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DE ANXIETATE
Tulburrile din spectrul anxios includ trsturi de fric i anxietate excesiv precum i
perturbri comportamentale asociate cu acestea. Dei frica i anxietatea au manifestri
asemntoare pentru unii autori chiar identice de cele mai multe ori ele sunt vzute ca
prezentnd diferene suficient de mari nct s se justifice existena unor conceptualizri diferite.
n acest sens, anxietatea este vzut ca un rspuns generalizat la un pericol necunoscut, ea
incluznd mecanisme cognitive i prezena nesiguranei, n timp ce frica reprezint o reacie la un
pericol cunoscut i extern (Steimer, 2002).
Conform DSM V (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), tulburrile anxioase includ:
Concluzii i implicaii
Studiile i teoriile evoluioniste descrise succint mai sus arat faptul c diferite tipuri de
anxietate au funcii adaptative diferite. Unii autori, ca Stein si Nesse (2011) susin c mbinarea
unui cadru evoluionist cu neurotiinele cognitiv-afective ar putea duce la explicaii mai
cuprinztoare a acestor tulburri, cu posibile implicaii clinice.
Explicaiile evoluioniste ale tulburrilor de anxietate nu nlocuiesc teoriile curente, ci le
completeaz, prin identificarea cauzelor distale ale acestor condiii. Spre exemplu, ele ajut la
nelegerea anumitor fenomene precum stingerea i reactivarea fricii: dei terapia de expunere d
rezultate bune n anumite tipuri de fobii, rspunsul fobic n sine nu se dezva (Marks & Toben a,
1990), ci un proces cortical nou nvat l suprim pe cel vechi (Quirk, 2002), astfel nct frica
poate fi reactivat. Practic, condiionarea fricii ar fi localizat n amigdal, iar dispariia fricii ar
fi un proces ce are loc n cortexul prefrontal, ceea ce face ca frica iniial s se poat manifesta n
continuare n anumite situaii.
Mai mult, teoriile evoluioniste i, implicit, funciile adaptative ale anumitor tulburri de
anxietate pot oferi perspective psihofarmacologice noi, n sensul diferenierii ntre situaiile n care
anxietatea este debilitant (n care medicaia poate fi util) i cele n care anxietatea are un rol
adaptativ. n acest sens Nesse (2002) susine de exemplu c explicaiile evoluioniste ar putea s
valideze i mai mult tratamentul medicamentos. Dac atacurile de panic reprezint n esen
rezultate fals pozitive reacii inutile la pericole inexistente atunci tratamentul cu anxiolitice
poate ridica pragul la care se manifest anxietatea. Astfel, explic autorul, pacienii pot nelege
faptul c medicaia nu ajut doar la nbuirea simptomelor, ci i la o soluionare pe termen mai
lung a acestora.
n interveniile psihologice, explicarea funciilor adaptative ale anxietii poate deveni o
parte important a tratamentului, lucru ce se poate concretiza ntr-o acceptare mai mare a acestor
condiii i o reducere a disfuncionalitilor asociate cu acestea.
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