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Cuvinte cheie: perturbatori endocrini, PBDE, PCB, perclorai, ftalai, nitrai, tiocianai, bisfenol A, izoflavone
Key words: endocrine disrupters, PBDE, PCB, perchlorates, phthalates, nitrates, thiocyanate, bisphenol A,
isoflavone
Rezumat
Perturbatorii endocrini sunt substane chimice de origine natural sau sintetic ce modific funciile
endocrine determinnd modificri metabolice grave, n special asupra nou-nscuilor. Acumularea i
persistena pe perioade lungi de timp a fcut s devin o prioritate n ceea ce privete sntatea i
mediul nconjurtor. Mecanismul de aciune se caracterizeaz prin blocarea, mimarea sau chiar
modificarea efectelor specifice hormonilor tiroidieni. n acest review, scopul principal a fost de a
determina ce efecte au perturbatorii endocrini asupra glandei tiroide, n special asupra biosintezei
hormonilor tiroidieni i stabilirea etapei n care intervin. Au fost luai n considerare percloraii, ftalaii,
DPBE, PCD, soia, izoflavonele, nitraii, tiocianaii, bisfenolii A i triclorsan. Intervenia acestora se poate
solda fie cu apariia hipertiroidismului fie cu apariia hipotiroidismului.
Abstract
Endocrine disrupters are natural or synthetic chemical substances that have the possibility to alter the
endocrine functions leading to serious metabolic changes especially in newborns. The accumulation and
persistence over long periods of time became a priority in terms of health and environment. The
mechanism of action is represented by blocking, mimicking or modifying the effects of thyroid
hormones. In this review, the main purpose was to determine what effects have the endocrine disruptors
on the thyroid gland, especially on the thyroid hormone biosynthesis and setting the stage involved by it.
We focused on the action of perchlorates, phthalates, BPC, PDPEs, soy, isoflavones, nitrates,
thiocyanates, bisphenol A and triclorsan and came to the conclusion that their intervention can result in
either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.
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Pap et al. Medicamentul Veterinar / Veterinary Drug
Unul din principalele roluri ale HT este n Mecanismele de aciune prin care
dezvoltarea perinatal a sistemului nervos perturbatorii pot interveni negativ asupra
central ce poate fi perturbat avnd ca rezultat homeostaziei glandei tiroide sunt (Figura 2):
retardare mental i defecte neurologice (44). Inhibarea aportului tiroidian de iod
n ultimii 50 de ani, o cauz important a Aciunea direct asupra receptorilor
acestor disrupii endocrine a fost expunerea la hormonilor tiroidieni
poluanii chimici, subiect ce a fost dezbtut Legarea de proteinele de transport
pentru prima dat de ctre Colborn n 2004. specifice hormonilor tiroidieni din circulaie
De atunci, numeroase date Inhibarea activitii tiroperoxidazei
epidemiologice au fost acumulate, (TPO)
dezvoltndu-se totodat diverse mecanisme Scderea timpului de njumtire a T4
de detectare, ajutndu-se la nelegerea prin activarea enzimelor hepatice.
mecanismului de aciune al perturbatorilor
endocrini de natur chimic (PEC) (44).
Figura 2. Mecanisme de aciune a substanelor chimice de mediu asupra axei hipotalamo-hipofizo-tiroidiana (21)
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Pap et al. Medicamentul Veterinar / Veterinary Drug
Tabel 1
Tipuri de perturbatori endocrini i efectul lor asupra homeostaziei tiroidiene (51)
Substana
Sursa Mecanismul de aciune Efectul
chimic
apa de ploaie, zpad, produse
Inhib aportul de iod n glanda
Perclorai alimentare, ape subterane, hipotiroidism
tiorid
ngrminte
electronice, textile i materiale de Aciune direct asupra
Etilen difenil construcie materialele plastice, receptorilor HT i ia locul HT prin Hipotiroidism sau
polibrominai materiale spumante, covoare i legarea de proteinele sangvine de hipertiroidism
tapierie transport
Bifenil transformatoare, echipamente Aciune direct asupra Hipotiroidism sau
policlorinai electrice, condensatoare receptorilor HT hipertiroidism
sfecl, elin, salat, blegar, ape Inhib aportul de iod n glanda
Nitrai hipotiroidism
subterane tiroid
varz, napi, conpid, brocoli, Inhib aportul de iod n glanda
Tiocianai hipotiroidism
varz de Brussel tiorid
produse i subproduse din soia,
Izoflavone Inhib aciunea tiroperoxidazei hipotiroidism
alune, cafea, ceai
jucrii, sticle de plastic, tuburi Aciune direct asupra
Ftalai hipertiroidism
medicale, lzi i cosmetice receptorilor HT
Pesticide Scade timpul de njumtire a T4
insecticide hipotiroidism
organoclorurate prin activarea enzimelor hepatice
Din 2001, de la Congresul din Stockholm Au fost realizate numeroase studii pentru
ce viza persistena poluanilor organici, i ce a determina efectele negative ale expunerii la
cerea interzicerea BPC i a altor poluani cum BPC n populaiile umane, n special asupra
sunt dioxinele i hexaclorobenzeni, datorit homeostaziei HT.
capacitii lor de a persista i vehicula n
mediu perioade lungi de timp, 180 de ri s-au
conformat interzicnd utilizarea lor.
Se estimeaz c 1.5 milioane de tone
metrice persist nc n mediul nconjurtor i
n alimente, expunnd populaia la PCB prin
alimentaie, n special prin consumul de pete
(57).
BPC sunt compui lipofili ce se
concentraz, n principal, n esuturile lipidice
i ser. n prezent au fost detectai inclusiv n
lapte, cordon ombilical i cord. Timpul de
njumtire al BPC la oameni este pn la 7
ani (39).
n 1989, Organizaia Mondial a Sntii
a raportat c, n Belgia, Germania i Olanda,
ri n care PCB se gsesc n concentraii mari
n lapte, nivelul de PCB era n laptele matern
ntre 392-762 g/kg (71), continund s scad
n ultimele trei decenii datorit creteri
capacitii de reglare a acestor compui (33). Figura 3. Efectele perturbatorilor asupra biosintezei
hormonilor tiroidieni (21)
Structura BPC este asemntoare cu cea Salay i Garabrant au suspectat c
a HT i se crede c i exercit aciunea prin aceste efecte negative sunt rezultatul
legarea i interacionarea cu receptorii HT, perturbrii homeostaziei HT (55).
avnd efect antagonic, de competiie (Figura Schantz (56) i Boucher (4) au
3) (45). demonstrat c expunerea la PCB este
asociat cu scderea funciei cognitive la copii,
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