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Materialul de fa este prezentat participanilor la Simpozionul Naional de Gastroenterologie i Hepatologie i Endoscopie Digestiv, Timioara, 911 iunie 2005, i unui juriu format din urmtorii experi n domeniu:
Achalovschi Monica Andreica V. Andronescu D. Bancu Ligia Blan G. Chira C. Ciurea T. Constantinescu G. Diculescu M. Dioiu Al. Drug V. Dumitru E. Gheorghe Liana Goldi A. Ioni Florentina Lenghel A. Miuescu E. Olteanu D. Oproiu Al. Oproiu C. Pascu O. Puca I. Stan Mrioara Stanciu C. Stoica V. Trifan Anca Voiculescu M. Voinea Fl. Voiosu R.
CUPRINS
Introducere ...................................................................................................... 4 Definiie. Terminologie ................................................................................... 4 Epidemiologie ................................................................................................. 4 Evaluarea preendoscopic n HDS non-variceal........................................ 5 Evaluarea clinic i endoscopic a severitii HDS..................................... 6 Sonda de aspiraie nasogastric i HDS non-variceal .............................. 7 Semnificaia EDS n urgen .......................................................................... 8 Terapia medicamentoas adjuvant n HDS non-variceal......................... 9 1. Medicamentele antisecretorii ................................................................. 9 2. Substanele vasoactive .......................................................................... 10 Tratamentul HDS non variceale .................................................................... 10 A) Ulcerul peptic hemoragic ..................................................................... 11 B) HDS non-variceal non-ulceroas ........................................................ 12 Endoscopia Second Look .......................................................................... 13 Locul chirurgiei n HDS activ non-variceal ............................................... 13 Bibliografie ........................................................................................................ 14
INTRODUCERE
n condiiile unei prevalene crescute i a mortalitii nc ridicate, realizarea unui consens naional privind hemoragia digestiv superioar non-variceal se impune ca o necesitate. Am dorit s realizm acest consens cuantificnd datele din literatura de specialitate, recomandrile altor societi de gastroenterologie (britanic, american, canadian, francez) i, nu n ultimul rnd, lund n considerare realitatea din Romnia. Elaborarea unui astfel de consens n hemoragia digestiv superioar non-variceal a fost o sarcin extrem de dificil, ntruct n Romnia numai cteva centre din ar, n general cele universitare, dispun de un serviciu permanent de endoscopie digestiv, cu dotare corespunztoare i personal calificat i antrenat care s poat analiza i efectua diagnosticul i tratamentul hemostatic optim n hemoragia digestiv superioar nonvariceal. n afara centrelor universitare pacienii ajung de cele mai multe ori n serviciile chirurgicale, crescnd nepermis de mult complicaiile, mortalitatea i costurile hemoragiei digestive nonvariceale. Consensul de fa, supus unui juriu de experi i prezentat n cadrul Simpozionului Naional de Gastroenterologie i Hepatologie, Timioara, 2005, aliniat standardelor internaionale, este un argument pentru toi factorii de decizie din ar pentru asigurarea bazei materiale i necesarului de resurse umane (medici i asistente) astfel nct n toate centrele de gastroenterologie existente n Romnia s se poat aplica managementul corect al hemoragiei digestive superioare non-variceale. Orice consens naional (deci i cel prezent) se adreseaz tuturor specialitilor din domeniul respectiv i specialitilor conexe i are rolul de a alinia algoritmul de diagnostic i tratament la standarde internaionale. Sperm ca n cel mai scurt timp acest consens naional, realizat sub egida Societii Romne de Gastroenterologie i Hepatologie i a Societii Romne de Endoscopie Digestiv, s fie mai mult dect un argument pentru dotare i pregtire profesional, s devin un mod de practic curent n toate centrele de gastroenterologie din ar. Autorii
DEFINIIE. TERMINOLOGIE
Hemoragia digestiv superioar (HDS): hemoragia din segmentele digestive situate ntre jonciunea faringoesofagian i cea duodenojejunal delimitat de ligamentul lui Treitz. HDS activ: sngerare acut exteriorizat prin hematemez i/sau melen i/sau hematochezie. Recidiva hemoragic: hematemez i/sau melen proaspt dup o perioad de 24 ore sau mai mult de stabilitate a semnelor vitale, cu scderea semnificativ a tensiunii arteriale, hemoglobinei, hematocritului i creterea pulsului. Hemoragia acut autolimitat: ncetarea sngerrii active cu stabilitate hemodinamic fr nici o eviden de continuare a pierderii de snge. HDS cronic: apare dup sptmni i/sau luni sub forma unei sngerri oculte sau recurente sau ca o anemie feripriv. HDS obscur: sngerare de origine necunoscut care persist sau reapare dup o evaluare endoscopic negativ. HDS obscur poate fi evident clinic (hematemez sau melen) sau poate avea manifestare ocult (anemie feripriv sau prezena hemoragiilor oculte).
EPIDEMIOLOGIE
Hemoragia digestiv superioar rmne una dintre cele mai mari, frecvente i importante urgene ale gastroenterologiei, din punct de vedere diagnostic, terapeutic i, nu n ultimul rnd, din punct de vedere al costurilor economice. n SUA sunt anual 300.000-350.000 de internri pentru
hemoragie digestiv (1). Sngerarea digestiv superioar este de 5 ori mai frecvent comparativ cu cea inferioar (2). HDS are o prevalen de aproximativ 170 cazuri la 100.000 locuitori i costuri estimate la 2,5 bilioane de dolari anual (3). 50% din HDS la pacienii cirotici sunt non-variceale (2), iar ulcerul gastric (UG) i duodenal (UD) este responsabil de peste jumtate din cazurile de HDS activ la aceti pacieni (4). Aceste cifre i procente nu vor dect s reliefeze o dat n plus importana HDS nonvariceale, ct i necesitatea unei opiuni comune pentru toi cei implicai n diagnosticul i tratamentul acesteia. Cu toate c n ultimele dou decenii tehnicile de diagnostic i tratament s-au ameliorat, doi parametri majori au rmas aproape neschimbai (5): mortalitatea care a rmas stabil la valori de 10-14%; recidiva hemoragic care a diminuat cu numai dou procente (de la 22 la 20%). Meninerea neschimbat a acestor doi parametri este consecina: 1. creterii duratei medii de via cu plasarea vrfului incidenei HDS peste 55 ani (6); 2. bolilor asociate preexistente sau agravate de episodul hemoragic (insuficien cardiac, renal, respiratorie, afeciuni maligne etc) (6); 3. creterii cu vrsta a consumului de aspirin i a altor antiinflamatorii non steroidiene (AINS) clasice sau moderne. Consumul de AINS crete riscul de HDS indiferent de etiologie (variceal sau nonvariceal); 4. infeciei cu Helicobacter pylori (Hp): n ulcer infecia cu Hp este cunoscut ca i cofactor de risc pentru hemoragie i perforaie (7); 5. aciunii sinergice a consumului de AINS i infeciei cu Hp, ambele fiind factori precipitani ai HDS (8). Cu toate c aceti doi parametri au fost modificai nesemnificativ n ultimele dou decenii, totui n epidemiologia HDS au intervenit cteva modificri. Incidena HDS active nonvariceale a sczut de la 61,7 la 47,7 la 100.000 de locuitori (5,9). Tratamentul susinut al infeciei cu Hp a determinat scderea prevalenei HDS active ulceroase (de la 60% la 52,2% n Europa (1-3) i de la 31,8 la 20%
n SUA (5,9, 10)). Pe de alt parte creterea duratei medii de via i creterea consumului de AINS a determinat creterea numrului de ulcere gastrice comparativ cu cele duodenale. Datele din Clinical Outcome Researche Initiative (CORI: 10) arat schimbarea clasicului raport : 2/3 UD, 1/3 UG n 56% UG i 44% UD (10). Aceast redistribuire semnalat att de studiile europene ct i de cele americane demonstreaz impactul terapiei infeciei cu Hp i al consumului de AINS asupra mucoasei gastro-duodenale. Astfel se explic parial procentul aproape neschimbat al mortalitii (creterea frecvenei UG cu evoluie mai sever comparativ cu cel duodenal) (10). Nu n ultimul rnd aceste analize epidemiologice au evideniat faptul c, dac n urm cu 1520 de ani terapia endoscopic n HDS activ nu era o opiune curent, n timp aceasta a devenit de elecie, chirurgia rmnnd indicat numai cazurilor n care terapia endoscopic nu a obinut hemostaz. Conform studiului prospectiv multicentric privind mortalitatea prin HDS realizat sub auspiciile Societii Romne de Endoscopie Digestiv n 2004, n Romnia exist o rat redus a mortalitii prin HDS non-variceal (2,6%) (11). Proporia HDS non-variceale din totalul hemoragiilor a fost de 74,7%, n ordinea frecvenei decelndu-se urmtoarele leziuni: ulcer duodenal, ulcer gastric, gastroduodenite erozive, esofagit de reflux, sindrom Mallory Weiss, neoplazii. n Romnia managementul HDS non-variceale nu este standardizat. n majoritatea centrelor universitare se efectueaz endoscopie digestiv superioar n primele 24 ore de la episodul hemoragic. Hemostaza endoscopic se realizeaz cu adrenalin sau alcool absolut. Terapia endoscopic combinat, endoscopia second look, folosirea inhibitorilor de pomp protonic (IPP), testarea i tratarea infeciei cu Hp nu au o conduit unitar. Ca urmare se impune elaborarea unui ghid naional de conduit care s se adreseze tuturor celor implicai n diagnosticul i tratamentul HDS non-variceale.
Tabel 1: ocul hipovolemic PIERDERE DE SNGE (ML) Pierdere de sange (%) Frecv.puls/min. TA Frecv.resp./min. Status mintal Necesar de soluii i transfuzii <750 <15% <100 Normal 14-20 Uoar anxietate Sol.cristaloide 750-1500 15-30% >100 Normal 20-30 Anxietate moderat Sol.cristaloide 1500-2000 30-40% >120 Sczut 30-40 Anxietate i stare confuzional Sol.cristaloide + snge >2000 >40% >140 Sczut >35 Confuzie i letargie Sol. cristaloide i snge
Redm schematic principalii factori clinici care influeneaz negativ evoluia HDS non-variceal: vrsta >60 ani ; comorbiditai severe; instabilitatea hemodinamic la internare; culoarea roie a aspiratului nasogastric; hematemeza sau hematochezia; necesarul de transfuzie > 5U; sngerare continu sau recurent; nevoia de chirurgie n urgen (27,28). Aceti parametri mpart pacienii n 2 categorii: cu risc clinic de recuren hemoragic crescut sau sczut. Scorul Blatchford, non endoscopic, poate fi folosit n evaluarea unei HDS non-variceale. Elementele clinico-biologice ale acestui scor sunt date de evaluarea urmtorilor parametri: uree, Hb, TA sistolic, puls, melen, hematemez, sincop, suferina hepatic i cardiac (26). Alturi de parametrii clinici, cei endoscopici au fost studiai pentru evaluarea recurenei i prognosticului unei HDS. Cea mai utilizat clasificare endoscopic este clasificarea Forrest: IA - sngerare n jet, pulsatil, arterial IB - prelingere continu nepulsatil a sngelui dintr-o leziune II - stigmate de sngerare recent IIA - vas vizibil nesngernd IIB - cheag aderent IIC - baz de culoare neagr a leziunii III - nici un stigmat de sngerare.
Laine i Peterson dup analiza a 37 trialuri prospective au stabilit corespondena procentual ntre leziunile endoscopice i frecvena resngerrii. Acest lucru a fost confirmat i de alte studii (4, 14, 29-31). Astfel, n sngerarea activ frecvena resngerrii este de 55-90%, iar in stigmatele de sngerare recent este de: 40-50%-vase vizibile; 10-33%-cheaguri aderente; 7-10%-baz neagr a ulcerului; 3-5%-baz curat, alb a ulcerului.
Riscul de resngerare este crescut n ulcerele mari (> 2 cm), n localizarea bulbar postero-inferioar i gastric nalt (4,29). Aceste date clinice i endoscopice au dus la apariia scorurilor de predicie a mortalitaii i recurenelor hemoragice. Scorul Rockall a fost validat de majoritatea studiilor (32-35) (Tabel 2). n scorul Rockall fiecare variabil este notat i astfel un scor 3 are prognostic bun i unul 8 are risc crescut de deces. O metod nou, derivat din endoscopie, puin aplicat n practica clinic, este eco-endoscopia Doppler (31). Aceasta permite aprecierea riscului de sngerare (semnal Doppler pozitiv n vas) i eficiena terapiei endoscopice. Necesit confirmare pe studii largi, randomizate, pentru a putea fi recomandat ca explorare de rutin n evaluarea HDS non-variceale.
Tabel 2: Scorul Rockall Variabila Vrst (ani) oc hemoragic 0 < 60 Fr semne de oc, puls<100/min, TAs>100 mmHg Fr comorbiditi majore 1 60-79 Tahicardie puls>100/min, TAs>100 mmHg 2 80 Hipotermie, puls>100/min, TAs<100 mmHg Insuf cardiac, cardiopatie ischemic Neoplasm cu localizare n tractul digestiv superior Snge, cheaguri aderente, vase vizibile nesngernde sau sngernde n jet 3
Comorbiditate Diagnostic
Sdr. Mallory Weiss, fr Toate celelalte leziuni, fr stigmate de diagnostice sngerare recent Stigmate majore Nici un stigmat sau numai baz de culoare de sngerare neagr recent
R E C O M A N D R I (nivel A*)
Riscul de resngerare i deces mparte pacienii n 2 grupe: cu risc nalt sau sczut n funcie de urmtorii factori: a) clinici: vrsta, comorbiditi, starea de oc (sngerare activ, hematemeza sau hematochezia), aspirat de culoare roie, necesarul de transfuzii, sngerarea continu sau recurent, nevoia de chirurgie n urgen ; b) endoscopici: sngerare activ i stigmate de sngerare recent (clasificare Forrest). Aceste 2 categorii de parametri pot fi cuantificate n scoruri, din care acceptat de majoritatea studiilor este scorul Rockall.
* nivel A recomandri bazate pe metaanalize sau trialuri controlate randomizate; nivel B recomandri bazate pe trialuri controlate sau alte studii cvasi-experimentale; nivel C recomandri bazate pe studii descriptive, comparative, corelaionale, caz-control; nivel D recomandri bazate pe rapoarte, opinii, experiena clinic a experilor.
RECOMANDRI
Dup evaluare clinic, umoral biochimic i reechilibrare hemodinamic, plasarea unei sonde de aspiraie nasogastric i analizarea aspectului aspiratului are valoare orientativ n evaluarea HDS (nivel C). Recomandm folosirea ei dac nu se poate efectua imediat endoscopie digestiv superioar (nivel D).
R E C O M A N D R I (nivel A)
Efectuarea n urgen a endoscopiei diagnostice i terapeutice.
1. Medicamente antisecretorii
Fibrinoliza crescut din mucoasa gastroduodenal n ulcerul hemoragic poate fi diminuat prin scderea aciditii gastrice, tiut fiind c agregabilitatea plachetar i stabilitatea cheagului de fibrin au nevoie de un pH susinut peste 6 (55). La nceput pentru obinerea unui pH gastric ridicat
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s-au folosit inhibitorii receptorilor H2. Dou metaanalize, ambele cu antagoniti H2 (una realizat n 1985 de Collins i Langman (56) care a inclus 27 trialuri randomizate cu peste 2.500 de pacieni i alta n 2000 de Selby (57) care a inclus 21 trialuri randomizate cu 3.566 de pacieni) au artat rezultate discordante, nu ntotdeauna statistic semnificative, cu privire la mbuntirea procentului de resngerare, mortalitate i chirurgie n urgen. Levin et al n 2002 (58) ntr-o metaanaliz asupra rolului antagonistilor H2 n ulcerul peptic hemoragic demonstreaz c administrarea i.v. a inhibitorilor H2 nu reuete s mbunteasc statistic semnificativ parametrii enumerai anterior probabil datorit imposibilitii de a reduce semnificativ i susinut aciditatea. Locul inhibitorilor receptorilor H2 a fost luat de inhibitorii pompei de protoni (IPP) care, n plus, nu determin tolerana receptorilor. IPP i-au dovedit superioritatea comparativ cu anti H2 n HDS nonvariceal (59). Primul studiu randomizat care susine beneficiul IPP n ulcerul peptic hemoragic a fost publicat de Khuroo n 1997 (60). Acesta a artat c omeprazolul administrat 40 mg x 2/zi determin n HDS acut scderea resngerrii i a necesitii interveniei chirurgicale comparativ cu placebo (9% respectiv 35% i 7% respectiv 24%). De semnalat faptul c n studiul lui Khuroo nu s-a efectuat endoscopie digestiv superioar premergtor administrrii IPP. Un studiu cunoscut este i cel prospectiv al lui Lau pe 240 de pacieni cu ulcer peptic cu hemoragie activ sau stigmate de sngerare recent (61). Aceti pacieni au beneficiat de biterapie endoscopic plus tratament cu IPP sau placebo. Sngerarea recurent a fost de 6,7% n grupul care a primit omeprazol i de 22,5% n cel care a primit placebo, alturi de terapie hemostatic endoscopic. Majoritatea resngerrilor au fost n primele 72 ore. Nu exist studii care s compare eficiena IPP oral versus administrarea i.v., iar doza optim nu poate fi stabilit cu certitudine. Totui, IPP administrai injectabil n bolus 80 mg urmat de perfuzie 8 mg/or 72 ore determin reducerea imediat i de lung durat a aciditii gastrice, comparativ cu administrarea oral de IPP
care produce inhibiia secreiei gastrice acide dup 48-72 ore (62). Este necesar bolusul pentru inhibarea rapid i complet a pompei de protoni, iar perfuzia continu pentru meninerea constant a concentraiei IPP n snge i a pH-ului peste 6 mai mult de 24 ore (timpul de njumtire al IPP este n jur de o or) (63). Administrarea de IPP iv (bolus i perfuzie continu 72 ore) asociat cu tratament endoscopic al ulcerului hemoragic conduc la scderea recidivelor hemoragice, necesarului de transfuzii i a duratei spitalizrii (12,13,64,65). n ulcerul peptic hemoragic dup terapie endoscopic + bolus IPP 80 mg + perfuzie continu 72 ore cu IPP se recomand continuarea tratamentului cu IPP p.o. ntruct exist riscul de resngerare la ntreruperea tratamentului i.v. (13). Acesta este momentul optim al iniierii tratamentului infeciei asociate (dac exist) cu Hp. S-a dovedit c, infecia cu Hp este factor de risc independent pentru resngerare, dar nu este implicat n sngerarea imediat (12,55,66). O alt problem important este cea a momentului iniierii tratmentului cu IPP: nainte sau dup efectuarea endoscopiei. Administrarea de IPP se face imediat dup constatarea i evaluarea HDS naintea examenului endoscopic (67,68).
2. Substane vasoactive
Somatostatina i omologul ei sintetic octreotidul diminu fluxul portal venos i pe cel arterial n stomac i duoden i conserv fluxul renal (69,70). Metaanaliza a 14 studii pe 1829 pacieni cu HDS non-variceal a artat urmtoarele: sandostatina sau octreotidul comparativ cu inhibitorii H2 sau placebo scad riscul de continuare a sngerrii i de resngerare (71). Aceste substane sunt mai active n ulcerul peptic hemoragic comparativ cu celelalte cauze de hemoragii non-variceale. Aceste rezultate pozitive nu sunt statistic semnificative. Metaanaliza lui Bardou precum i alte studii randomizate au artat c nici somatostatina, nici octreotidul nu au rezultate superioare terapiei hemostatice endoscopice (53, 70, 72-75).
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RECOMANDRI
Inhibitorii H2 nu reduc frecvena resngerrii, necesarul de chirurgie n urgen i mortalitatea (nivel A). Tratamentul cu IPP se ncepe imediat dup constatarea HDS, dac nu se poate efectua imediat EDS (nivel B). Doza recomandat: bolus 80 mg, urmat de perfuzie continu 8 mg/h, 72 ore (nivel B). Dup 72 h se continu cu IPP pe cale oral, moment n care se introduce, dac este necesar, terapia infeciei cu Hp (nivel B). Nu se recomand n mod obinuit terapia cu substane vasoactive (somatostatin, octreotid) (nivel A).
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schimbarea permanent a opticii de tratament, de la recomandarea de conduit din anii 1990 de splare uoar a leziunii i intervenie endoscopic n cazuri selecionate (97), la conduita din 2004, mai agresiv, care recomand ndeprtarea mecanic a cheagurilor i terapie termal a stigmatelor acoperite de acestea (41). ndeprtarea cheagului poate nsemna un nou episod hemoragic i de aceea se face cu precauie n urmtorii timpi: se injecteaz adrenalin prin cheag, sau n cele patru cadrane care-l delimiteaz; dup care mecanic (ans de polipectomie) se ndeprteaz cheagul i se continu hemostaza prin coagularea termal a vaselor vizibile (41,97). Atitudinea conservatoare fa de cheagul aderent, sprijinit de unele studii la sfritul anilor 90 (97), este contrabalansat de studii noi (98-100) care arat c terapia endoscopic reduce semnificativ resngerarea comparativ cu terapia medicamentoas.
Terapia mecanic, prin folosirea de clipuri la nivelul vaselor vizibile, ca metod hemostatic unic sau continuat cu alte tehnici, a fost folosit n numeroase trialuri cu rezultate promitoare (101-103). ntr-un recent trial controlat randomizat pe un lot relativ mic de pacieni - 47, tehnica hemostazei prin clipare a avut rezultate similare cu terapia combinat (injectarea cu adrenalin i electrocoagulare bipolar) (104). ntr-un alt studiu randomizat n ulcerul peptic cu sngerare activ, hemostaza cu clipuri a fost gsit superioar injectrii de soluie salin hiperton i adrenalin (105). Sunt necesare studii viitoare care s demonstreze superioritatea hemostazei prin tehnica cliprii; n prezent aceasta este recomandat n caz de eec al terapiei termale prealabile, atunci cnd exist risc crescut de perforaie sau coagulopatie (105).
RECOMANDRI
Terapia cu IPP i a infeciei cu Hp a fost tratat n capitole separate. Beneficiaz de tratament endoscopic ulcerele hemoragice Forrest IA,B, II A,B (nivel A). Monoterapia prin oricare din tehnicile de hemostaz este superioar tratamentului placebo, eficiena metodelor de monoterapie fiind comparabil indiferent de tehnic (nivel A). Biterapia este superioar monoterapiei, determinnd reducerea recurenei hemoragice, a chirurgiei n urgen i a mortalitii n toate cazurile i n special la pacienii n vrst cu comorbiditi (nivel A). Succesul terapeutic este direct proporional cu experiena endoscopistului terapeut. Se recomand alegerea metodelor de hemostaz n funcie de experiena personal i dotarea centrului (nivel D). Atitudinea modern fa de cheagul aderent (ulcerul hemoragic Forrest stadiul II B) este agresiv: ndeprtare mecanic a cheagului dup injectare de adrenalin urmat de hemostaz prin tehnici termale (nivel C).
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care rezult din aceste studii este c injectarea de adrenalin se nsoete de o frecven crescut de resngerare (110,111). Ectazia vasculara antral, telangiectazia ereditar Rendu Osler, angiodisplaziile beneficiaz de tratament endoscopic. Se pot folosi: coagulare cu argon plasm (112) (metod de elecie n leziunile ntinse n suprafa), fotocoagulare laser (113-115), ligaturi elastice (113, 116) i mai puin termocoagularea cu risc de a induce o nou hemoragie. Nu exist n prezent trialuri prospective care s compare metodele de tratament n hemoragia acut indus de malformaiile vasculare. Patologia tumoral Patologia tumoral este responsabil de pn la 5% din HDS active non-variceale (14).
Conduita n aceste leziuni nu este standardizat datorit n primul rnd heterogenitii leziunilor (14). Sunt citate: injeciile endoscopice hemostatice vasoconstrictoare (adrenalina 1/10.000), sclerozante (alcool absolut), necrozante (polidocanol) sau coagularea cu argon plasm. Hemostaza poate fi paliativ sau o punte pentru intervenia chirurgical. Patologia iatrogena Reprezint o entitate etiologic relativ nou, dezvoltat paralel cu tehnicile endoscopice terapeutice (colangiopancreatografie retrograd endoscopic, polipectomie, mucosectomie). n aceste situaii nu exist o terapie standardizat, cel mai frecvent fiind folosite: injecii hemostatice vasoconstrictoare cu adrenalin, clipuri i argon plasma (112, 117).
RECOMANDRI
n HDS non-variceal, non-ulceroas terapia endoscopic (nestandardizat) i-a dovedit eficacitatea (nivel C). Dac n angiodisplazii se prefer coagularea cu argon plasm (nivel C) n restul leziunilor nu exist o tehnic endoscopic standardizat. Hemostaza va fi efectuat n funcie de experiena endoscopistului i dotarea centrului (nivel D).
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Analiznd aceste 4 posibiliti s-a putut trage concluzia urmtoare: endoscopia de control n cazuri selecionate cu risc nalt de sngerare reduce resngerarea, scade numrul interveniilor chirurgicale i al deceselor. Administrarea i.v. de IPP scade la jumtate nevoia unei endoscopii de control. Patru trialuri randomizate prospective efectuate naintea studiului lui Spiegel care urmresc eficiena endoscopiei de control dup hemostaza endoscopic ajung la aceleai concluzii (119-122). Exist ns i studii randomizate care arat c endoscopia second look nu este eficace i nu
face dect s creasc nejustificat numrul de proceduri i complicaiile legate de o nou instrumentare (123). Diagnosticul endoscopic precoce mpreun cu terapia hemostatic endoscopic i administrarea i.v. de IPP reuesc n proporie de 80-90% s opreasc sngerarea, s reduc recurena hemoragic i n final s scad mortalitatea. Cu toate acestea este important s recunoatem c exist n unele situaii o limitare a succesului hemostazei endoscopice, iar actele de eroism pentru evitarea interveniei chirurgicale nu reuesc totdeauna.
RECOMANDRI
Recomandm endoscopia de control n urmtoarele situaii: - dac iniial nu am decelat sursa sngerrii (nivel B); - dac apar semne clinice sau biologice de resngerare (nivel A); Nu se recomand second look-ul de rutin n toate cazurile de HDS non-variceal ntruct cresc costurile i nu exist beneficii majore (nivel A).
RECOMANDRI
Orice pacient cu HDS non-variceal va fi preluat de o echip mixt, format din gastroenterolog, chirurg i medic de terapie intensiv (nivel D); Intervenie chirurgical n urgen n HDS sever n care EDS nu se poate efectua sau tratamentul endoscopic eueaz (nivel D); n condiiile recurenei hemoragice se recomand o nou hemostaz endoscopic i dac aceasta eueaz se efectueaz n urgen intervenie chirurgical (nivel B).
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
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