Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Curs Transporturi v2 2
Curs Transporturi v2 2
INTERNATIONALE
Suport de curs
Dr. CEZAR COJOCARIU
CONTINUT
DEFINITII
TRANSPORTUL RUTIER
TRANSPORTUL AERIAN
TRANSPORTUL MARITIM
TRANSPORTUL FLUVIAL
TRANSPORTUL FEROVIAR
TRANSPORTUL CONTAINERIZAT
EXPEDITIA INTERNATIONALA
CORIDOARE DE TRANSPORT PAN-EUROPENE
BIBLIOGRAFIE
2
Aspecte economice:
Locul productiei nu coincide cu locul consumului
Resursele nu sunt distribuite egal in teritoriu
Eliminarea izolarii economice
Dezvoltarea schimbului de produse si servicii
(national si international)
Echilibrarea teritoriala (nationala si internationala) a
cererii si ofertei (cu consecinta ei stabilizarea
preturilor)
Optimizarea amplasamentului unitatilor de productie
in raport cu zonele de origine ale resurselor
4
TRANSPORTUL RUTIER
Definitie: subsistem al transporturilor internationale care
asigura deplasarea in spatiu a marfurilor cu ajutorul
vehiculelor rutiere
Autovehicul = mijloc de transport rutier autopropulsat
Mijloace tractate = remorci, trailere, etc
Caracteristici:
Mobilitate deosebita (autovehiculele nu sunt legate de
instalatii fixe ca de exemplul in cazul transportului
feroviar)
Pot asigura transportul door-to-door (se evita
transbordari si manipulari)
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11
b. Autovehiculul
Omologarea autovehiculelor Registre Auto
nationale
Inmatricularea autovehiculelor
c. Conducatorul autovehiculului (sofer)
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Oprirea transportului
Schimbarea locului prevazut pentru livrarea
marfii
Schimbarea destinatarului
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TRANSPORTUL AERIAN
Definitie: transportul aerian international este
deplasarea fizica a unor marfuri intre doua terminale
aero specializate (aeroporturi) din state diferite cu
ajutorul unui mijloc de transport specific (avion)
Caracteristici:
De regula transportul aerian este parte a unui
transport multimodal (combinat sau intermodal) =>
participa la derularea transporturilor de tip door-todoor
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38
39
Tendinte actuale:
Cresterea vitezei tehnice si a celei comerciale (~ 960
km/h)
Crestera capacitatii de transport (Boeing 747 Jumbo
~ 115t)
Cresterea capacitatii de operare a terminalelor aero
Informatizarea procedurilor de incarcare, descarcare,
transbordare, track & trace
Trecerea de la documentele de transport in format
fizic la cele in format electronic (e-AWB)
40
General characteristics
Crew: 6
Length: 84 m (275 ft 7 in)
Wingspan: 88.4 m (290 ft 0 in)
Height: 18.1 m (59 ft 5 in)
Wing area: 905 m2 (9,740 sq ft)
Aspect ratio: 8.6
Empty weight: 285,000 kg (628,317 lb)
Max takeoff weight: 640,000 kg (1,410,958 lb)
Fuel capacity: 300000 kg
Cargo hold volume 1,300m3, length 43.35m, width 6.4m, height
4.4m
Powerplant: 6 ZMKB Progress D-18 turbofans, 229.5 kN (51,600
lbf) thrust each
Performance
Maximum speed: 850 km/h (528 mph; 459 kn)
Cruising speed: 800 km/h (497 mph; 432 kn)
Range: 15,400 km (9,569 mi; 8,315 nmi) with maximum fuel; range
with maximum payload: 4,000 km (2,500 mi)
Service ceiling: 11,000 m (36,089 ft)
Wing loading: 662.9 kg/m (135.8 lb/sq ft)
Thrust/weight: 0.234
747 Dreamlifter
Model
747 Dreamlifter
Cockpit crew
Two
Length
235 ft 2 in (71.68 m)
Wingspan
211 ft 5 in (64.4 m)
Height
70 ft 8 in (21.54 m)
Fuselage width
27 ft 6 in (8.38 m)
Cruising speed
9,199 ft (2,804 m)
Engine models (x 4)
PW 4062
43
Terminale aero:
Aerodrom = suprafata delimitata la sol ce cuprinde
cladiri instalatii si piste utilizate pentru manevrarea,
decolarea si aterizarea aeronavelor
Aeroport = aerodrom deschis operatiunilor comerciale
Aerogara = componenta a aeroportului specializata in
trafic de marfuri sau de pasageri
* Aerogara de marfuri cuprinde spatii de depozitare sub
supraveghere vamala (antrepozite vamale), rampe de
incarcare / descarcare, utilaje pentru manipularea /
sortarea marfurilor, etc
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Greutatea marfurilor
Cubajul marfurilor
Distanta de transport
Zona de transport (relatia)
Modul de ambalare a marfii
Modalitatea de angajarea a transportului
Costul combustibilului
Nivelul taxelor aeroportuare
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Curieratul rapid
Serviciu de transporturi aero consolidate oferit de
integratorii de logistica
Serviciile oferite sunt exclusiv de tipul door-to-door, se
asigura timpi de transport impresionant de scurti, se
poate asigura livrarea chiar si la ora fixa (ex: 10AM
delivery)
Se bazeaza pe transport multimodal (auto / aerian /
auto)
Utilizeaza tehnologii de varf in preluarea la transport,
evidenta, gestiunea, rutarea si livrarea expeditiilor
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TRANSPORTUL MARITIM
Definitie: Deplasarea fizica a marfurilor cu nave
maritime intre doua porturi maritime.
* Transportul maritim asigura derularea a cca. 75-80% din
totalul traficului mondial de marfuri
Nava maritima
= constructie plutitoare de dimensiuni superioare
ambarcatiunilor avand forma, structura, calitati
nautice, propulsie proprie si echipament care ii permit
efectuarea incarcarii, descarcarii si transportului
marfurilor
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Elementele navei:
a. Coca (corpul navei):
Osatura navei (carcasa)
Bordaj exterior
Bordaj interior
Bordajul puntii
Chila (etrava, etambou)
Puntea (single decker, double decker, etc.)
Fundul (fund simplu, dublu fund celular)
Tancuri de combustibil (pentru consumul
propriu)
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Tancuri de balast
Magazii / hambare / tancuri
* Gura de hambar
* Linia de plutire
* Linia puntii
* Rezerva de flotabilitate
* Asieta navei (nava canarisita, nava bandata)
* Pescaj (draft)
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Clasificarea navelor
1.a.Nave tanc (Tankers) pentru transportul marfurilor lichide
Tancuri petroliere
Tancuri pentru produse lichide alimentare
Tancuri pentru produse chimice lichide
Gaziere (transport gaze naturale lichefiate)
* Nave cu o singura punte (Single Deckers)
* Capacitate de transport mare si foarte mare
* Capacitate de pompare / ora foarte mare
* Instalatii auxiliare pentru racire
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1.d.Nave speciale
Nave frigorifice
Traulere
Nave portcontainer
* Nave de tip LO-LO (Lift on / Lift off)
Nave portbarje (LASH = Lighter Aboard Ship)
* Transport multimodal maritim / fluvial
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1.e.Nave auxiliare
Remorchere / Impingatoare
Dragoare
Nave de bunkeraj
Spargatoare de gheata
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Contractele de navlosire
pentru navigatia Tramp contracte de tip Charter
Party
pentru navigatie de linie contracte de tip
conosament (Bill of Lading)
1. Charter Party (Anexa 8.1 8.12):
a. Voyage Charter Party = contractul dintre armator
si navlositor prin care primul se obliga sa
transporte celui de al doilea, cu o nava armata
de el o cantitate determinata de marfa de la
portul de incarcare la portul de descarcare, in
schimbul unui pret numit navlu
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* Port de incarcare
* Port de descarcare
* Nava / nr. voiaj
* Descrierea marfii (denumirea comerciala a marfii, mod
ambalaj, nr. colete, greutate, cubaj, marcaje)
* Clauza Clean On Board / conosament cu rezerve (Foul
B/L)
* Clauza Received for Shipment
* Clauza referitoare la navlu si alte taxe
* Documentele insotitoare ale marfii
* Locul si data emiterii conosamentului
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Conosamente nominative
Conosamente la purtator / Conosamente la ordin
(To order) / procedura andosarii
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TRANSPORTUL FLUVIAL
Definitie: Transportul de marfa pe cursuri interioare
(fluvii, rauri) cu mijloace de transport specifice, denumite
barje sau slepuri, constituite in convoaie
Propulsia convoaielor este asigurata de nave auxiliare
(impingatoare sau remorchere)
Exista si barje autopropulsate
Caracteristici:
Dupa transportul maritim, cel fluvial este modalitatea
de transport cea mai ieftina
Capacitate mare de transport
Viteza tehnica si comerciala relativ scazute
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Port de descarcare
Numar barja / numar convoi
Numar voiaj
Descrierea marfii: denumirea comerciala a marfii,
cantitate (ambalaj), greutate, volum,
Clauza de navlu navlul se achita de expeditor la
terminarea incarcarii marfii pe barja sau de catre
destinatar la terminarea descarcarii
Incarcarea / descarcarea marfii se face cu
mijloacele carausului (sau agentul acestuia) in
contul expeditorului / destinatarului (in functie de
conditia de livrare)
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TRANSPORTUL FEROVIAR
Definitie: Deplasarea marfurilor in spatiu, realizata cu
vehicule feroviare, pe infrastructura cailor ferate, de
catre operatorii de transport feroviar
Vehiculul feroviar mijloc de transport compus:
A. mijlocul de tractiune = locomotiva (tractiune
diesel sau electrica)
B. mijlocul de transport propriu-zis = vagon
A + B = material rulant
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Identifcarea vagoanelor:
Numarul unui vagon este compus din 12 cifre,
fiecare avand o semnificatie precisa (Anexa 11)
Infrastructura cailor ferate = asamblul elementelor
necesare circulatiei materialului rulant in scopul
efectuarii transportului feroviar de marfa, in conditii de
siguranta, potrivit tehnologiilor si reglementarilor
specifice transportului feroviar:
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Mentiuni facultative:
* Taxe in sarcina predatorului
* Tarife de transport aplicabile (identice cu cele
trecute in buletinul de francare)
* Sume ramburs
* Formalitati vamale / administrative
Exemplarele scrisorii de trasura C.I.M.:
Fila 1 = Originalul STI, insoteste transportul pe tot
parcursul si se elibereaza destinatarului odata cu
marfa
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* Costuri accesorii:
Stationarea vagoanelor = locatii
Manevra vagoanelor din statia de predare /
descarcare la locul de incarcare /
descarcare efectiva a marfii in / din vagoane
Cantarirea vagoanelor (daca se solicita de
catre predator / destinatar)
Operatiunea de transbord / transpunere
Avizarea predatorului / destinatarului
Spalarea vagoanelor, paza vagoanelor, s.a.
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TRANSPORTUL CONTAINERIZAT
Modalitate moderna de transport
Mijlocul de transport = containerul (transcontainerul)
Nota bene: Containerul
= mijloc de transport
= ambalaj al marfii
Containerul apare ca mijloc de transport militar in
perioada interbelica
Utilizare comerciala incepand cu anii 1960
La inceput dimensiunile containerelor nu erau
standardizate; existau containere de 5, 10, 20,
Incepand cu finele anilor 1960 doua tipuri de
containere:
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c) Dupa proprietate:
Containere proprietate a carausului (armatori,
administratii de cale ferata, operatori feroviari
privati)
Containere proprietate a firmelor de leasing
* Sistemul inter-change => facilitati de tip logistic
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EXPEDITIA INTERNATIONALA
Definitie: Expeditia internationala = activitatea prestata
de o firma (societate de expeditii internationala) localizata
de regula intre exportator si caraus si / sau intre caraus si
importator
* Consta in intercorelarea serviciilor de transport propriuzis cu cele conexe avand ca scop deplasarea fizica a
marfurilor de la exportator la importator la costuri cat
mai mici, intr-un timp cat mai scurt, in conditii de
maxima securitate.
In epoca moderna activitatea de expeditie
internationala era total delimitata de cea de transport
propriu-zis (consecinta a diviziunii internationale a
muncii)
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PAN-EUROPEAN TRANSPORT
CORRIDORS
Transport infrastructure is fundamental for the smooth operation of the
internal market, for the mobility of persons and goods and for the
economic, social and territorial cohesion of the European Union. The
EU 27 comprises 5.000.000 km of paved roads, out of which 65.100
km are motorways, 212.800 km of rail lines, out of which 110.458 km
electrified, and 42.709 km of navigable inland waterways. The total
investment on transport infrastructure during the period 2000-2006 was
859 billion.
Funding
Europe needs a core network of corridors, carrying large and
consolidated volumes of freight and passengers traffic with high
efficiency and low emissions, thanks to the extensive use of more
efficient modes in multimodal combinations and the wide application of
advanced technologies and supply infrastructure for clean fuels.
Despite EU enlargement, large divergences in terms of transport
infrastructure remain between eastern and western parts of the EU,
which need to be tackled. The European continent needs to be united
also in terms of infrastructure.
The selection of projects eligible for EU funding must reflect this vision
and put greater emphasis on European added value. Co-funded
projects should equally reflect the need for infrastructure that minimises
the impact on the environment, that is resilient to the possible impact of
climate change and that improves the safety and security of users.
A well-performing transport network requires substantial resources.
The cost of EU infrastructure development to match the demand for
transport has been estimated at over 1.5 trillion for 2010-2030. The
completion of the TEN-T network requires about 550 billion until 2020
out of which some 215 billion can be referred to the removal of the
main bottlenecks. This does not include investment in vehicles,
equipment and charging infrastructure which may require an additional
trillion to achieve the emission reduction goals for the transport system.
Diversified sources of finance both from public and private sources are
required. Better coordination of the Cohesion and Structural Funds with
transport policy objectives is needed, and Member States need to
ensure that sufficient national funding is available in their budgetary
planning, as well as sufficient project planning and implementation
capacities. Other sources of funding to be considered include schemes
for the internalisation of external costs and infrastructure use charges,
which could create additional revenue streams making infrastructure
investments more attractive to private capital.
Price signals play a crucial role in many decisions that have longlasting effects on the transport system. Transport charges and taxes
must be restructured in the direction of wider application of the
polluter-pays and user-pays principle. They should underpin
transports role in promoting European competitiveness and cohesion
objectives, while the overall burden for the sector should reflect the
total costs of transport including infrastructure and external costs.
Wider socioeconomic benefits and positive externalities justify some
level of public funding, but in the future, transport users are likely to pay
for a higher proportion of the costs than today. It is important that
correct and consistent monetary incentives are given to users,
operators and investors.
CORRIDOR I
Corridor I:
Tallinn Riga Kaunas Warszawa
Branch: Riga Kaliningrad Gdansk
Rail
Road
1.655
1.630
CORRIDOR II
Corridor II:
Berlin Warszawa Minsk Moskva Niznij Novgorod
Rail
Road
Corridor II is a multi-modal EastWest link connecting Berlin Warszawa - Minsk Moskva and Niznij Novgorod. It is composed of
railway and road connection running parallel linking above cities. The
distance from Berlin to Niznij Novgorod is 2,313 km by rail and 2,260
km by road.
The extension of Corridor II from Moskva to Niznij Novgorod was
decided upon at the Helsinki Conference in 1997. The extension gives
the Corridor access to the inland waterways in Russia, along the Volga
River to the Caspian Sea and via the Volga/Don Canal to the Sea of
Azov and the Black Sea.
CORRIDOR III
Corridor III:
Dresden Wroclaw Lviv Kiev
Branch: Berlin Wroclaw
Rail
Road
1.650
1.700
CORRIDOR IV
Corridor IV:
Dresden Praha Bratislava/Wien Budapest Arad
Branch: Nrnberg Praha
Branch: Arad Bucuresti Constanta
Branch: Arad Sofija Istanbul
Branch: Sofija Thessaloniki
Rail
Road
4.340
3.640
CORRIDOR IV
Corridor IV is a multi-modal Northwest - Southeast transport link
running from Dresden/Nrnberg (Germany), via Praha (Czech
Republic), Wien (Austria)/Bratislava (Slovakia), Budapest (Hungary) to
Romania. In Romania Corridor IV divides into two branches. The
northern branch runs from Arad via Bucuresti to Constanta at the Black
Sea, while the southern branch from Arad via Craiova to Sofija
(Bulgaria) and divides again, with one branch running further to
Thessaloniki (Greece) and the other to Istanbul (Turkey).
CORRIDOR V
Corridor V:
Venezia Trieste/Koper Ljubljana Budapest Uzgorod Lviv
Branch: Rijeka Zagreb Budapest
Branch: Ploce Sarajevo Budapest
Branch: Bratislava Zilina Uzgorod
Rail
Road
3.270
2.850
CORRIDOR V
In Italy the Corridor is linked to the ports of Venezia and Trieste, in
Slovenia one branch links the Port of Koper with Corridor V in Divaca.
In Budapest (Hungary) the Corridor splits into two branches, both of
them running southwards to the Adriatic Sea. One branch goes to
Rijeka in Croatia, the other branch runs via Sarajevo (BosniaHerzegovina) to the Croatian port of Ploce.
On the Railway Corridor there was a missing link between Slovenia
and Hungary. The concerned countries have built a direct rail
connection between to be operated starting from May 2001.
CORRIDOR VI
Corridor VI:
Gdansk Grudziadz/Warszawa Katowice Zilina
Branch: Grudziadz Poznan
Branch: Katowice Ostrava Breclav/Brno
Rail
Road
1.800
1.880
CORRIDOR VII
Corridor VII:
Danube
The Danube is the second longest river in Europe and represents the
main inland waterway transport Corridor linking Western and Eastern
Europe through the Rhine, the Main and the Rhine-Main-Danube canal.
It connects the North Sea with the Black Sea crossing the countries of
Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, FR Yugoslavia,
Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and the Ukraine.
CORRIDOR VII
Taking into consideration the results of the 3rd Pan-European
Transport Conference of Helsinki, June 1997, the Pan-European
Transport Corridor VII refers to:
the Danube inland waterway,
the Black Sea-Danube Canal,
the Danube branches Chilia and Sulina,
the inland waterway links between the Black Sea and the Danube,
the Danube Sava canal,
the Danube Thissa canal,
and the relevant port infrastructures situated on these inland
waterways.
CORRIDOR VIII
Corridor VIII:
Durres Tirana Skopje Sofija Varna/Burgas
Rail
Road
CORRIDOR VIII
However, Corridor X, as agreed upon in Helsinki being a new link from
Austria to Greece with several side alignments, as well as Corridor IV,
on the section Sofija Plovdiv, has integrated Corridor VIII into the core
links of the Pan-European Transport Corridors. New connections to
Italian ports and to the Trans-European Network at Greek borders are
being considered by interested countries. In the draft Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) the alignment reads as follows: Bari/Brindisi Drres/Vlore Tirana Popgradec Skopje Sofija Plovdiv
Burgas Varna.
CORRIDOR IX
Corridor IX:
Helsinki St. Petersburg Pskov/Moskva Kiev
Ljubasevka Chisinau Bucuresti Alexandroupolis
Branch: Klaipeda/Kaliningrad Vilnius Minsk Kiev
Branch: Ljubasevka Odessa
Rail
Road
6.500
5.820
CORRIDOR IX
Corridor IX is the longest of the ten Pan-European multi-modal
Transport Corridors. The Corridor starts in Helsinki (Finland), runs to
St. Petersburg (Russia), where it splits into two branches, one running
to Moskva (Russia), the second to Pskov (Russia). Both branches
come together again in Kiev (Ukraine). In Ljubashevka/Rozdilna
(Ukraine) the Corridor splits again. One branch runs down to Odessa
(Ukraine) on the Black Sea, whereas the main line continues
southwards to Chisinau (Moldova), further to Bucuresti (Romania),
Dimitrovgrad (Bulgaria) and ends at the Aegean Sea in the Greek port
of Alexandroupolis.
CORRIDOR IX
Besides the above-mentioned branches there are two additional links.
Both links start at the Baltic Sea; one in Kaliningrad (Russia), the
second in Klaipeda (Lithuania). In Kaunas (Lithuania) both branches
meet and continue via Vilnius (Lithuania) to Minsk (Belarus), where
Corridor IX crosses the Corridor II route and continues further to Kiev
(Ukraine).
CORRIDOR X
Corridor X:
Salzburg Ljubljana Zagreb Beograd Nis Skopje
Veles Thessaloniki
Branch: Graz Maribor Zagreb
Branch: Budapest Novi Sad Beograd
Branch: Nis Sofija
Branch: Veles Florina
Rail
Road
2.528
2.300
CORRIDOR X
The Pan-European Transport Corridor X has been adopted during the
third Pan-European Transport Conference held in Helsinki in 1997. This
multimodal transport link running from Northwest to Southeast
connects Salzburg (Austria) Ljubljana (Slovenia) Zagreb (Croatia)
Beograd (FR Yugoslavia) Nis (FR Yugoslavia) Skopje (FYR of
Macedonia)
Veles (FYR of Macedonia) Thessaloniki (Greece).
CORRIDOR X
The main axis is connected to the following cities or areas via four
branches:
Graz (Austria) Maribor (Slovenia) Zagreb (Croatia);
Budapest (Hungary) Novi Sad (FR Yugoslavia) Beograd (FR
Yugoslavia);
Nis (FR Yugoslavia) Sofija (Bulgaria) and further along Corridor IV to
Istanbul; and
Veles (FYR of Macedonia) Bitola (FYR of Macedonia) Florina
(Greece) and
further via Florina Kozani (via Egnatia) to Igoumenitsa.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Tranzactii comerciale internationale, Popa, Ioan, coord.;
Cristureanu, Cristiana, Editura Economica, Bucuresti, 1997
Transporturi internationale, Alexa, Constantin, Editura
ASE, Bucuresti, 2001
Transporturi si expeditii internationale, Alexa,
Constantin, Editura All, Bucuresti, 1995
Tendinte actuale in transportul maritim international,
cu deosebire in cel containerizat, Cojocariu, Cezar
Radu, Editura Pro Editura si Tipografie, Bucuresti, 2009
Managing transport operations, Gubbins, J Edmund,
Editura Kogan Page Limited, 2003
226
http://www.iru.org/
http://www.icao.int/
http://www.iata.org/Pages/default.aspx
http://www.fiata.com/
http://www.lr.org/Default.aspx
https://www.bimco.org/
http://www.cit-rail.org/en/
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