Calculul Termic al unui motor cu aprindere prin comprimare

1) Date de proiectare
Pn =

70

kW

n=

3700

rot/min

i=

cilindri

2) Alegerea parametrilor initiali

a) temperatura initiala

To =

293

b) presiunea initiala

po =

1.02

*10^5 N/m2 102000

c) temperatura gazelor reziduale

Tr =

900

d) presiunea gazelor reziduale

pr =

1.1

*10^5 N/m2 110000

e) coeficientul de exces de aer

1.25

f) raportul de comprimare

20

3) Parametrii procesului de schimbare de gaze

Se adopta urmatoarele marimi din tabelul 4:
a) presiunea la sfarsitul admisiei
b) preincalzirea amestecului

pa = 0.9
T = 15

c) coeficientul de post umplere

p = 1.14

Se calculeaza coeficientul gazelor reziduale:

r =

0.0192

Temperatura la sfarsitul admisie va fi:

Ta = 319.15228

Coeficientul de umplere:

= 0.9537484

Valorile calculate se vor compara cu cele di tabelele 6 si 3.

*10^5 N/m2 90000

4) Parametri procesului de comprimare

Se adopta coeficientul politropic de comprimare valoarea
n1 =

1.4
10

Presiunea la sfarsitul comprimarii :

pc =

5.966017 *10^6 N/m2

5966017.231

Temperatura la sfarsitul comprimarii:

Tc =

1057.816 K

5) Parametrii procesului de ardere

Conform cu tabelul 7 se adopta urmatoarea compozitie a motorinei:
c=

0.875 kg

h=

0.133 kg

o=

0.01 kg

Puterea calorica inferioara Qinf =

41868 kJ/kg

Se mai adopta din tabelul 4 si 5 :

a) coeficientul de utilizare a caldurii

0.9

b) coeficientul de crestere a presiunii

1.3

Cantitatea minima de aer necesara arderii:

Lmin = 0.5040675

kmolaer/kgcomb

Cantitatea reala de aer necesara arderii:

L = 0.6300843

kmolaer/kgcomb

Coeficientul teoretic de variatie molara a incarcaturi proaspete:

o =

1.0532667

Coeficientul real de variatie molara a incarcaturii proaspete:

f =

1.0522632

Caldura specifica molara medie a amestecului initial:

C' =

38.40599 kJ/kmol*K

Caldura specifica molara medie a gazelor de ardere pentru >1:

C'' =

27.36

0.002654 *Tz

Temperatura la sfarsitul arderii:

Rm =

8.314

Coeficietii ecuatiei:
a=

0.0027927

b=

37.538438

c=

-110736.4

ec =

2646.1511

x1 =Tz

2489.0396 K

x2 =

-15930.64

Presiunea la sfarsitul arderii:

pz=pz'

77.558224 *10^5 N/m2

7755822.401

Valorile calculate se compara cu cele din tabelul 4 si 5.

Gradul de destindere prealabila:
=

1.9045961

6) Destinderea
Se adopta coeficientul politropic al destinderii n2
n2 =

1.18

Gradul de destindere:
=

10.500914

Presiunea la sfarsitul destinderii:

pb =

4.8370423 *10^5 N/m2

Temperatura la sfarsitul destinderii

483704.2264

Tb =

1630.0875 K

7) Parametrii principali ai motorului

Se adopta urmatoarele valori:
a) coeficientul de rotunjire a diagramei

r =

b) randamentl mecanic

Presiunea medie a ciclului teoretic:

p'i =

13.116306 *10^5 N/m2

1311630.634

Presiunea medie indicata:

pi =

12.85398 *10^5 N/m2

1285398.022

Randamentul indicat al motorului:

i =

0.4843928

Presiunea medie efectiva:

pe =

10.540264 *10^5 N/m2

1054026.378

Randamentul efectiv al motorului:

e =

0.3972021

Valorile calculate se compara cu cele din tabelele 5, 6, si 9.

Consumul specificefectiv de combustibil:
ge =

0.2164755 kg/kW*h

8) Dimensiuni fundamentale ale motorului

Se adopta raportul cursa - alezaj
=S/D=

(tab. 9)

1.1

Capacitatea cilindrica necesara:

Vh =

0.5384757 l

Vh =

538.47568 cm^3

Alezajul si cursa
D=

0.8543476 dm =

85.4347559 mm

0.98
0.82 (tab. 9)

S=

93.978232 mm

Se adopta:
S=

94 mm =

0.094 m

D=

85 mm

0.085 m

Viteza medie a pistonului:

Wm =

11.590649 m/s

Cilindreea totala a motorului:

Vt =

2.1539027 l

Puterea litrica a motorului:

Pl =

32.499147 kW/l

9) Diagrama indicata

Volumul la sfarsitul cursei de admisie

Va=

Volumul la sfarsitul compresiei

0.0283408

Vc=Vz

0.0283408

[RAC]

[m]
0

10

Vx

V
p x p z z
Vx

px

[N/m2]105
0 0.0283408
1.1
[l]

1.59943 0.0375052

(1 cos ) (1 cos2 )

2
4

V
p x p a a
Vx

0.5668165 dm3

Vc=

0.9

20

6.269217

0.0642621

0.9

30

13.6374

0.1064803

0.9

40

23.1276

0.1608571

0.9

50

34.01906 0.2232629

0.9

60

45.52071

0.289165

0.9

70

56.85066 0.3540833

0.9

n1

n2

80

67.31218

0.4140256

0.9

90

76.35731 0.4658523

0.9

100

83.63133 0.5075309

0.9

110

88.99311 0.5382528

0.9

120

92.50982 0.5584028

0.9

130

94.4271 0.5693884

0.9

140

95.1191 0.5733534

0.9

150

95.02493

0.5728139

0.9

160

94.57987 0.5702638

0.9

170

94.14992 0.5678002

0.9

180

93.97823

0.5668165

0.9

190

94.14992 0.5678002

0.897818

200

94.57987 0.5702638

0.892393

210

95.02493

0.5728139

0.886835

220

95.1191 0.5733534

0.885667

230

94.4271 0.5693884

0.894314

240

92.50982 0.5584028

0.919042

250

88.99311 0.5382528

0.967567

260

83.63133 0.5075309

1.050545

270

76.35731 0.4658523

1.184444

280

67.31218

0.4140256

1.397089

290

56.85066 0.3540833

1.739059

300

45.52071

0.289165

2.309181

310

34.01906 0.2232629

3.316795

320

23.1276

0.1608571

325

18.15973

0.1323923

6.89373

330

13.6374

0.1064803

9.351584

340

6.269217

0.0642621

18.96378

1.59943 0.0375052

40.30264

350

5.248625

360

0 0.0283408

59.66017

370

1.59943 0.0375052

77.55822

380

6.269217

0.0642621

29.51804

390

13.6374

0.1064803

16.26661

400

23.1276

0.1608571

9.997123

410

34.01906 0.2232629

6.790018

420

45.52071

0.289165

5.004062

430

56.85066 0.3540833

3.940308

440

67.31218

0.4140256

3.276291

450

76.35731 0.4658523

2.850635

460

83.63133 0.5075309

2.576492

470

88.99311 0.5382528

2.403869

480

92.50982 0.5584028

2.301847

490

94.4271 0.5693884

2.249533

500

95.1191 0.5733534

2.231188

510

95.02493

0.5728139

2.233668

520

94.57987 0.5702638

2.245459

530

94.14992 0.5678002

2.25696

540

93.97823

0.5668165

1.1

550

94.14992 0.5678002

1.1

560

94.57987 0.5702638

1.1

570

0.5728139

1.1

580

95.1191 0.5733534

1.1

590

94.4271 0.5693884

1.1

600

92.50982 0.5584028

1.1

610

88.99311 0.5382528

1.1

620

83.63133 0.5075309

1.1

630

76.35731 0.4658523

1.1

640

67.31218

0.4140256

1.1

650

56.85066 0.3540833

1.1

660

45.52071

0.289165

1.1

670

34.01906 0.2232629

1.1

680

95.02493

23.1276

0.1608571

1.1

690

13.6374

0.1064803

1.1

700

6.269217

0.0642621

1.1

1.59943 0.0375052
0 0.0283408

1.1
1.1

710
720

Se adopta marimile pentru corectarea diagramei:a=

35 grade RAC

0.610555556

unghiul de avans la aprindere

ev=

40 grade RAC

0.697777778

unghiul de avans la deschiderea evacuarii

B=1/3.6

0.278 tabelul 6

raportul dintre raza manivelei si lungimea bielei

Poziia punctului c se determin de cursa pistonului XS corespunztoare unghiului de avans la aprindere

Xs=

10.634718 mm

Poziia punctului c este determinat de presiunea n acest punct

715922.0677 N/m2
pc''=

7.1592207 *10^5N/m2

Poziia punctului b este determinat cursa pistonului Xev corespunzatoare unghiului de avans la deschiderea evacurii

xev=Xb'

8.2884557 mm

Xa=

7.2930126 mm

Poziia punctului a este determinat de presiunea in punctul a :

286852.1132 N/m2
pa'=

2.8685211 *10^5N/m2

Diagrama Indicata
100

90

80

70

P [N/m2]10^5

60

50

px

40

30

20

10

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Presiunea in cilindru
110
100
90
80

px [N/m2]105

70
60
px [N/m2]105
50
40
30
20
10
0
0

90

180

270

360
0 RAC

450

540

630

720

Cinematica mecanismului biela-manivela

n=

unghiul de rotatie al manivelei

unghiul de inclinare al axei bielei

viteza unghiulara de rotatie a arborelui cotit

cursa pistonului

raza manivelei

lungimea bielei

raportul dintre raza manivelei si lungimea bielei

387.4631 rad/sec

max=

15 grd

max=

12180

1/3.21/3.8

=1/3.6=

0.278

R=S/2=

46.98912 mm

0.04699 m

L=R/=

169.1608 mm

0.16916 m

Ap- aria pistonului

Ap=

0.005733 m2

xp

[RAC]
0

[m]

vp

aI

aII

ap

[m/s]
0.00

[m/s2]
7054.37

[m/s2]
[m/s2]
1959.55 9013.9

10 0.0015994

4.03

6947.19

1841.37

20 0.0062692

7.85

6628.94

1501.10

8130

30 0.0136374

11.29

6109.26

979.77

7089

40 0.0231276

14.19

5403.96

340.27

5744.2

50

0.0340191

16.44

4534.46

-340.27

4194.2

60 0.0455207

17.96

3527.18

-979.77

2547.4

70 0.0568507

18.73

2412.74

-1501.10

911.64

80 0.0673122

18.79

1224.98

-1841.37

-616.4

8788.6

3700 rot/min

S=

94 mm

0.094 m

D=

85 mm

0.085 m

90 0.0763573

18.21

100 0.0836313

17.07

-1224.98

0.00 -1959.55
-1841.37

-1960
-3066

110 0.0889931

15.48

-2412.74

-1501.10

-3914

120 0.0925098

13.58

-3527.18

-979.77

-4507

130 0.0944271

11.46

-4534.46

-340.27

-4875

9.21

-5403.96

340.27

-5064

140

0.0951191

150 0.0950249

6.91

-6109.26

979.77

-5129

160 0.0945799

4.60

-6628.94

1501.10

-5128

170 0.0941499

2.30

-6947.19

1841.37

-5106

180 0.0939782

0.00

-7054.37

1959.55

-5095

190 0.0941499

-2.30

-6947.19

1841.37

-5106

200 0.0945799

-4.60

-6628.94

1501.10

-5128

210 0.0950249

-6.91

-6109.26

979.77

-5129

220

0.0951191

-9.21

-5403.96

340.27

-5064

230 0.0944271

-11.46

-4534.46

-340.27

-4875

240 0.0925098

-13.58

-3527.18

-979.77

-4507

250 0.0889931

-15.48

-2412.74

-1501.10

-3914

260 0.0836313

-17.07

-1224.98

-1841.37

-3066

270 0.0763573

-18.21

0.00 -1959.55

-1960

280 0.0673122

-18.79

1224.98

-1841.37

-616.4

290 0.0568507

-18.73

2412.74

-1501.10

911.64

300 0.0455207

-17.96

3527.18

-979.77

2547.4

310

0.0340191

-16.44

4534.46

-340.27

4194.2

320 0.0231276

-14.19

5403.96

340.27

5744.2

330 0.0136374

-11.29

6109.26

979.77

7089

340 0.0062692

-7.85

6628.94

1501.10

8130

350 0.0015994

-4.03

6947.19

1841.37

8788.6

0.00

7054.37

1959.55

9013.9

370 0.0015994

4.03

6947.19

1841.37

8788.6

380 0.0062692

7.85

6628.94

1501.10

8130

390 0.0136374

11.29

6109.26

979.77

7089

400 0.0231276

14.19

5403.96

340.27

5744.2

410

0.0340191

16.44

4534.46

-340.27

4194.2

420 0.0455207

17.96

3527.18

-979.77

2547.4

430 0.0568507

18.73

2412.74

-1501.10

911.64

440 0.0673122

18.79

1224.98

-1841.37

-616.4

450 0.0763573

18.21

0.00 -1959.55

-1960

460 0.0836313

17.07

-1224.98

-1841.37

-3066

470 0.0889931

15.48

-2412.74

-1501.10

-3914

480 0.0925098

13.58

-3527.18

-979.77

-4507

490 0.0944271

11.46

-4534.46

-340.27

-4875

9.21

-5403.96

340.27

-5064

360

500

0.0951191

510 0.0950249

6.91

-6109.26

979.77

-5129

520 0.0945799

4.60

-6628.94

1501.10

-5128

530 0.0941499

2.30

-6947.19

1841.37

-5106

540 0.0939782

0.00

-7054.37

1959.55

-5095

550 0.0941499

-2.30

-6947.19

1841.37

-5106

560 0.0945799

-4.60

-6628.94

1501.10

-5128

570 0.0950249

-6.91

-6109.26

979.77

-5129

580

-9.21

-5403.96

340.27

-5064

590 0.0944271

-11.46

-4534.46

-340.27

-4875

600 0.0925098

-13.58

-3527.18

-979.77

-4507

610 0.0889931

-15.48

-2412.74

-1501.10

-3914

620 0.0836313

-17.07

-1224.98

-1841.37

-3066

0.0951191

630 0.0763573

-18.21

640 0.0673122

-18.79

1224.98

-1841.37

-616.4

650 0.0568507

-18.73

2412.74

-1501.10

911.64

660 0.0455207

-17.96

3527.18

-979.77

2547.4

670

0.0340191

-16.44

4534.46

-340.27

4194.2

680 0.0231276

-14.19

5403.96

340.27

5744.2

690 0.0136374

-11.29

6109.26

979.77

7089

700 0.0062692

-7.85

6628.94

1501.10

8130

710 0.0015994

-4.03

6947.19

1841.37

8788.6

0.00

7054.37

1959.55

9013.9

720

0.00 -1959.55

-1960

Deplasarea pistonului, xp
0.1

0.09

0.08

0.07

0.06

xp [m] 0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0

60

120

180

240

300

360

0 RAC

420

480

540

600

660

Viteza pistonului, vp

vp [m/s]

25.00

20.00

15.00

10.00

vp [m/s]

5.00

0.00
0

60

120

180

240

300

360

-5.00

-10.00

-15.00

-20.00

-25.00

0 RAC

420

480

540

600

660

720

aI, aII, ap
10000

8000

6000

4000

2000
aI, aII, ap
0
0

60

120

180

240

300

360

420

480

540

600

660

-2000

-4000

series1
-6000

Series2
Series3

-8000
0 RAC

720

Forele care acioneaza in mecanismul biel - manivel

1 Forta de presiune a gazelor, Fg

Fg ( p g p 0 ) A p
unde:

Ap aria suprafetei capului pisstonului

pg presiunea gazelor in cilindru dupa diagrama indicata
p0 presiunea mediului ambiant

2 Fortele de inertie

F m a
m masa elementelor in miscare , in
a - acceleratia maselor , in

m / s

N
Kg

2.1 Fortele de inertie ale maselor in miscare de translatie,

Fj m j R 2 (cos cos2 )

ml m p m1b
unde:

mj - masele piselor n micare de translaie

mp - masa pistonului asamblat , in kg

Fj

2.2.Fortele de inertie ale maselor in miscare de rotatie

Aceste forte sunt produse de o parte din masa bielei si masa neechilibrata al arborelui cotit
(masa manetonului si masele reduse ale celor doua brate ).
Fortele de inertie ale maselor in miscare de rotatie se determina cu relatiile :

Fr m r R 2 N forta centrifuga

Ft mr R

d
dt

forta tangentiala

mr -masa se miscare de rotatie ,

R - raza manivelei, n [m]
- viteza unghiular a arborelui

d
dt

Masele pieselor in miscare ale mecanismului biela manivela

Pentru majoritatea motoarelor de autovehicule , repartizarea masei bielei pe cele doua componente este :

m1b 0,2......0,3 mb

m2b 0,7.....0,8 mb

sau cu suficienta aproximatie :

m1b 0,275 mb

m2b 0,725 mb

In aceste conditii , masa elementelor aflate in miscare de translatie alternativa se poate determina cu
relatia :

m j m p m1b m p 0,275 mb
mp - masa pistonului asamblat
mb - masa bielei
Masele rotitoare mr, sunt constituite din masa fusului maneton mm, masa bratului de
manivela redusa la raza R si componenta m2b a bielei , adica:

mr mm 2 mbr R m2b
Masa bratelor manivelei avand centrul de masa la raza r fata de axa arborelui cotit ,
se poate reduce la raza R a manivelei pornind de la egalitatea :

mbr R R 2

mbr 2

mbr R R 2

mbr 2

de unde se obtine :

mbr R

mbr

Kg

- reprezint distana de la axa arborelui cotit la centrul de greutate al bratului

Masele constructive ale pistonului i bielei

Tipul motorului

Masa pistonului din aliaje

de Al, ( kg/m2 ; g/cm2)

Masa bielei
( kg/m2 ; g/cm2)

M.A.C cu D=80 120 mm

200 - 300 ( 20 - 30 )

250 - 350 ( 25 - 35 )

3.Forele rezultate din mecanismul biel manivel

F Fg F j N
Calculul fortei F se face tabelar si se construeste curba F=f()
Forta F aplicata in axa boltului se descompune in doua componente, una de sprijin,
normala pe axa cilindrului (N) si una dupa axa bielei (B):

N. F tg N

F
cos

In axa fusului maneton, forta B se descompune in doua componente, una radiala Z

si una tangentiala T:

Z S cos N
T S sin

po=

2
2
1.02 *10^5 N/m 102000 N/m

Ap=

2
0.0057 m

mp=

1.4332 kg

2
250 kg/m

mb=

1.7198 kg

2
300 kg/m

m1b=

0.4729 kg

2
82.5 kg/m

m2b=

1.2469 kg

2
217.5 kg/m

m1b 0,275 mb

m2b 0,725 mb

mj=

1.9061 kg

R=

0.047 m

=
=1/3.6=

m j m p m1b m p 0,275 mb

387 rad/sec
0.278

px

[RAC]

[N/m ]
110000

Fg

FI

[N]

[N]

FII

Fj

[N]

[N]

[N]

[grade]

[N]

45.86 -13446.48

-3735.13 -17181.62 -17135.75

0.000

0.00

10

90000

-68.79 -13242.20

-3509.88 -16752.08 -16820.87

0.048

-812.31

20

90000

-68.79 -12635.56

-2861.28 -15496.84 -15565.63

0.095

-1485.54

30

90000

-68.79 -11644.99

-1867.57 -13512.56 -13581.35

0.139

-1904.76

40

90000

-68.79 -10300.60

-11017.99

0.180

-1999.42

50

90000

-68.79

-8643.23

648.60

-7994.63

-8063.42

0.214

-1756.03

60

90000

-68.79

-6723.24

1867.57

-4855.67

-4924.47

0.243

-1220.48

70

90000

-68.79

-4598.97

2861.28

-1737.69

-1806.48

0.264

-488.47

80

90000

-68.79

-2334.96

3509.88

1174.92

1106.13

0.277

314.59

90

90000

-68.79

0.00

3735.13

3735.13

3666.34

0.281

1060.15

100

90000

-68.79

2334.96

3509.88

5844.83

5776.04

0.277

1642.74

110

90000

-68.79

4598.97

2861.28

7460.25

7391.45

0.264

1998.65

120

90000

-68.79

6723.24

1867.57

8590.81

8522.02

0.243

2112.10

130

90000

-68.79

8643.23

648.60

9291.83

9223.04

0.214

2008.57

140

90000

-68.79

10300.60

-648.60

9652.00

9583.21

0.180

1739.05

150

90000

-68.79

11644.99

-1867.57

9777.43

9708.64

0.139

1361.62

160

90000

-68.79

12635.56

-2861.28

9774.28

9705.49

0.095

926.27

170

90000

-68.79

13242.20

-3509.88

9732.32

9663.53

0.048

466.67

180

90000

-68.79

13446.48

-3735.13

9711.35

9642.56

0.000

0.00

190

89781.8

-70.04

13242.20

-3509.88

9732.32

9662.28

-0.048

-466.61

200

89239.3

-73.15

12635.56

-2861.28

9774.28

9701.13

-0.095

-925.85

210

88683.5

-76.34

11644.99

-1867.57

9777.43

9701.09

-0.139

-1360.56

220

88566.7

-77.01

10300.60

-648.60

9652.00

9574.99

-0.180

-1737.56

230

89431.4

-72.05

8643.23

648.60

9291.83

9219.78

-0.214

-2007.86

240

91904.2

-57.88

6723.24

1867.57

8590.81

8532.93

-0.243

-2114.81

250

96756.7

-30.06

4598.97

2861.28

7460.25

7430.19

-0.264

-2009.12

260

105054

17.51

2334.96

3509.88

5844.83

5862.34

-0.277

-1667.29

270

118444

94.27

0.00

3735.13

3735.13

3829.40

-0.281

-1107.30

280

139709

216.17

-2334.96

3509.88

1174.92

1391.09

-0.277

-395.64

290

173906

412.22

-4598.97

2861.28

-1737.69

-1325.47

-0.264

358.41

-648.60 -10949.20

300

230918

739.05

-6723.24
-8643.23

1867.57

-4855.67

-4116.63

-0.243

648.60

1020.27

310

331680

1316.68

-7994.63

-6677.95

-0.214

1454.31

320

524862

2424.14 -10300.60

-648.60 -10949.20

-8525.06

-0.180

1547.03

330

935158

4776.25 -11644.99

-1867.57 -13512.56

-8736.32

-0.139

1225.25

340 1896378 10286.62 -12635.56

-2861.28 -15496.84

-5210.21

-0.095

497.25

350 4030264 22519.55 -13242.20

-3509.88 -16752.08

5767.47

-0.048

-278.52

360 5966017 33616.64 -13446.48

-3735.13 -17181.62

16435.02

0.000

0.00

370 7755822 43877.05 -13242.20

-3509.88 -16752.08

27124.97

0.048

1309.91

380 2951804 16337.07 -12635.56

-2861.28 -15496.84

840.23

0.095

80.19

390

1626661

8740.42 -11644.99

-1867.57 -13512.56

-4772.14

0.139

-669.28

400

999712

5146.31 -10300.60

-648.60 -10949.20

-5802.89

0.180

-1053.04

410

679002

3307.78

-8643.23

648.60

-7994.63

-4686.86

0.214

-1020.69

420

500406

2283.94

-6723.24

1867.57

-4855.67

-2571.73

0.243

-637.38

430

394031

1674.12

-4598.97

2861.28

-1737.69

-63.56

0.264

-17.19

440

327629

1293.46

-2334.96

3509.88

1174.92

2468.38

0.277

702.02

450

285064

1049.45

0.00

3735.13

3735.13

4784.58

0.281

1383.50

460

257649

892.29

2334.96

3509.88

5844.83

6737.12

0.277

1916.08

470

240387

793.33

4598.97

2861.28

7460.25

8253.58

0.264

2231.77

480

230185

734.84

6723.24

1867.57

8590.81

9325.65

0.243

2311.28

490

224953

704.85

8643.23

648.60

9291.83

9996.68

0.214

2177.05

500

223119

694.34

10300.60

-648.60

9652.00

10346.34

0.180

1877.53

510

223367

695.76

11644.99

-1867.57

9777.43

10473.19

0.139

1468.85

520

224546

702.52

12635.56

-2861.28

9774.28

10476.80

0.095

999.88

530

225696

709.11

13242.20

-3509.88

9732.32

10441.43

0.048

504.24

540

110000

45.86

13446.48

-3735.13

9711.35

9757.21

0.000

0.00

550

110000

45.86

13242.20

-3509.88

9732.32

9778.18

-0.048

-472.21

560

110000

45.86

12635.56

-2861.28

9774.28

9820.14

-0.095

-937.21

570

110000

45.86

11644.99

-1867.57

9777.43

9823.29

-0.139

-1377.70

580

110000

45.86

10300.60

-648.60

9652.00

9697.86

-0.180

-1759.85

590

110000

45.86

8643.23

648.60

9291.83

9337.69

-0.214

-2033.54

600

110000

45.86

6723.24

1867.57

8590.81

8636.67

-0.243

-2140.52

610

110000

45.86

4598.97

2861.28

7460.25

7506.11

-0.264

-2029.65

620

110000

45.86

2334.96

3509.88

5844.83

5890.70

-0.277

-1675.35

630

110000

45.86

0.00

3735.13

3735.13

3781.00

-0.281

-1093.30

640

110000

45.86

-2334.96

3509.88

1174.92

1220.78

-0.277

-347.20

650

110000

45.86

-4598.97

2861.28

-1737.69

-1691.83

-0.264

457.47

660

110000

45.86

-6723.24

1867.57

-4855.67

-4809.81

-0.243

1192.07

670

110000

45.86

-8643.23

648.60

-7994.63

-7948.77

-0.214

1731.06

680

110000

45.86 -10300.60

-648.60 -10949.20 -10903.34

-0.180

1978.61

690

110000

45.86 -11644.99

-1867.57 -13512.56 -13466.70

-0.139

1888.68

700

110000

45.86 -12635.56

-2861.28 -15496.84 -15450.98

-0.095

1474.60

710

110000

45.86 -13242.20

-3509.88 -16752.08 -16706.22

-0.048

806.77

720

110000

45.86 -13446.48

-3735.13 -17181.62 -17135.75

0.000

0.00

Ordinea de lucru a cilindrilor 1-3-4-2-1

alfa
0

Cil
Admisie

Compresie Destindere Evacuare

180

Compresie DestindereEvacuare

540

Evacuare

360

DestindereEvacuare

Admisie

Admisie

1
2

Compresie Destindere

Admisie

Compresie

180 = unghiul de decalaj intre manivele

Momentul motor
M=TR

M1

M2

M3

M4

Mt

Mmed

T1

T2

[RAC]
0

[Nm]

[Nm]

[Nm]

[Nm]

[Nm]

[Nm]

[N]

[N]

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

10 -138.067

-78.555

-79.497

222.644

48.514

0.00

0.00

-73.475

48.514 -2938.28

-1671.77

20 -252.442 -155.903

-157.815

13.627

-552.533

48.514 -5372.34

-3317.85

30 -323.567 -229.183

-232.070

-113.693

-898.514

48.514 -6886.00

-4877.37

40 -339.484 -292.828

-296.585

-178.797 -1107.694

48.514 -7224.74

-6231.82

50 -297.983 -338.583

-342.913

-173.202 -1152.680

48.514 -6341.53

-7205.55

60 -206.962 -356.864

-361.202

-108.083 -1033.110

48.514 -4404.46

-7594.60

70

-82.768 -339.291

-342.758

-2.912

-767.729

48.514 -1761.43

-7220.63

80

53.261 -281.796

-283.159

118.855

-392.839

48.514

1133.48

-5997.05

90

179.334 -187.310

-184.942

234.031

41.113

48.514

3816.49

-3986.23

100

277.647

-66.982

-58.782

323.845

475.729

48.514

5908.76

-1425.49

110

337.522

60.730

77.515

376.890

852.657

48.514

7182.99

1292.42

120

356.407

173.010

202.143

390.017

1121.577

48.514

7584.89

3681.92

130

338.702

246.783

293.746

367.113

1246.344

48.514

7208.10

5251.91

140

293.079

262.672

335.951

316.417

1208.120

48.514

6237.17

5590.07

150

229.362

208.137

320.835

247.424

1005.758

48.514

4881.16

4429.48

160

155.973

84.499

250.582

168.368

659.422

48.514

3319.34

1798.26

170

78.565

-47.340

137.126

84.889

253.241

48.514

1671.98

-1007.47

48.514

180

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.00

0.00

190

-78.555

222.644

-138.067

-79.497

-73.475

48.514 -1671.77

4738.21

200 -155.903

13.627

-252.442

-157.815

-552.533

48.514 -3317.85

290.00

210 -229.183 -113.693

-323.567

-232.070

-898.514

48.514 -4877.37

-2419.56

220 -292.828 -178.797

-339.484

-296.585 -1107.694

48.514 -6231.82

-3805.08

230 -338.583 -173.202

-297.983

-342.913 -1152.680

48.514 -7205.55

-3686.01

240 -356.864 -108.083

-206.962

-361.202 -1033.110

48.514 -7594.60

-2300.16

250 -339.291

-2.912

-82.768

-342.758

-767.729

48.514 -7220.63

-61.98

260 -281.796

118.855

53.261

-283.159

-392.839

48.514 -5997.05

2529.41

270

-187.310

234.031

179.334

-184.942

41.113

48.514 -3986.23

4980.53

280

-66.982

323.845

277.647

-58.782

475.729

48.514 -1425.49

6891.93

290

60.730

376.890

337.522

77.515

852.657

48.514

1292.42

8020.80

300

173.010

390.017

356.407

202.143

1121.577

48.514

3681.92

8300.15

310

246.783

367.113

338.702

293.746

1246.344

48.514

5251.91

7812.73

320

262.672

316.417

293.079

335.951

1208.120

48.514

5590.07

6733.84

330

208.137

247.424

229.362

320.835

1005.758

48.514

4429.48

5265.55

340

84.499

168.368

155.973

250.582

659.422

48.514

1798.26

3583.13

350

-47.340

84.889

78.565

137.126

253.241

48.514 -1007.47

1806.58

360

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

48.514

0.00

0.00

370

222.644

-79.497

-78.555

-138.067

-73.475

48.514

4738.21

-1691.82

380

13.627 -157.815

-155.903

-252.442

-552.533

48.514

290.00

-3358.55

390

-113.693 -232.070

-229.183

-323.567

-898.514

48.514 -2419.56

-4938.81

400 -178.797 -296.585

-292.828

-339.484 -1107.694

48.514 -3805.08

-6311.79

410 -173.202 -342.913

-338.583

-297.983 -1152.680

48.514 -3686.01

-7297.71

420 -108.083 -361.202

-356.864

-206.962 -1033.110

48.514 -2300.16

-7686.93

430

-2.912 -342.758

-339.291

-82.768

-767.729

48.514

-61.98

-7294.41

440

118.855 -283.159

-281.796

53.261

-392.839

48.514

2529.41

-6026.05

450

234.031 -184.942

-187.310

179.334

41.113

48.514

4980.53

-3935.84

460

323.845

-58.782

-66.982

277.647

475.729

48.514

6891.93

-1250.96

470

376.890

77.515

60.730

337.522

852.657

48.514

8020.80

1649.64

480

390.017

202.143

173.010

356.407

1121.577

48.514

8300.15

4301.91

490

367.113

293.746

246.783

338.702

1246.344

48.514

7812.73

6251.36

500

316.417

335.951

262.672

293.079

1208.120

48.514

6733.84

7149.56

510

247.424

320.835

208.137

229.362

1005.758

48.514

5265.55

6827.87

520

168.368

250.582

84.499

155.973

659.422

48.514

3583.13

5332.77

530

84.889

137.126

-47.340

78.565

253.241

48.514

1806.58

2918.26

0.000

48.514

540

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.00

0.00

550

-79.497 -138.067

222.644

-78.555

-73.475

48.514 -1691.82

-2938.28

560

-157.815 -252.442

13.627

-155.903

-552.533

48.514 -3358.55

-5372.34

570 -232.070 -323.567

-113.693

-229.183

-898.514

48.514 -4938.81

-6886.00

580 -296.585 -339.484

-178.797

-292.828 -1107.694

48.514 -6311.79

-7224.74

590 -342.913 -297.983

-173.202

-338.583 -1152.680

48.514 -7297.71

-6341.53

600 -361.202 -206.962

-108.083

-356.864 -1033.110

48.514 -7686.93

-4404.46

-2.912

-339.291

-767.729

48.514 -7294.41

-1761.43

610 -342.758

-82.768

620 -283.159

53.261

118.855

-281.796

-392.839

48.514 -6026.05

1133.48

630 -184.942

179.334

234.031

-187.310

41.113

48.514 -3935.84

3816.49

640

277.647

323.845

-66.982

475.729

48.514 -1250.96

5908.76

-58.782

650

77.515

337.522

376.890

660

202.143

356.407

390.017

670

293.746

338.702

367.113

680

335.951

293.079

316.417

690

320.835

229.362

247.424

700

250.582

155.973

710

137.126

720

0.000

60.730

852.657

48.514

1649.64

7182.99

173.010

1121.577

246.783

1246.344

48.514

4301.91

7584.89

48.514

6251.36

7208.10

262.672

1208.120

208.137

1005.758

48.514

7149.56

6237.17

48.514

6827.87

4881.16

168.368

84.499

659.422

48.514

5332.77

3319.34

78.565

84.889

0.000

0.000

-47.340

253.241

48.514

2918.26

1671.98

0.000

0.000

48.514

0.00

0.00

[N]

[N]

[N]

[Nm]

-17135.8

0.00

-17135.75

0.00

-16840.5

-2938.28

-16582.16

-138.07

-15636.4

-5372.34

-14684.47

-252.44

-13714.3

-6886.00

-11860.20

-323.57

-11197.9

-7224.74

-8555.53

-339.48

-8252.42

-6341.53

-5280.86

-297.98

-5073.46

-4404.46

-2518.07

-206.96

-1871.36

-1761.43

-631.93

-82.77

1149.99

1133.48

194.22

53.26

3816.54

3816.49

-18.75

179.33

6005.1

5908.76

-1071.36

277.65

7656.9

7182.99

-2651.95

337.52

8779.85

7584.89

-4422.12

356.41

9439.22

7208.10

-6094.43

338.70

9739.72

6237.17

-7480.64

293.08

9803.65

4881.16

-8502.11

229.36

9749.59

3319.34

-9167.14

155.97

9674.79

1671.98

-9529.22

78.57

9642.56

0.00

-9642.56

0.00

9673.54

-1671.77

-9527.99

-78.55

9745.21

-3317.85

-9163.02

-155.90

9796.03

-4877.37

-8495.50

-229.18

9731.37

-6231.82

-7474.23

-292.83

9435.88

-7205.55

-6092.28

-338.58

8791.09

-7594.60

-4427.79

-356.86

7697.03

-7220.63

-2665.85

-339.29

6094.83

-5997.05

-1087.37

-281.80

3986.28

-3986.23

-19.58

-187.31

1446.26

-1425.49

244.25

-66.98

-1373.08

1292.42

-463.67

60.73

-4241.17

3681.92

-2104.99

173.01

-6834.47

5251.91

-4373.49

246.78

-8664.29

5590.07

-6619.75

262.67

-8821.82

4429.48

-7629.17

208.14

-5233.89

1798.26

-4915.27

84.50

5774.2

-1007.47

5685.63

-47.34

16435

0.00

16435.02

0.00

27156.6

4738.21

26740.03

222.64

844.046

290.00

792.66

13.63

-4818.85

-2419.56

-4167.37

-113.69

-5897.66

-3805.08

-4505.97

-178.80

-4796.71

-3686.01

-3069.49

-173.20

-2649.54

-2300.16

-1315.03

-108.08

-65.8473

-61.98

-22.24

-2.91

2566.27

2529.41

433.40

118.85

4980.59

4980.53

-24.47

234.03

7004.3

6891.93

-1249.63

323.85

8549.99

8020.80

-2961.27

376.89

9607.8

8300.15

-4839.14

390.02

10231

7812.73

-6605.64

367.11

10515.3

6733.84

-8076.34

316.42

10575.7

5265.55

-9171.65

247.42

10524.4

3583.13

-9895.67

168.37

10453.6

1806.58

-10296.31

84.89

9757.21

0.00

-9757.21

0.00

9789.58

-1691.82

-9642.28

-79.50

9864.76

-3358.55

-9275.44

-157.82

9919.43

-4938.81

-8602.51

-232.07

9856.25

-6311.79

-7570.14

-296.59

9556.56

-7297.71

-6170.19

-342.91

8897.97

-7686.93

-4481.62

-361.20

7775.68

-7294.41

-2693.09

-342.76

6124.3

-6026.05

-1092.63

-283.16

3935.89

-3935.84

-19.34

-184.94

1269.19

-1250.96

214.35

-58.78

-1752.59

1649.64

-591.82

77.52

-4955.33

4301.91

-2459.45

202.14

-8135.08

6251.36

-5205.77

293.75

-11081.4

7149.56

-8466.50

335.95

-13598.5

6827.87

-11760.07

320.84

-15521.2

5332.77

-14576.30

250.58

-16725.7

2918.26

-16469.13

137.13

-17135.8

0.00

-17135.75

0.00

Z1

Z2

T'

Z'

[N]

Rm

[N]

[N]

Rmmed
[N]

Rp
[N]

Rpmed

[N]

[N]

-17135.75

-9642.555

0.00

-3746.60

25931.57

15518.91

3746.60

3517.57

[N]

-16582.16

-9527.987

-633.26

-3527.09

25547.51

15518.91

3583.48

3517.57

-14684.47

-9163.022

-1027.25

-2760.72

24087.05

15518.91

2945.65

3517.57

-11860.20

-8495.499

-1004.32

-1682.35

21773.56

15518.91

1959.32

3517.57

-8555.53

-7474.226

-496.46

-540.65

18795.37

15518.91

734.01

3517.57

-5280.86

-6092.276

432.01

405.71

15439.17

15518.91

592.65

3517.57

-2518.07

-4427.789

1595.07

954.86

12140.98

15518.91

1859.04

3517.57

-631.93

-2665.848

2729.60

1016.96

9590.89

15518.91

2912.89

3517.57

194.22

-1087.371

3565.26

640.79

8675.96

15518.91

3622.39

3517.57

-18.75

-19.58355

3901.36

0.42

9605.32

15518.91

3901.36

3517.57

-1071.36

244.2496

3667.12

-657.81

11501.07

15518.91

3725.65

3517.57

-2651.95

-463.6677

2945.28

-1094.14

13514.69

15518.91

3141.95

3517.57

-4422.12

-2104.993

1951.48

-1158.57

15239.57

15518.91

2269.48

3517.57

-6094.43

-4373.49

978.09

-860.47

16543.16

15518.91

1302.72

3517.57

-7480.64

-6619.749

323.55

-430.45

17430.59

15518.91

538.49

3517.57

-8502.11

-7629.168

225.84

-436.47

17973.43

15518.91

491.44

3517.57

-9167.14

-4915.266

760.54

-2125.94

18267.07

15518.91

2257.88

3517.57

-9529.22 5685.6266

1339.73

-7607.42

18401.16

15518.91

7724.49

3517.57

-9642.56

16435.024

0.00

-13038.79

18438.37

15518.91

13038.79

3517.57

-9527.99 26740.034

-3204.99

-18134.01

18399.91

15518.91

18415.06

3517.57

-9163.02 792.66367

-1803.92

-4977.84

18262.75

15518.91

5294.62

3517.57

-8495.50

-4167.371

-1228.90

-2164.06

17966.03

15518.91

2488.65

3517.57

-7474.23

-4505.971

-1213.37

-1484.13

17422.68

15518.91

1917.00

3517.57

-6092.28

-3069.492

-1759.77

-1511.39

16540.11

15518.91

2319.72

3517.57

-4427.79

-1315.028

-2647.22

-1556.38

15249.32

15518.91

3070.85

3517.57

-2665.85

-22.23568

-3579.33

-1321.81

13546.49

15518.91

3815.59

3517.57

-1087.37

433.40123

-4263.23

-760.39

11560.36

15518.91

4330.51

3517.57

-19.58

-24.46832

-4483.38

2.44

9674.78

15518.91

4483.38

3517.57

244.25

-1249.629

-4158.71

746.94

8669.56

15518.91

4225.25

3517.57

-463.67

-2961.269

-3364.19

1248.80

9349.25

15518.91

3588.49

3517.57

-2104.99

-4839.137

-2309.12

1367.07

11505.84

15518.91

2683.45

3517.57

-4373.49

-6605.643

-1280.41

1116.08

14177.92

15518.91

1698.55

3517.57

-6619.75

-8076.338

-571.89

728.29

16397.82

15518.91

926.00

3517.57

-7629.17

-9171.646

-418.04

771.24

17011.77

15518.91

877.25

3517.57

-4915.27

-9895.669

-892.43

2490.20

13828.51

15518.91

2645.29

3517.57

5685.63

-10296.31

-1407.02

7990.97

3269.29

15518.91

8113.90

3517.57

16435.02

-9757.209

0.00

13096.12

7639.20

15518.91

13096.12

3517.57

26740.03

-9642.281

3215.02

18191.16

18559.24

15518.91

18473.08

3517.57

792.66

-9275.436

1824.27

5034.05

8008.41

15518.91

5354.40

3517.57

-4167.37

-8602.513

1259.62

2217.57

13187.06

15518.91

2550.35

3517.57

-4505.97

-7570.138

1253.35

1532.08

13835.33

15518.91

1979.44

3517.57

-3069.49

-6170.191

1805.85

1550.35

12424.66

15518.91

2380.06

3517.57

-1315.03

-4481.619

2693.38

1583.30

10369.18

15518.91

3124.28

3517.57

-22.24

-2693.087

3616.22

1335.43

8818.27

15518.91

3854.92

3517.57

433.40

-1092.63

4277.73

763.02

8736.59

15518.91

4345.25

3517.57

-24.47

-19.33599

4458.19

-2.57

10129.32

15518.91

4458.19

3517.57

-1249.63

214.34608

4071.44

-731.99

12182.35

15518.91

4136.72

3517.57

-2961.27

-591.8227

3185.58

-1184.72

14232.44

15518.91

3398.75

3517.57

-4839.14

-2459.447

1999.12

-1189.84

15962.60

15518.91

2326.42

3517.57

-6605.64

-5205.77

780.69

-699.94

17269.74

15518.91

1048.51

3517.57

-8076.34

-8466.496

-207.86

195.08

18166.30

15518.91

285.06

3517.57

-9171.65

-11760.07

-781.16

1294.21

18723.14

15518.91

1511.69

3517.57

-9895.67

-14576.3

-874.82

2340.32

19031.83

15518.91

2498.48

3517.57

-10296.31

-16469.13

-555.84

3086.41

19177.41

15518.91

3136.06

3517.57

-9757.21

-17135.75

0.00

3689.27

18553.03

15518.91

3689.27

3517.57

-9642.28

-16582.16

623.23

3469.94

18515.55

15518.91

3525.46

3517.57

-9275.44

-14684.47

1006.90

2704.52

18380.70

15518.91

2885.87

3517.57

-8602.51

-11860.2

973.60

1628.84

18085.73

15518.91

1897.63

3517.57

-7570.14

-8555.525

456.47

492.69

17540.90

15518.91

671.65

3517.57

-6170.19

-5280.859

-478.09

-444.67

16650.46

15518.91

652.91

3517.57

-4481.62

-2518.075

-1641.24

-981.77

15342.08

15518.91

1912.47

3517.57

-2693.09

-631.9302

-2766.49

-1030.58

13608.94

15518.91

2952.21

3517.57

-1092.63

194.21503

-3579.76

-643.42

11579.93

15518.91

3637.13

3517.57

-19.34

-18.74965

-3876.17

-0.29

9653.90

15518.91

3876.17

3517.57

214.35

-1071.363

-3579.86

642.85

8672.17

15518.91

3637.12

3517.57

-591.82

-2651.951

-2766.68

1030.06

9531.48

15518.91

2952.21

3517.57

-2459.45

-4422.125

-5205.77

-6094.43

-1641.49

981.34

12049.38

15518.91

1912.46

3517.57

-478.37

444.33

15333.75

15518.91

652.89

3517.57

-8466.50

-7480.64

456.20

-492.93

18684.32

15518.91

671.63

3517.57

-11760.07

-8502.108

973.35

-1628.98

21660.21

15518.91

1897.63

3517.57

-14576.30

-9167.141

1006.72

-2704.58

23972.79

15518.91

2885.87

3517.57

-16469.13

-9529.22

623.14

-3469.96

25432.93

15518.91

3525.46

3517.57

-17135.75

-9642.555

0.00

-3746.60

25931.57

15518.91

3746.60

3517.57

Variatia FI, FII , Fj functie de [RAC]

15000

10000

5000

FI, FII , Fj

0
0

60

120

180

240

300

360

420

480

540

600

660

-5000

-10000

-15000
FI [N]
FII [N]
Fj [N]

-20000
RAC

720

Variatia F,Fg,Fj
50000
Fg [N]
Fj [N]
F [N]

40000

30000

F,Fg,Fj [N]

20000

10000

0
0

90

180

270

360

-10000

-20000

-30000
0 RAC

450

540

630

N,S functie de [RAC]

60000

N [N]
S [N]
50000

40000

30000

N,S [N]

20000

10000

0
0

60

120

180

240

300

360

-10000

-20000

-30000
0 RAC

420

480

540

600

660

720

T,Z functie de [RAC]

30000

25000

20000

15000

T,Z [N]

10000

5000

0
0

60

120

180

240

300

360

-5000

-10000

-15000

-20000

0 RAC

420

480

540

600

660

Momentul motor instantaneu M

M [Nm]
500

400

300

M [Nm]

200

100

0
0

60

120

180

240

300

360

-100

-200

-300

-400
0 RAC

420

480

540

600

660

Momentul total
1500
Mt [Nm]
Mmed [Nm]

1000

Mt [Nm]

500

0
0

60

120

180

240

300

360

-500

-1000

-1500
0 RAC

420

480

540

600

660

720

T-Z
Z [N]
-30000

-20000

-10000

-10000

-8000

-6000

-4000

-2000

0
0

Z [N]

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000
T [N]

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Diagrama fortei rezultante Rm pe fusul maneton

30000

Rm [N]
Rmmed [N]
25000

Rm [N]

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
0

60

120

180

240

300

360
RAC

420

480

540

600

660

720

T' - Z'

Z' [N]

-42000

-32000

-22000

Z' [N]

-12000

-6000

-4000

-2000

-2000 0

8000

18000

28000

38000

T' [N]

2000

4000

6000

Diagrama fortei rezultante Rp pe fusul palier

20000
18000
16000
14000

Rp [N]

12000

Rp [N]

10000

Rpmed [N]

8000
6000
4000
2000
0

60

120

180

240

300

360
RAC

420

480

540

600

660

720

Date de intrare

Pm

70 kW

nm

70000 W

3700 rot/min

2. Calculul dinamic al autovehiculului

2.1 Calculul caracteristicii externe a motorului cu ardere interna

Coeficientul de elasticitate al motorului c=(0.450.65)

se adopta c=

0.6

Calculul coeficientilor 1,2,3

1= 0.75
2= 1.5
3= -1.25
Verificare 1+2+3=

Turatia la moment maxim nM= 2220

Mom la putere max: Mm=

m =
cmin= 300

180.6624 Nm

387.46
g/kWh

rot/min

Pe

Me

1000

20.13

192.24

ce

Ce

ce

337.94

6.80

67.58881

1100

22.59

196.10

331.29

7.48

66.25841

1200

25.09

199.63

325.43

8.16

65.08676

1300

27.61

202.83

320.30

8.84

64.05986

1400

30.16

205.70

315.83

9.52

63.166

1500

32.71

208.24

311.98

10.21

62.39544

1600

35.26

210.45

308.70

10.89

61.74008

1700

37.80

212.33

305.97

11.57

61.19329

1800

40.32

213.88

303.75

12.25

60.74965

1900

42.80

215.11

302.02

12.93

60.40491

2000

45.24

216.00

300.78

13.61

60.1558

2100

47.62

216.56

300.00

14.29

60

2200

49.94

216.79

299.68

14.97

59.93608

2220

50.40

216.79

299.67

15.10

59.93426

2300

52.19

216.69

299.82

15.65

59.96346

2400

54.35

216.26

300.41

16.33

60.08238

2500

56.42

215.50

301.47

17.01

60.29394

2600

58.38

214.41

303.00

17.69

60.60009

2700

60.22

212.99

305.02

18.37

61.00372

2800

61.94

211.25

307.54

19.05

61.50867

2900

63.52

209.17

310.60

19.73

62.11987

3000

64.96

206.76

314.22

20.41

62.84347

3100

66.23

204.02

318.43

21.09

63.68693

3200

67.34

200.95

323.30

21.77

64.65933

3300

68.27

197.55

328.86

22.45

65.77154

3400

69.01

193.83

335.18

23.13

67.0366

3500

69.55

189.77

342.35

23.81

68.4701

3600

69.89

185.38

350.45

24.49

70.09076

3700

70.00

180.66

359.61

25.17

71.92111

3800

0.00

0.00

900.00

13.00

180

350

1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
3700
3800

Diagrama caracteristiii externa

Me
ce

Pe
Ce

300

50

0
80

70

60

250

50

200

40

150
30

100
20

10