223581 98.599393125 177.531988 208.76226
19607.399879858 762.460671999937 5.028 113.2331961591 27.2106447806106 105.74047963 190.311117 223.77213
20783.8438726495 908.102859722676 5.329 120.2591992455 28.983135833811 112.18480295 201.829678 237.29835
20914.5598718485 925.344862966443 5.363 121.0241934664 29.1815626372844 112.90189842 203.110578 238.80232
22221.719863839 1109.91682415872 5.698 128.4779555962 31.1828433722743 120.08500498 215.931727 253.8542
23528.8798558296 1317.53204121589 6.033 135.5296296296 33.216384665475 127.29115479 228.775919 268.92913
24836.0398478201 1549.54599977706 6.368 142.114362648 35.2840841967814 134.52170335 241.64451 284.02845
26143.1998398106 1807.31418548133 6.703 148.1673017325 37.3878396460881 141.77800613 254.538856 299.15353
27450.3598318012 2092.19208396783 7.039 153.6235939643 39.5295486932899 149.06141862 267.460311 314.30572
28757.5198237917 2405.53518087565 7.374 158.4183864248 41.7111090182815 156.37329632 280.410231 329.48638
30064.6798157822 2748.69896184392 7.709 162.4868261952 43.9344183009578 163.7149947 293.389972 344.69685
31371.8398077728 3123.03891251174 8.044 165.7640603567 46.2013742212135 171.08786924 306.400889 359.9385
19881.7051119616 794.910645810474 5.098 71.48953411573 27.6218150534168 107.24155982 192.99533 226.92445
21869.8756231578 1058.02606957374 5.608 79.99391352944 30.6410706616137 118.14934016 212.478488 249.80052
23858.046134354 1373.6055959605 6.117 88.4853223594 33.7337760134833 129.1095846 232.014109 272.72906
25846.2166455501 1746.41868884561 6.627 96.89890768684 36.9066083584507 140.12706261 251.606964 295.71483
27834.3871567463 2181.23481210394 7.137 105.169816593 40.1662449459406 151.20654365 271.261822 318.7626
29822.5576679425 2682.82342961035 7.647 113.2331961591 43.5193630253778 162.35279718 290.983453 341.87714
 31611.911128019 3195.2856298408 8.106 120.2591992455 46.6226147191358 172.44545781 308.793953 362.74126
31810.7281791386 3255.9540052397 8.157 121.0241934664 46.9726398461871 173.57059268 310.776625 365.06322
33798.8986903348 3905.39600286686 8.666 128.4779555962 50.5327526577933 184.86469959 330.646109 388.32562
35787.069201531 4635.91888636669 9.176 135.5296296296 54.2063787096213 196.23988739 350.596674 411.6691
37775.2397127271 5452.29211961405 9.686 142.114362648 58.0001952510958 207.70092554 370.633089 435.09842
39763.4102239233 6359.28516648379 10.196 148.1673017325 61.9208795316417 219.25258351 390.760124 458.61837
41751.5807351195 7361.6674908508 10.706 153.6235939643 65.9751088006837 230.89963075 410.982549 482.23371
43739.7512463156 8464.20855658994 11.215 158.4183864248 70.1695603076467 242.64683673 431.305132 505.9492
45727.9217575118 9671.67782757604 11.725 162.4868261952 74.5109113019555 254.49897092 451.732643 529.76963
47716.0922687079 10988.844767684 12.235 165.7640603567 79.0058390330348 266.46080277 472.269852 553.69975
30239.7717632919 2797.00315484234 7.754 71.48953411573 44.2355001011685 164.70074118 295.130925 346.73661
33263.7489396211 3722.81119909516 8.529 79.99391352944 49.5636009315613 181.81692302 325.290125 382.05638
36287.7261159503 4833.22145156757 9.305 88.4853223594 55.1501448534616 199.11770708 355.633927 417.56075
39311.7032922795 6145.01593118863 10.080 96.89890768684 61.01862669337 216.61987536 386.179114 453.2665
42335.6804686087 7674.97665688739 10.855 105.169816593 67.1925412777872 234.34020989 416.942467 489.19042
45359.6576449379 9439.8856475929 11.631 113.2331961591 73.6953834332139 252.29549268 447.940768 525.34929
48081.2371036341 11243.0548444535 12.329 120.2591992455 79.8485929204137 268.6699983 476.05399 558.10703
48383.634821267 11456.5249222342 12.406 121.0241934664 80.5506479861507 270.50250576 479.190799 561.75989
51407.6119975962 13741.6764997404 13.181 128.4779555962 87.7818297630982 288.97803113 510.709343 598.439
54431.5891739254 16312.1223990405 13.957 135.5296296296 95.4124235905573 307.73885084 542.513181 635.40341
57455.5663502546 19184.6446390636 14.732 142.114362648 103.465924295029 326.80174688 574.619096 672.66989
60479.5435265838 22376.0252387387 15.508 148.1673017325 111.965826703013 346.18350128 607.043868 710.25523
63503.520702913 25903.0462169949 16.283 153.6235939643 120.93562564101 365.90089606 639.804282 748.17621
66527.4978792422 29782.4895927612 17.058 158.4183864248 130.398815935522 385.97071324 672.917117 786.44962
69551.4750555714 34031.1373849668 17.834 162.4868261952 140.378892413049 406.40973483 706.399157 825.09223
72575.4522319006 38665.7716125405 18.609 165.7640603567 150.899349900091 427.23474286 740.267183 864.12082
45994.2339525909 9841.64281788127 11.793 71.48953411573 75.103945215155 256.0947714 454.477101 532.96856
50593.65734785 13099.2265906 12.973 79.99391352944 85.7971270239733 283.97766803 502.198231 588.53884
55193.0807431091 17006.3587892988 14.152 88.4853223594 97.3996766291639 312.51011309 550.568909 644.75866
59792.5041383682 21622.0892708852 15.331 96.89890768684 109.994263830397 341.75115643 599.648185 701.68708
64391.9275336273 27005.4678922662 16.511 105.169816593 123.663558427342 371.75984791 649.49511 759.38315
68991.3509288864 33215.5445103493 17.690 113.2331961591 138.490230219671 402.59523738 700.168732 817.90592
73130.8319846195 39560.2449605381 18.751 120.2591992455 152.892118924246 431.10271941 746.530624 871.33205
73590.7743241455 40311.3689820417 18.869 121.0241934664 154.556949007052 434.31637471 751.728103 877.31444
78190.1977194046 48351.9911642507 20.049 128.4779555962 171.946384589157 466.98230975 804.232271 937.66775
82789.6211146637 57396.4609138836 21.228 135.5296296296 190.741206765655 500.65209236 857.740286 999.02491
87389.0445099227 67503.8280878477 22.407 142.114362648 211.024085336217 535.38477239 912.311199 1061.445
91988.4679051818 78733.1425430501 23.587 148.1673017325 232.877690100513 571.23939971 968.004059 1124.987
 96587.8913004409 91143.4541363984 24.766 153.6235939643 256.384690858212 608.27502416 1024.87792 1189.71
101187.3146957 104793.8127248 25.945 158.4183864248 281.627757408986 646.55069561 1082.99182 1255.673
105786.738090959 119743.268165161 27.125 162.4868261952 308.689559552505 686.1254639 1142.40482 1322.9352
110386.161486218 136050.870314391 28.304 165.7640603567 337.652767088438 727.05837891 1203.17597 1391.5555

5.      FRANAREA AUTOCISTERNEI

Franarea este procesul prin care se reduce partial sau total viteza autocisternei. De capacitatea de franare a autocisternei depinde
in mare masura posibilitatea utilizarii integrale a vitezei si acceleratiei acestuia, elemente ce determina viteza medie de exploatare.

            Forta de franare si repartitia ei pe punti

Forta de franare tangentiala care actioneaza asupra rotii in timpul franarii se realizeaza la rotile autocisternei ca urmare a actiunii
momentelor de franare Mf, de rezistenta la rulare Mrul si de inertie a rotii M.

Suprafata pe care se franeaza este:

asfalt uscat: φ=0.8
pamant batatorit: φ=0.6
asfalt umed: φ=0.4
zapada batatorita: φ=0.2

Spatiul minim de franare este:

v2
Sf min 
2  g  ( f  )
v2 1
Sf min  
2  g cos ( f   )  sin 

Spatiul de oprire al autocamionului este:

'
v2 ' t
S opr  Sf min  Ss   v(t 0  t1  1 )
2  g  2

unde:
t0 – timpul de reactie al conducatorului auto
t0 = (0.45…1)s
t1’ – timpul din momentul inceperii cursei active a pedalei de frana la atingerea valorii nominale a fortei pe pedala de frana
t1’= (0.2…0.5)s
t1’’ – intarzierea din momentul inceperii dezvoltarii fortei de franare pana la atingerea valorii maxime
t1’’= (0.1…1)s

α=0
viteza spatiul minim de franare(sfmin)[m] spatiul minim de franare(sfmin)[m]+Fa
[m/s] φ=0,2 φ=0,4 φ=0,6 φ=0,8 φ=0,2 φ=0,4 φ=0,6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 5.79186359002873 3.03383330906 2.055177402913 1.55391462171502 5.7817614955 3.03105846 2.0539035
10 23.1674543601149 12.1353332363 8.220709611654 6.2156584868601 23.006939104 12.0910974 8.2003781
15 52.1267723102586 27.3044997816 18.49659662622 13.9852315954352 51.323406188 27.0819055 18.39409
20 92.6698174404596 48.541332945 32.88283844661 24.8626339474404 90.170449186 47.8437008 32.560714
20.342 95.8662227782411 50.2156405029 34.01704679228 25.7202061112354 93.194746068 49.4695431 33.672472
.
viteza spatiul de oprire(so)[m]
[m/s] φ=0,2 φ=0,4 φ=0,6 φ=0,8
0 0 0 0 0
5 7.70317857473821 4.03499830105 2.733385945875 2.06670644688098
10 30.8127142989528 16.1399932042 10.9335437835 8.26682578752393
15 69.3286071726439 36.3149847095 24.60047351287 18.6003580219288
20 123.250857195811 64.5599728169 43.734175134 33.0673031500957
20.34 127.502076295061 66.7868018688 45.24267223373 34.2078741279431
α=0
 viteza deceleratia maxima[m/s2] Fa<>0 Fa<>0 Fa<>0
[m/s] φ=0,2 φ=0,4 φ=0,6 φ=0,8 φ=0,2 φ=0,4 φ=0,6
0 2.2 4.2 6.2 8.2 2.2 4.2 6.2
5 2.2 4.2 6.2 8.2 2.2076923077 4.20769231 6.2076923
10 2.2 4.2 6.2 8.2 2.2307692308 4.23076923 6.2307692
15 2.2 4.2 6.2 8.2 2.2692307692 4.26923077 6.2692308
20 2.2 4.2 6.2 8.2 2.3230769231 4.32307692 6.3230769
20.342 2.2 4.2 6.2 8.2 2.3273221428 4.32732214 6.3273221

6.      CALCULUL STABILITATII AUTOCISTERNEI

Stabilitatea autocisterneieste proprietatea acesteia de a se opune alunecarii, patinarii si rasturnarii.

6.1    Stabilitatea transversala

-         stabilitatea de derapare:

Viteza limita de deplasare (pentru viraj cu raza constanta si viteza constanta), fara aparitia deraparii este:
g  Rv  ( y  tg )
vd 
1   y  tg

Unde: β – unghiul de inclinare transversala al virajului

Φy – coeficientul stabilitatii transversale a autocamionului

Conditia producerii deraparii inaintea resturnarii este: Vd<Vr

-         stabilitatea de rasturnare

Viteza critica de resturnare apare in momentul in care rotile de pe aceeasi parte a autobasculantei incepe sa piarda
contactul cu calea de rulare

B
 tg r
2  hg
vcr   Rv  g
B
1  tg r
2  hg

β=0
R φ=0,8 R -raza de curbura
[m] vcd [km/h] vcr [km/h] g -acceleratia gravitationala 9.81
50 71.31 71.65 Fi -coeficient de aderenta 0.8
100 100.85 101.34 Beta -unghiul de inclinare transversal al drumului
150 123.52 124.11 hg -inaltimea centrului de greutate 1.3
200 142.63 143.31 B -ecartamentul 2.1
250 159.46 160.22
300 174.68 175.52
350 188.68 189.58 vcd=sqrt(gR(Fi+tgBeta)/(1-FitgBeta))
400 201.70 202.67 vcr=sqrt(gR(B/2hg+tgBeta)/(1-BtgBeta/2hg))
R φ=0,6
[m] vcd [km/h] vcr [km/h]
50 61.76 71.65
100 87.34 101.34
150 106.97 124.11
200 123.52 143.31
250 138.10 160.22
300 151.28 175.52
 350 163.40 189.58
400 174.68 202.67
R φ=0,4
[m] vcd [km/h] vcr [km/h]
50 50.43 71.65
100 71.31 101.34
150 87.34 124.11
200 100.85 143.31
250 112.76 160.22
300 123.52 175.52
350 133.41 189.58
400 142.63 202.67
R φ=0,2
[m] vcd [km/h] vcr [km/h]
50 35.66 71.65
100 50.43 101.34
150 61.76 124.11
200 71.31 143.31
250 79.73 160.22
300 87.34 175.52
350 94.34 189.58
400 100.85 202.67
 200.00

180.00

160.00

140.00

120.00
momentul efectiv
100.00 consum specific
consum orar
80.00 puterea maxima

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
 40.00

20.00

0.00
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
 Fr
[N]

33689.43
34270.10
34748.91
35125.84
35400.89
35574.08
35642.84
35645.39
35614.83
35482.39
35248.09
34911.90
34473.85
33933.92
33292.12
32548.45
Pp=Ga×va×sina

Treapta I
Treapta II

Treapta III

Treapta IV
Treapta V

Treapta VI
ternei depinde
die de exploatare.

mare a actiunii

φ=0,8
0
1.55318622
6.20402593
13.9265247
24.6778938
25.5225693
 Fa<>0
φ=0,8
8.2
8.20769231
8.23076923
8.26923077
8.32307692
8.32732214

a deraparii este:

m/s2

m
m
 200.00

180.00

160.00

140.00

120.00
momentul efectiv
100.00 consum specific
consum orar
80.00 puterea maxima

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00
2000 2500 3000 3500
 40.00

20.00

0.00
2000 2500 3000 3500
Treapta II
D a
- [m/s2]

0.02 0.08
0.02 0.08
0.02 0.08
0.02 0.09
0.02 0.09
0.02 0.09
0.02 0.09
0.02 0.09
0.02 0.09
0.02 0.09
0.02 0.09
0.02 0.08
0.02 0.08
0.02 0.08
0.02 0.07
0.02 0.07
 200.00

180.00

160.00

140.00

120.00
momentul efectiv
100.00 consum specific
consum orar
80.00 puterea maxima

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00
00 3000 3500
 40.00

20.00

0.00
00 3000 3500
 Treapta III Treapta IV Treapta V
Viteza III Fr D a Viteza IV Fr D a Viteza V Fr D a
[m/s] [N] - [m/s2] [m/s] [N] - [m/s2] [m/s] [N] - [m/s2]

3.35 22149.75 0.01 0.00 5.10 14562.77 0.01 -0.05 7.75 9574.56 0.01 -0.09
3.69 22531.52 0.02 0.00 5.61 14813.77 0.01 -0.05 8.53 9739.59 0.01 -0.08
4.02 22846.32 0.02 0.00 6.12 15020.74 0.01 -0.05 9.30 9875.67 0.01 -0.08
4.36 23094.14 0.02 0.01 6.63 15183.68 0.01 -0.05 10.08 9982.79 0.01 -0.08
4.69 23274.98 0.02 0.01 7.14 15302.57 0.01 -0.05 10.86 10060.96 0.01 -0.08
5.03 23388.85 0.02 0.01 7.65 15377.44 0.01 -0.05 11.63 10110.18 0.01 -0.08
5.33 23434.06 0.02 0.01 8.11 15407.16 0.01 -0.05 12.33 10129.73 0.01 -0.08
5.36 23435.73 0.02 0.01 8.16 15408.26 0.01 -0.05 12.41 10130.45 0.01 -0.08
5.70 23415.64 0.02 0.01 8.67 15395.05 0.01 -0.05 13.18 10121.76 0.01 -0.08
6.03 23328.56 0.02 0.01 9.18 15337.80 0.01 -0.05 13.96 10084.13 0.01 -0.08
6.37 23174.51 0.02 0.01 9.69 15236.52 0.01 -0.05 14.73 10017.54 0.01 -0.08
6.70 22953.49 0.02 0.00 10.20 15091.20 0.01 -0.05 15.51 9921.99 0.01 -0.09
7.04 22665.48 0.02 0.00 10.71 14901.84 0.01 -0.05 16.28 9797.50 0.01 -0.09
7.37 22310.49 0.02 0.00 11.22 14668.45 0.01 -0.05 17.06 9644.05 0.01 -0.09
7.71 21888.53 0.01 0.00 11.73 14391.02 0.01 -0.05 17.83 9461.65 0.01 -0.09
8.04 21399.59 0.01 -0.01 12.23 14069.56 0.01 -0.06 18.61 9250.30 0.01 -0.09
 Treapta VI
Viteza V Fr D a
[m/s] [N] - [m/s2]

11.79 6294.98 0.00 -0.11

12.97 6403.48 0.00 -0.11
14.15 6492.94 0.00 -0.11
15.33 6563.37 0.00 -0.11
16.51 6614.77 0.00 -0.11
17.69 6647.13 0.00 -0.11
18.75 6659.98 0.00 -0.11
18.87 6660.45 0.00 -0.11
20.05 6654.74 0.00 -0.11
21.23 6630.00 0.00 -0.11
22.41 6586.22 0.00 -0.11
23.59 6523.40 0.00 -0.11
24.77 6441.55 0.00 -0.11
25.95 6340.66 0.00 -0.11
27.12 6220.74 0.00 -0.12
28.30 6081.78 0.00 -0.12
 Diagrama Fierastrau
1000.00 30

29

28
900.00 27

26

25
800.00 24

23

22
700.00
21

20

19
Pe [kW]
600.00
18 Me [N*m]
17 Viteza I
Pe[kW], Me[N*m]

16 Viteza II
500.00

V[m/s]
Viteza III
15
Viteza IV
14
Viteza V
13 Viteza VI
400.00
12

11

10
300.00
9

200.00 7

100.00 4

0.00 1
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500

1700
1800

2000
2100

2300
2400
2500
2600
1600

1900

2200

n [rot/min]
900.00 200.00

180.00
800.00

160.00
700.00

140.00

600.00

120.00

500.00

momentul efectiv
100.00
consum specific
consum orar
puterea maxima
400.00

80.00

300.00

60.00

200.00
40.00

100.00
20.00

0.00 0.00
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
 Variatia acceleratiei in functie de
5.0
viteza autocisternei

4.5

aI
4.0

3.5

3.0
aI
a II
a II a
a [m/s2]

III
2.5 a
IV
aV
a
VI
2.0

a III

1.5

a IV
1.0

aV

0.5
a VI

0.0
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00

V [m/s]
 60000

Variatia fortei la roata in functie

de viteza autocisternei

50000
I

40000

II

VI
F [N*m]

30000 V II
V III
V IV
VV
V VI

III

20000

IV

V
10000
VI

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

V [m/s]
20000.00000
Variatia inversului acceleratiei in functie
de viteza autocisternei

15000.00000
1/a [s2/m]

10000.00000

I
II
VI III
IV
V
VI

5000.00000

0.00000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

IV

III
II
I

-5000.00000

0.9 *v max
V [m/s]
 Caracteristica Dinamica
0.04

0.04
I

0.03

0.03
II

DI
D II
D

D III
0.02 D IV
DV
D VI

III
0.02

IV
0.01

0.01
VI

0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

v [m/s]
 Td
160

140

120

100

Td
Td [s]

80

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Va [m/s]
0,9*Vmax
 5000 Sd

4500

4000

3500

3000
Sd [m]

2500
Sd

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0,9*Vmax
Va [m/s]
Sf[m]
Variatia Sfmin in functie de viteza autovehiculului
120

100

80

Fi=0.2
Fi=0.4
Fi=0.6
60 Fi=0.8
Fi=0.2+Fa
Fi=0.4+Fa
Fi=0.6+Fa
Fi=0.8+Fa

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 v[m/s]
 Bilantul de putere
250

200

PRI
PRII
PRII
I
150
PRI
V
PRV
PRV
I
a0
a5
a10
100 a12

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
So[m] Variatia So in functie de viteza autovehiculului
140

120

100

80

Fi=0.2
Fi=0.4
Fi=0.6
Fi=0.8

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 v[m/s]
 Variatia deceleratiei maxime in functie de viteza autovehiculului
af[m/s2]
9

Fi=0,2
Fi=0,4
5 Fi=0,6
Fi=0,8
Fi=0,2;Fa<>0
Fi=0,4;Fa<>0
Fi=0,6;Fa<>0
4 Fi=0,8;Fa<>0

0
0 5 10 15 20 v[m/s]
 Viteza critica de derapare
Vcd[m/s]
250.00

200.00

150.00

Fi=0,2
Fi=0,4
Fi=0,6
Fi=0,8

100.00

50.00

0.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 R[m]
 Viteza critica de rasturnare
Vcr[m/s]

250.00

200.00

150.00

Vcr

100.00

50.00

0.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 R[m]