Documente Academic
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Transport Uri
Transport Uri
Suport de curs
Dr. CEZAR COJOCARIU
CONTINUT
DEFINITII
TRANSPORTUL RUTIER
TRANSPORTUL AERIAN
TRANSPORTUL MARITIM
TRANSPORTUL FLUVIAL
TRANSPORTUL FEROVIAR
TRANSPORTUL CONTAINERIZAT
EXPEDITIA INTERNATIONALA
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Aspecte economice:
Drumul
Clasificare drumuri:
Drumuri publice:
Autovehiculul
Omologarea autovehiculelor – Registre Auto nationale
Inmatricularea autovehiculelor
Conducatorul autovehiculului (sofer)
• Greutatea bruta
• Cubaj
• Prescriptii de francare
• Sume de plata: fracht, reduceri / sporuri, taxe accesorii, diverse, total plata
• Sume ramburs
• Interzicerea transbordarilor
– Oprirea transportului
– Schimbarea destinatarului
Pentru pierdere total sau partiala, pentru avarie – intre momentul preluarii marfii
la transport si cel al eliberarii acesteia
Factori:
• Fluxuri comerciale
• Distanta
• Natura marfii
Caracteristici:
De regula transportul aerian este parte a unui transport multimodal (combinat sau
intermodal) => participa la derularea transporturilor de tip door-to-door
Este cea mai rapida modalitate de transport => face posibila comercializarea
internationala a marfurilor perisabile care, datorita naturii lor, s-ar putea vinde doar
in proximitatea locului de productie (flori, fructe, legume, ziare, pui de o zi)
Este eficient pe distante medii si lungi (ruta lunga > 10000 km; ruta scurta ~ 3500
km)
Este modalitatea de transport cea mai costisitoare (prin asumarea limitelor de timp
carausii pot obtine preturi maxime)
Tendinte actuale:
Terminale aero:
• Obiective:
Promovarea unui trafic aerian sigur, regulat si eficient
• IATA are in componenta 3 Conferinte de Trafic, cate una pentru fiecare din
cele 3 zone de trafic delimitate:
Numarul de AWB
Expeditor (Shipper) – full style
Destinatar (Consignee) – full style
Caraus sau agentul acestuia – full style
Aeroportul de plecare
Aeroportul de destinatie
Detaliile legate de zbor (echivalent cu voiaj)
In situatia in care transportul este efectuat de mai multi carausi consecutivi se
mentioneaza de zbor ce revine fiecaruia
Expeditorul are drept de dispozitie asupra marfii (poate opri marfa in aeroportul
de plecare, in cursul unei escale sau in aeroportul de destinatie, sau poate schimba
destinatarul, sau poate cere sa i se returneze marfa) – cu conditia ca exercitarea
acestui drept sa nu cauzeze prejudicii carausului sau altor expeditori si cu suportarea
cheltuielilor suplimentare
Greutatea marfurilor
Cubajul marfurilor
Distanta de transport
Zona de transport (relatia)
Modul de ambalare a marfii
Modalitatea de angajarea a transportului
Costul combustibilului
Nivelul taxelor aeroportuare
Modalitati de plata ale fracht-ului aerian:
• Charges collect
Curieratul rapid
In general partizii constau in expeditii de tip postal (mesagerie, coletarie, max.
35kg)
TRANSPORTUL MARITIM
Nava maritima
= constructie plutitoare de dimensiuni superioare ambarcatiunilor avand forma, structura,
calitati nautice, propulsie proprie si echipament care ii permit efectuarea incarcarii,
descarcarii si transportului marfurilor
– Elementele navei:
• Bordaj exterior
• Bordaj interior
• Bordajul puntii
• Tancuri de balast
* Gura de hambar
* Linia de plutire
* Linia puntii
* Rezerva de flotabilitate
* Asieta navei (nava canarisita, nava bandata)
* Pescaj (draft)
• Suprastructura navei (castel, teuga, duneta)
• Echipamentele de navigatie
• Carma
• Instalatii de ancorare
• Echipamente de salvare
Pescaj maxim
Marca de bord liber
Discul Plimsoll
Linia de incarcare de vara
Stabilirea bordului liber
• Germanischer Lloyd
• Le Bureau Veritas
–Tona registru net – masoara numai spatiile inchise ale navei care castiga efectiv
navlu (hambare, magazii, tancuri, fore-peak, after-peak, shelter-deck)
–Pe baza tonajului registru brut si tonajului registru net se determina anumite taxe
portuare, taxe de canal, etc.
–Tonaj deplasament = greutatea apei dislocuita de nava
* Tonajul navei usoare (Light displacement) – nava goala
* Tonajul navei grele (Full load displacement) – nava incarcata la
capacitate maxima si armata
Clasificarea navelor
• Tancuri petroliere
1.b. Nave specializate pentru transportul marfurilor solide (Dry Cargo Vessels)
• Nave frigorifice
• Traulere
• Nave portcontainer
• Remorchere / Impingatoare
• Dragoare
• Nave de bunkeraj
• Spargatoare de gheata
* Nave portbarje
* Nave portvagoane
Inmatricularea navelor este facuta prin Registrul Maritim al fiecarei tari =>
Certificat de inmatriculare (Certificate of Registration) = Certificat de nationalitate
Juridic, o nava aflata pe mare este considerata ca o extindere teritoriala a tarii sub
al carei pavilion navigheaza
• Panama
• Corint
• Kiel
Porturi comerciale
Port maritim
= principalul element al infrastructurii de transport maritim
• Porturi generale – opereaza orice tip de nava si orice tip de marfa (Hong Kong,
Singapore, Rotterdam, New York, Hamburg, Kobe, etc)
• Porturi specializate – deservesc doar anumite tipuri de nave si anumite marfuri
(Abadan, Basrah – petroliere; Vitoria, Lulea, Narvik , Vizagapatnam – carboniere;
Baton Rouge, Vancouver, Bahia Blanca – cerealiere, etc)
Navigatia Tramp
Navigatia de linie
Contractele de navlosire
pentru navigatia Tramp – contracte de tip Charter Party
• Clauze:
• Clauze
• Contract de transport
* Port de incarcare
* Port de descarcare
* Nava / nr. voiaj
* Descrierea marfii (denumirea comerciala a marfii, mod ambalaj, nr. colete, greutate,
cubaj, marcaje)
* Clauza Clean On Board / conosament cu rezerve (Foul B/L)
* Clauza Received for Shipment
* Clauza referitoare la navlu si alte taxe
* Documentele insotitoare ale marfii
* Locul si data emiterii conosamentului
Conosamente nominative
Dupa transportul maritim, cel fluvial este modalitatea de transport cea mai ieftina
Capacitate mare de transport
Viteza tehnica si comerciala relativ scazute
In genere se transporta marfuri de masa cu valoare unitara scazuta sau medie
(nisip / pietris, calcar / marmura, cereale, ingrasaminte chimice, minereuri, carbune,
etc)
Rauri
Fluvii
Canale fluviale navigabile
Contractul de transport international fluvial = Scrisoarea de trasura fluviala
• Destinatar (Consignee)
• Port de incarcare
• Port de descarcare
• Numar voiaj
Vagoane cu 2 osii
Vagoane cu 3 osii
Vagoane cu 4 osii
• Dupa proprietate:
• Identifcarea vagoanelor:
– Cladirile aferente
* Parametrii tehnici ai infrastructurii cailor ferate romane trebuie sa fie compatibili cu cei ai
cailor ferate de care este legata si sa corespunda normelor interne si internationale
a) Sinele de cale ferata = calea de rulare a trenurilor
* Ecartament = distanta dintre fetele interioare ale sinelor:
* Cai ferate:
Partizi de marfa mai mici decat la transportul maritim dar mai mari decat la cel
rutier
• Greutatea marfii
• Mentiuni facultative:
–In cazul transportului avand ca destinatie o localitate deservita de mai multe statii,
predatorul (expeditorul) este obligat sa indice in scrisoarea de trasura C.I.M.
denumirea exacta a statiei respective
Pretul transportului:
* Pretul efectiv de transport (de la statia de predare la cea de destinatie)
* Costuri accesorii:
Initial era utilizat, sub forma scrisorii de trasura de tip S.M.G.S. intre tarile
membre C.A.E.R. (Consiliul de Ajutor Economic Reciproc)
In prezent este utilizat in transporturile din fostele tari membre ale URSS,
Vietnam, Mongolia, RPD Coreana si China
In prezent Comisia Economica pentru Europa prin CTT (Comite international des
transports ferroviaires) lucreaza la realizarea unui document (contract) de transport
feroviar comun C.I.M./S.G.M.S. (Anexa 13)
TRANSPORTUL CONTAINERIZAT
* Un picior = 0.3048 m
* Dimensiuni standard:
L = 5.95 m
l = 2.35 m
H = 2.39 m
Tarra ~ 1900 kg – 2200 kg
Capacitate incarcare ~ 18000 kg – 23000 kg
1/20’ = 1 TEU (twenty-foot equivalent unit)
* Dimensiuni standard:
L = 11.92 m
l = 2.35 m
H = 2.39 m
Tarra ~ 4000 kg – 4600 kg
Capacitate incarcare ~ 28000 kg – 32000 kg
1/40’ = 1 FEU (forty-foot equivalent unit)
Tarra: 82 kg
L = 1.93 m
l = 1.45 m
H = 1.55 m
Volum utilizabil = 4.3 mc
Capacitate incarcare ~ 1500 kg
Tarra: 290 kg
L = 4.62 m
l = 2.39 m
H = 1.42 m
Volum utilizabil = 15.77 mc
Capacitate incarcare ~ 5000 kg
s.a.
Containere Tank
EXPEDITIA INTERNATIONALA
In epoca moderna activitatea de expeditie internationala era total delimitata de cea
de transport propriu-zis (consecinta a diviziunii internationale a muncii)
–In contextul actual (cooperare, concentrare, globalizare) frontiera dintre cele doua
activitati a devenit foarte elastica
* Marii transportatori au dezvoltat divizii de expeditie internationala sau chiar societatii
fiica de expeditie internationala
* Consecutiv marile societati de expeditie internationala au dezvoltat divizii sau societati
fiica de transport, specializandu-se, de regula, pe anumite modalitati de transport
Nota bene: Expeditorul (societatea de expeditie internationala) = arhitectul transporturilor
internationale
DB Schenker
Kuehne & Nagel
Panalpina
DHL
TNT
Fedex
UPS
At the beginning of the 21st century, European transport systems are confronted with a serious
modal imbalance, which has favoured the development of the most polluting and congested
modes of transport. This requires a change of strategy in the Common Transport Policy, which
puts users at the centre of the system, guaranteeing their right to efficient, safe, affordable, and
environment-friendly transport.
As global freight transport volumes have increased, the external costs of traffic congestion,
accidents, air pollution and noise have become more apparent, not only as an issue of concern for
the quality of life, but also with respect to their potential for disrupting economic growth and
mobility. As a result, one of the major challenges facing the transportation industry is the need to
introduce a more efficient, modally integrated service, which utilizes spare capacity in other
modes.
During the 1990s, Europe began to suffer from congestion in certain areas and on certain routes.
The problem is now beginning to threaten economic competitiveness. Traffic jams cost Europe
dear in terms of productivity. Bottlenecks and missing links in the infrastructure fabric; lack of
interoperability between modes and systems.
These multi-modal Corridors, so called Helsinki Corridors, have a total length of about 48,000
km, of which 25,000 km are rail network and 23,000 km are road network. Airports, sea and
river ports and major terminals serve as nodes between the modes along these long distance
interconnections between the Central and Eastern European countries.
• The ten Pan-European Transport Corridors situated in the candidate countries for
accession, in the NIS (New Independent States) and beyond;
Funding
Europe needs a ‘core network’ of corridors, carrying large and consolidated volumes of freight
and passengers traffic with high efficiency and low emissions, thanks to the extensive use of
more efficient modes in multimodal combinations and the wide application of advanced
technologies and supply infrastructure for clean fuels.
Despite EU enlargement, large divergences in terms of transport infrastructure remain between
eastern and western parts of the EU, which need to be tackled. The European continent needs to
be united also in terms of infrastructure.
The selection of projects eligible for EU funding must reflect this vision and put greater
emphasis on European added value. Co-funded projects should equally reflect the need for
infrastructure that minimises the impact on the environment, that is resilient to the possible
impact of climate change and that improves the safety and security of users.
A well-performing transport network requires substantial resources. The cost of EU
infrastructure development to match the demand for transport has been estimated at over € 1.5
trillion for 2010-2030. The completion of the TEN-T network requires about € 550 billion until
2020 out of which some € 215 billion can be referred to the removal of the main bottlenecks.
This does not include investment in vehicles, equipment and charging infrastructure which may
require an additional trillion to achieve the emission reduction goals for the transport system.
Diversified sources of finance both from public and private sources are required. Better
coordination of the Cohesion and Structural Funds with transport policy objectives is needed,
and Member States need to ensure that sufficient national funding is available in their budgetary
planning, as well as sufficient project planning and implementation capacities. Other sources of
funding to be considered include schemes for the internalisation of external costs and
infrastructure use charges, which could create additional revenue streams making infrastructure
investments more attractive to private capital.
Unlocking the potential of private finances equally requires an improved regulatory framework
and innovative financial instruments. Project assessment and authorisation must be carried out in
an efficient and transparent manner that limits time, cost and uncertainty. New financing
instruments, for example the EU project bonds initiative, can support Private Public Partnerships
(PPP) financing on a bigger scale.
Price signals play a crucial role in many decisions that have long-lasting effects on the transport
system. Transport charges and taxes must be restructured in the direction of wider application of
the ‘polluter-pays’ and ‘user-pays’ principle. They should underpin transport’s role in promoting
European competitiveness and cohesion objectives, while the overall burden for the sector
should reflect the total costs of transport including infrastructure and external costs. Wider
socioeconomic benefits and positive externalities justify some level of public funding, but in the
future, transport users are likely to pay for a higher proportion of the costs than today. It is
important that correct and consistent monetary incentives are given to users, operators and
investors.
CORRIDOR I
Corridor I is a multi-modal transport link, running in North - South direction. It starts in Helsinki
(Finland) and connects Tallinn (Estonia), Riga (Latvia) and Kaunas (Lithuania) with Warszawa
(Poland) and Gdansk (Poland). In Kaunas Corridor I crosses the alignment of Corridor IX, which
runs in East-West direction in Lithuania.
CORRIDOR II
Corridor II is a multi-modal East–West link connecting Berlin - Warszawa - Minsk – Moskva
and Niznij Novgorod. It is composed of railway and road connection running parallel linking
above cities. The distance from Berlin to Niznij Novgorod is 2,313 km by rail and 2,260 km by
road.
The extension of Corridor II from Moskva to Niznij Novgorod was decided upon at the Helsinki
Conference in 1997. The extension gives the Corridor access to the inland waterways in Russia,
along the Volga River to the Caspian Sea and via the Volga/Don Canal to the Sea of Azov and the
Black Sea.
CORRIDOR III
Corridor III, as it presently functions it ensures the intermodal connection between Western
European areas (Brussels, Aachen, Koln) with Central Europe and Eastern Europe.
CORRIDOR IV
CORRIDOR IV
Corridor IV is a multi-modal Northwest - Southeast transport link running from
Dresden/Nürnberg (Germany), via Praha (Czech Republic), Wien (Austria)/Bratislava
(Slovakia), Budapest (Hungary) to Romania. In Romania Corridor IV divides into two branches.
The northern branch runs from Arad via Bucuresti to Constanta at the Black Sea, while the
southern branch from Arad via Craiova to Sofija (Bulgaria) and divides again, with one branch
running further to Thessaloniki (Greece) and the other to Istanbul (Turkey).
CORRIDOR V
Corridor V is a multi-modal transport link running from South-West in Slovenia towards North-
East in the Ukraine. The main line of Corridor V links Venezia (Italy) and Trieste (Italy) via
Ljubljana (Slovenia) and Budapest (Hungary) with Lviv (Ukraine). In addition to this line there
are three branches to ports on the Adriatic Sea, and one branch to connect Corridor V with
Corridor IV in Bratislava.
CORRIDOR V
In Italy the Corridor is linked to the ports of Venezia and Trieste, in Slovenia one branch links the
Port of Koper with Corridor V in Divaca. In Budapest (Hungary) the Corridor splits into two
branches, both of them running southwards to the Adriatic Sea. One branch goes to Rijeka in
Croatia, the other branch runs via Sarajevo (Bosnia-Herzegovina) to the Croatian port of Ploce.
On the Railway Corridor there was a missing link between Slovenia and Hungary. The concerned
countries have built a direct rail connection between to be operated starting from May 2001.
CORRIDOR VI
Corridor VI is a multi-modal transport link running from North to South, connecting the Polish
Baltic Sea ports of Gdynia and Gdansk with Slovakia and the Czech Republic.
CORRIDOR VII
The Danube is the second longest river in Europe and represents the main inland waterway
transport Corridor linking Western and Eastern Europe through the Rhine, the Main and the
Rhine-Main-Danube canal. It connects the North Sea with the Black Sea crossing the countries
of Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, FR Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova
and the Ukraine.
CORRIDOR VII
Taking into consideration the results of the 3rd Pan-European Transport Conference of Helsinki,
June 1997, the Pan-European Transport Corridor VII refers to:
• the inland waterway links between the Black Sea and the Danube,
CORRIDOR VIII
Corridor VIII is a multi-modal transport link running from East to West in South-Eastern Europe,
linking the Pan-European Transport Area Adriatic-Ionian Sea with the Black Sea Pan-European
Transport Area. The Corridor starts at the port of Durrës (Albania), runs via Tirana (Albania) and
Skopje (FYR Macedonia), further to Sofija (Bulgaria) and to the Bulgarian ports Burgas and
Varna at the Black Sea.
The Corridor was not affected by any adjustments at the Helsinki Conference in 1997.
CORRIDOR VIII
However, Corridor X, as agreed upon in Helsinki being a new link from Austria to Greece with
several side alignments, as well as Corridor IV, on the section Sofija – Plovdiv, has integrated
Corridor VIII into the core links of the Pan-European Transport Corridors. New connections to
Italian ports and to the Trans-European Network at Greek borders are being considered by
interested countries. In the draft Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) the alignment reads as
follows: Bari/Brindisi - Dürres/Vlore – Tirana – Popgradec – Skopje – Sofija – Plovdiv – Burgas
– Varna.
CORRIDOR IX
CORRIDOR IX
Corridor IX is the longest of the ten Pan-European multi-modal Transport Corridors. The
Corridor starts in Helsinki (Finland), runs to St. Petersburg (Russia), where it splits into two
branches, one running to Moskva (Russia), the second to Pskov (Russia). Both branches come
together again in Kiev (Ukraine). In Ljubashevka/Rozdilna (Ukraine) the Corridor splits again.
One branch runs down to Odessa (Ukraine) on the Black Sea, whereas the main line continues
southwards to Chisinau (Moldova), further to Bucuresti (Romania), Dimitrovgrad (Bulgaria) and
ends at the Aegean Sea in the Greek port of Alexandroupolis.
CORRIDOR IX
Besides the above-mentioned branches there are two additional links. Both links start at the
Baltic Sea; one in Kaliningrad (Russia), the second in Klaipeda (Lithuania). In Kaunas
(Lithuania) both branches meet and continue via Vilnius (Lithuania) to Minsk (Belarus), where
Corridor IX crosses the Corridor II route and continues further to Kiev (Ukraine).
CORRIDOR X
CORRIDOR X
The Pan-European Transport Corridor X has been adopted during the third Pan-European
Transport Conference held in Helsinki in 1997. This multimodal transport link running from
Northwest to Southeast connects Salzburg (Austria) – Ljubljana (Slovenia) – Zagreb (Croatia) –
Beograd (FR Yugoslavia) – Nis (FR Yugoslavia) – Skopje (FYR of Macedonia) –
Veles (FYR of Macedonia) – Thessaloniki (Greece).
CORRIDOR X
The main axis is connected to the following cities or areas via four branches:
• Nis (FR Yugoslavia) – Sofija (Bulgaria) and further along Corridor IV to Istanbul;
and
If Europe is to fulfill its economic and social potential, it is essential to build the missing links
and remove the bottlenecks in our transport infrastructure, as well as to ensure the future
sustainability of our transport networks by taking into account the energy efficiency needs and
the climate change challenges.
In view of the growth in traffic between Member States, expected to double by 2020, the
investment required to complete and modernise a well-performing trans-European network is
substantial. The cost of EU infrastructure development to match the demand for transport has
been estimated at over € 1.5 trillion for 2010-2030.
The completion of the TEN-T network requires about € 550 billion until 2020 out of which some
€ 215 billion can be referred to the removal of the main bottlenecks. Given the scale of the
investment required, it is necessary to strengthen the coordination dimension of network
planning and development at European level, in close collaboration with national governments.
The European Union is supporting the TEN-T implementation by several financial instruments -
the TEN-T programme, the Cohesion Fund, the European Regional Development Fund and
European Investment Bank's loans and credit guarantees.
Goals for a competitive and resource efficient transport system: benchmarks for achieving the
60% GHG emission reduction target
• Developing and deploying new and sustainable fuels and propulsion systems
The new EU infrastructure policy – as agreed in trialogue negotiations between the European
Parliament, Council and European Commission – aims at creating a real network and no longer
focuses on isolated projects. The guidelines contain precise maps of the network which has been
identified on the basis of an objective methodology.
The new regulation provides for deadlines to make sure that all projects contributing to the core
transport network are implemented as a priority. It sets standards to ensure that trains, ships,
planes, trucks and cars can use the transport infrastructure safely and without any technical
problem. The core network is to be completed by 2030.
Core network corridors will be created as a way to promote the coordinated development of
infrastructure and resource-efficient ways of using it. The new policy focuses the most critical
elements: cross-border projects, interoperability and inter-modality between different means of
transport. European coordinators will support Member States and project promoters so as to reap
optimal benefit from all investments.
"This is a historic agreement to create a powerful European transport network across 28
Member States. Transport is vital to the European economy, without good connections Europe
will not grow or prosper. This agreement will connect East with West and replace today’s
transport patchwork with a network that is genuinely European. This is a major step towards
building a new transport network that will be the backbone to boost growth and competitiveness
in Europe's Single Market.“
Siim Kallas
European Commission Vice-President
Brussels, 30 May 2013
BIBLIOGRAFIE
http://www.iru.org/
http://www.icao.int/
http://www.iata.org/Pages/default.aspx
http://www.fiata.com/
http://www.lr.org/Default.aspx
https://www.bimco.org/
http://www.cit-rail.org/en/