ECDIS

ECDIS ECDIS
Unitatea de nvare nr. 1 1. Ce nseamn ECDIS?

Sistemul ECDIS este un sistem de navigaie computerizat alctuit n principal
dintr-un computer, o baz de date standardizata i senzori de navigaie. Pe
Cadrul Legal lng afiarea informaiilor de navigaie n timp real, sistemul ECDIS este utilizat
i pentru ndeplinirea altor funcii de navigaie ca de exemplu: planificarea rutei,
Unitatea de nvare nr. 1..........................................................................1
monitorizare i avertizare automat.
1. Ce nseamn ECDIS?................................................................................2
2. Cine reglementeaz cerinele ECDIS? .....................................................2 IMO - SOLAS Capitolul V Regula 19.2
3. Sistemul de Back-up................................................................................3 Organizaia Maritim Internaionala (IMO) a adoptat n sesiunea numrul 86 din
4. Acronime.................................................................................................4
26 Mai 5 Iunie 2009, prin Maritime Safety Committee, reguli referitoare la
5. Intrebri i rspunsuri .............................................................................4
obligativitatea existenei echipamentelor ECDIS.
6. Bibliografie ..............................................................................................7
2.1 Toate navele indiferent de dimensiunile acestora trebuie s aib:
2.1.4 Hri de navigaie i publicaii nautice pentru

planificarea i afiarea rutei navei pentru voiajul pe care
intenioneaz s l performeze, i pentru plotarea i
monitorizarea poziiei pe timpul voiajului; sistemele ECDIS
pot fi acceptate ca fiind conforme cerinelor referitoare la
hrile de navigaie menionate n acest paragraf.
2.1.5 Un sistem de Back-up care s ndeplineasc cerinele

OBIECTIVELE unitii de nvare nr. 1 funcionale din paragraful de mai sus, dac acestea sunt
parial sau total ndeplinite de mijloace electronice.
nelegerea noiunii de ECDIS

Cunoaterea cadrului Legal 2. Cine reglementeaz cerinele ECDIS?
nelegerea sistemului de Back-up Amendamentele Conveniei internaionale SOLAS Capitolul V Regula 19.2.10
Familiarizarea cu acornimele specific obligativitatea dotrii navelor angajate n voiage internaionale de a fi
utilizate n contextul ECDIS echipate cu sisteme ECDIS conform graficului din Figura 1.
Not: Navele pot fi exceptate a ndeplini cerinele conform graficului dac

vor fi permanenet scoase din uz n timp de doi ani dup data de
implementare specificat.
1 2
ECDIS ECDIS
4. Acronime
AIS Automatic Identification Systems
ARPA Automatic
COLREG International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
CPA Closest Point of Approach
DGPS Differential Global Positioning System
DR Dead Reckoning
ECDIS Electronic Chart Display and Information System
ECDB Electronic Chart Data Base
EC Electronic Chart
ECS Electronic Chart System
Fig. 1 Implementarea ECDIS ENC Electronic Navigational Chart
ENCDB Electronic Navigation Chart Database
ER Echo Reference
3. Sistemul de Back-up. ERBL Electronic Range and Bearing Line
n completarea paragrafului 19.2.1.5 SOLAS detaliaz sensul sistemului de Back- GMT Greenwich Mean Time
up: GPS Global Positioning System
IBS Integrated Bridge System
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
Not explicativ:
IMO International Maritime Organisation
NACOS Navigation and Control System
Ca sistem de Back-up pentru echipamentul ECDIS poate fi folosit
NTM Notices to Mariners
un set de hri de navigaie de hrtie corespunztoare. Alte
MSC Maritime Safety Committee
sisteme de Back-up sunt acceptabile ...
RCDS Raster Chart Display System
RNC Raster Navigational Chart
SENC System Electronic Navigation Chart
Cu toate acestea, SOLAS specific faptul c este potrivit a folosi doar hri de SOLAS Safety of Life at Sea
navigaie i publicaii n urmtoarele situaii: nave neimplicate n voiaje TCPA Time to Closest Point of Approach
internaionale, nave care vor fi scoase din uz n urmtorii doi ani dup data de UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
implementare, i nave de transport mrfuri angajate n voiaje internaionale dar
avnd tonaj sub limitele specificate. 5. Intrebri i rspunsuri
3 4
ECDIS ECDIS
1. Care sunt condiiile pentru ca un echipament ECDIS s poat fi - Sursa de electricitate pentru ambele sisteme ECDIS trebuie s fie
considerat a ndeplini specificaiile COLREG Cap V, Regula 19.2.1.4? echivalente cerinelor pentru alte sisteme de navigaie specificate n
Echipamentul ECDIS trebuie s respecte specificaiile prevzute n IMO ECDIS SOLAS Regula V19. Ambele sisteme trebuie s fie conectate la sursele
Performance Standards, IMO Resolutions A.817 (19), MSC.64 (67) and MSC.86 de electricitate principale i de urgen. Shimbarea sursei de
(70). Pentru a ndeplini specificaiile SOLAS Regula 19.2.1.4 echipamentul ECDIS electricitate nu trebuie s necesite repornirea echipamentului ECDIS.
trebuie s dein certificat de type approved. Pentru a satisface aceste cerine echipamentul ECDIS trebuie s fie
conectat la o surs electricitate de rezerv (n modul UPS), cu o
2. Care sunt condiiile pentru ca un echipament ECDIS s poat fi folosit capacitate de cel puin 30 minute.
pentru navigaie?
- Cnd sursa de electricitate de rezerv (UPS) este folosit, acest fapt
Nu toate sistemele de hri electronice ECS sunt ECDIS. Dup cum este trebuie indicat pe puntea de comand prin semnal audio i vizual.
specificat mai sus, doar un sistem ECDIS aprobat poate fi folosit pentru
asigurarea navigaiei. Sintetiznd, putem spune c un echipament ECDIS poate - Hrile folosite trebuie s fie oficiale ENC sau RNC, aa cum sunt
fi folosit pentu navigaie dac sunt ndeplinite simultan urmtoarele condiii: definite de Regula v/2.2 a conveniei SOLAS i a standardelor aplicabile.
este folosit cu hri corespunztoare ENC (S57/SENC); sistemul are certificat de - Updatarea informaiilor din hri trebuie s se fac la aceleai intervale
type approved; este aprobat de administraia statului de pavilion; are un cum sunt n prezent realizate prin intermediul NTM (avizelor pentru
sistem de back-up aprobat. navigatori), furnizate de un Hydrographic Office autorizat.
3. Ce nseamn sistem de Back-up pentru echipamentul ECDIS? - Cnd se naviga n ape pentru care exist ENC i RNC, navigaia trebuie
ECDIS Performance standards specific cerinele pentru sistemul de back-up s se efectueze utiliznd ENC. n situaia n care nu sunt disponibile la
ns nu indic ce sisteme ndeplinesc acele cerine. Cu toate acestea, SOLAS bord hri ENC sau RNC up-date-ate, trebuie folosite hri de hrtie up-
Regula V19 prevede c pot fi folosite hri de hrtie corespunztoare. date-ate.
Posibilitatea de a folosi alte sisteme de back-up, cu excepia celor de hrtie, 5. Ce tip de hri de navigaie este preferat a fi folosite n contextul
trebuie s fie stabilit de organizaiile maritime din domeniu. ECDIS?
4. Ce condiii trebuie s ndeplineasc sistemul de back-up? Sistemul ECDIS trebuie s foloseasc Hri Electronice de Navigaie - Electronic
Navigaional Charts (ENC), care corespund standardelor definite de Organizaia
Dac nava este echipat cu un al doilea sistem ECDIS, ca sistem de back-up
Hirdografica Internaional - Internaional Hydrographic Organization (IHO).
pentru primul ECDIS, acest al doilea sistem poate fi acceptat c o alternativ a
Acestea sunt cunoscute sub denumirea official ENC.
utilizrii hrilor de hrtie corespunztoare.
Acestea trebuie s ndeplineasc urmtoarele cerine:
- Ambele sisteme de ECDIS, primar i secundar, trebuie s fie total

independente i s dein certificate de type approved, conform
standardelor n vigoare (Rezoluia A817(19), cu amendamentele,
standardele IEC 61162-1 i IEC 61174, Rezoluia 232(82));
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ECDIS
6. Bibliografie
Applied Research International, 2009. Electronic Chart Display & Information

System, New Delhi: Compiled by ARI Faculty;
Gale, H. 2009. From Paper Charts to ECDIS a practical voyage plan, London
The Nautical Institute.
IMO, 2012. The Manila Amendments to the STCW Convention and Code,
London: International Maritime Organization.
IMO Resolution A817(19), Performance Standards for ECDIS, London:
International Maritime Organization.
IMO Resolution MSC. 86(70), annex 3, Performance standards for integrated
Navigation systems, London: International Maritime Organization.
IMO Resolution MSC. 86 (70), Adoption of new and amended performance
standards for navigational equipment. London: International Maritime
Organization.
IMO Resolution MSC. 64 (67), Recommendations on new and amended
performance standards. London: International Maritime Organization.
IMO Resolution SN/ Circ. 207, Difference between RCDS and ECDIS. London:
Norris, A. 2010. ECDIS and Positioning, London: The Nautical Institute.
North of England P&I Association, 2011. ECDIS: the risk of over-reliance, UK:
North of England P&I Association.
Weintrit, A. Operational considerations for Electronic Chart Display and
Information System,
Weintrit, A. 2008. Operational Requirements for Electronic Chart Display and
Information Systems (ECDIS). Procedural and Organizational Considerations.
Journal Transport Problems, 3(2).
Weintrit, A. 2009. The Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS).
An Operational Handbook, A Balkema Book, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis
Group.
7
Hrile electronice de navigaie Hrile electronice de navigaie
Unitatea de nvare nr. 2 1. Clasificarea hrilor electronice?

De-a lungul timpului hrile de navigaie au fost clasificate din diferite puncte de
vedere. Trecnd de la hrile de hrtie la cele electronice a aprut necesitatea
Hrile electronice de navigaie introducerii unei clasificri a hrilor electronice, din punctul de vedere al
modului n care acestea au fost produse: raster i vectoriale.
1. Clasificarea hrilor electronice? ............................................................2
2. RNC Hri de navigaie n format Raster ..............................................2 2. RNC Hri de navigaie n format Raster
3. ENC (S-57) Hri Electronice de Navigaie............................................3
4. Analiza comparativ a hrilor n format Raster i Vectorial ..................5 O prim categorie este bazat pe stocarea i afiarea imaginii unei hri de
5. Principalele tipuri de Sisteme de Hri Electronice.................................6 hrtie n format digital. n principiu aceast imagine poate fi afiat pe monitor
6. Intrebri i rspunsuri .............................................................................7 cu diferite mrimi, permind o vizualizare de ansamblu a ntregii hri i de
7. Bibliografie ..............................................................................................9 asemenea a unei zone de interes la scara hrii de hrtie. Aceast categorie este
cunoscut ca Raster Electronic Chart Harta electronic n format raster.
RNC este definit de IMO astfel:
O reproducere facsimil a unei hri de hrtie creat de, sau

distribuit sub autoritatea unui birou hidrografic guvernamental
autorizat. RNC este termenul utilizat ..., pentru a defini fie o
singur hart, fie o colecie de hri.
OBIECTIVELE unitii de nvare nr. 2
Diferena dintre o hart electronic n format raster i o fotografie digital este

nelegerea noiunii de hart aceea c hrile raster permit ca fiecare pixel s fie definit ca i poziie n funcie
electronic de latitudine i longitudine. Astfel, sistemul de afiare a hrilor poate
Cunoaterea diferenei dintre suprapune imaginea hrii cu alte informaii referitoare la poziie, ca de
hrile raster i vectoriale exemplu: poziia navei proprii, drepte de relevment, cercuri de distan, inte
Cunoaterea pricipalelor tipuri de plotate, fie din sistem la solicitarea utilizatorului, fie din alte surse (Radar sau
Sisteme de Hri Electronice AIS).
1 2
Cele mai cunoscute tipuri de hri raster sunt: ENC este definit de IMO astfel:
- Hydrographic Chart Raster Format (HCRF), dezvoltate de Biroul
Datele n format vectorial construite pentru a fi utilizate
Hidrografic United Kingdom i sunt folosite astfel: n UK ARCS,
mpreun cu echipamentul ECDIS au fost definite de Organizaia
Australia (Seafarer) i n Noua Zeeland (NZMariner).
Hidrografic Internaional (IHO) i poart denumirea de ENC.
- BSB Format este dezvoltat de USA i este utilizat de ctre NOOA n USA
Crearea acestora are la baz standardul IHO S-57.
i RNC n Canada.
Hrile oficiale RNC sunt meninute prin update-uri regulate de ctre

autoritile hidrografice. Hrile RNC furnizeaz o reprezentare fidel a hrilor
de hrtie iar atunci cnd sunt utilizate cu echipamentul ECDIS autoritile
hidrografice consider c acestea sunt un echivalent al hrilor de hrtie. Hrile vectoriale folosesc, pentru a reprezenta caracteristicile hrilor, puncte,
linii, poligoane date prin coordonatele acestora i coduri specifice. Datorit
Dezavantajul produselor raster RNC este acela c nu furnizeaz informaii
faptului c informaiile hrilor vectoriale sunt disponibile n straturi layers,
detaliate la fel ca hrile electronice vectoriale ENC, care atunci cnd sunt
acestea se numesc inteligente.
folosite cu echipamentul ECDIS furnizeaz utilizatorului informaii utile pentru
sigurana navigaiei, ca de exemplu: zone mai puin adnci, pericole de Avantajul dispunerii detaliilor n straturi este acela c se poate limita suma de
navigaie, nlimi ale podurilor. informaii afiat pe display, reducnd astfel aglomerarea zonei de navigaie cu
informaii ce nu servesc n acel moment asigurrii navigaiei.
Ceea ce le face atractive pentru navigatori este faptul c arat exact ca i hrile
de hrtie. Hrile ENC dispun de un mecanism de update-are i pot fi folosite att n
sistem ECDIS ct i ECS. Corectarea hrilor este detaliat ntr-un capitol
3. ENC (S-57) Hri Electronice de Navigaie dedicat.
Acestea sunt hrile electronice de navigaie n format acceptat de autoritile Hrile de navigaie ENC sunt create pentru a fi utilizate la diferite scri pentru
hidrografice internaionale. Formatul acestora este vectorial n acord cu anumite scopuri Usage Bands. Scara hrii ce trebuie utilizat n cadrul
specificaiile Standarului S-57. Coninutul este comparabil cu cel al hrilor navigaiei ntr-o anumit zon este la nivel de recomandare a IHO, prezentate n
publicate pe hrtie. Unele autoriti hidrografice furnizeaz de asemenea date tabelul alturat.
adiionale rezultate n urma cercetrilor hidrografice, punnd la dispoziia
utilizatorului detalii ce nu sunt coninute n hrile de hrtie. Tabel 1 Scara hrii n funcie de zona vizat
Numrul Tipul hrii Scara hrii
6 Berthing 1:2 000 to 1:5 000
5 Harbour 1:2 000 to 1:25 000
4 Approach 1:20 000 to 1:50 000
3 Coastal 1:50 000 to 1: 150 000
3 4
2 General 1:150 000 to 1:400 000 caracteristicile hrilor

1 Overview Mai mici de 1:300 000 Suprapunerea cu informaiile Radar i ARPA x
Limitarea capacitii de a vizualiza aria de x
dinaintea navei look ahead cauzat de variaia
4. Analiza comparativ a hrilor n format Raster i
scrii hrii
Vectorial
Dificulti n luarea distanelor i relevmentelor la x
Caracteristica analizat RNC ENC obiecte situate la distan mare
Arat la fel ca hrile de hrtie x Afiarea conturului de siguran i de adncime x
Fabricare rapid i ieftin x Posibilitatea de a varia culoarea hrilor x
Disponibilitate imediat i arie mare de rspndire x Variaii n vizualizarea afiajului Zi/Noapte x
Updatare la faa locului x n ape cu restricii de adncime acurateea x
Hri inteligente x informaiilor din hri poate fi mai mic dect
ndeplinesc standardele de siguran x aceea a sistemului de furnizare a poziiei navei
Aglomerarea afiajului x utilizat.
Dispunerea informaiilor n straturi layers x
Necesit puin memorie x
Ajustare rapid a dimensiunilor zonei zoom x 5. Principalele tipuri de Sisteme de Hri Electronice
Construite n formatul Publicaiilor nautice x Pentru ca hrile electronice s serveasc asigurrii navigaiei acestea trebuie
Caseta de informaii disponibil la cerere n x folosite n cadrul unui sistem de hri electronice. Sistemele de hri electronice
format pop-up, legat de obiectele din hri au diferite caracteristici i funcii, diferenierea fiind dat de formatul i
Display-ul astfel adaptat nct s ndeplineasc x coninutul hrilor, display-ul hrilor precum i de disponibilitatea funciilor de
cerinele utilizatorului navigaie.
Reducerea claritii la mrirea/micorarea zonei i x
n funcie de aceste criterii se pot distinge trei tipuri de sisteme:
modificarea orientrii
Detalii grafice x - ECDIS Electronic Chart Display and Information System
Apariia textului cu modificarea orientrii x - ECS Electronic Chart System
Vizualizarea marginilor hrii x - RCDS Raster Chart Display System
Disponibilitatea alarmelor x Capablitile i limitrile sistemelor de hri electronice
Diferite datumuri i proiecii orizontale ale hrilor x
Sistemul ECDIS - Dispozitive de afiare a hrilor electronice i sisteme
Posibilitatea de plasare eronat a poziiei x
informatice este un sistem ce ndeplinete cerinele conveniei SOLAS
Vizualizarea interseciei limitelor hrii x
referitoare la dotarea navelor cu hrile de navigaie corectate, atunci cnd sunt
Opiunea de a simplifica sau terge de pe afiaj x
5 6
utilizate cu hri oficiale de navigaie ENC sau echivalentul acestora (ex. NIMA servi asigurrii navigaiei pe navele supuse conveniei SOLAS ns doar
hri de navigaie n format digital). mpreun cu hrile de hrtie.
Sistemul ECS - de hri electronice, este denumirea utilizat pentru un sistem
4. Hrile raster pot nlocui hrile de hrtie?
comercial de hri electronice, ce nu este conceput astfel nct s ndeplineasc
cerinele conveniei SOLAS. Acesta este un instrument ce poate servi asigurrii
Nu. Hrile raster nu pot nlocui hrile de hrtie din cauza nendeplinirii
navigaiei pe navele supuse conveniei SOLAS ns doar mpreun cu hrile de
caracteristicilor specificate de IMO. n concluzie, atunci cnd un sistem ECDIS
hrtie.
folosete hri n format raster el este considerat a fi utilizat n modul ECS.
Sistemul RCDS de afiare a hrilor electronice n format raster este un sistem
capabil s afieze hrile oficiale n formate raster pe un sistem ECDIS. Hrile 5. Hrile raster sunt echivalentul fotografiilor digitale?
raster nu pot nlocui hrile de hrtie din cauza nendeplinirii caracteristicilor
Nu. Diferena dintre o hart electronic n format raster i o fotografie digital
specificate de IMO. n concluzie, atunci cnd un sistem ECDIS folosete hri n
este aceea c hrile raster permit ca fiecare pixel s fie definit ca i poziie n
format raster el este considerat a fi utilizat n modul ECS.
funcie de latitudine i longitudine.
6. Intrebri i rspunsuri
1. Ce este ENC?
O reproducere facsimil a unei hri de hrtie creat de, sau distribuit sub
autoritatea unui birou hidrografic guvernamental autorizat. RNC este termenul
utilizat ..., pentru a defini fie o singur hart, fie o colecie de hri.Care sunt
condiiile pentru ca un echipament ECDIS s poat fi folosit pentru navigaie?
2. Caresunt principalele sisteme de hri electronice?
RCDS Raster Chart Display SystemCe condiii trebuie s ndeplineasc sistemul

de back-up?
3. Sistemul ECS ndeplinete cerinele SOLAA?
Nu. Sistemul ECS - de hri electronice, este denumirea utilizat pentru un

sistem comercial de hri electronice, ce nu este conceput astfel nct s
ndeplineasc cerinele conveniei SOLAS. Acesta este un instrument ce poate
7 8
Hrile electronice de navigaie
7. Bibliografie

Organization.
Information System,
Group.
9
Modul de prezentare a datelor ECDIS Modul de prezentare a datelor ECDIS
Unitatea de nvare nr. 3 1. Modul de prezentare a datelor ECDIS

Pentru corelarea datelor ECDIS i a hrilor electronice ENC, i pentru a asigura
conformitatea cu cerinele internaionale ale conveniei SOLAS n ceea ce
Modul de prezentare a datelor ECDIS privete sigurana navigaiei s-au elaborat diferite standarde. Acestea conin
specificaii tehnice i de afiaj pentru sistemul ECDIS i de asemenea specificaii
referitoare la formatul datelor hrilor electronice ENC.
1. Modul de prezentare a datelor ECDIS.....................................................2
2. Modul de orientare al Display-ului .........................................................4 S-57
3. Modalitatea de afiare a informaiilor pe Display-ul ECDIS ....................5 Standardul utilizat n prezent pentru transferul i corelarea datelor este S-57.
4. Intrebri i rspunsuri ...........................................................................10
Acesta descrie tipul/structura datelor, definirea caracteristicilor fiecrui obiect
5. Bibliografie ............................................................................................13
din hart, instruciunile de prezentare i specificaiile hrilor de navigaie ENC.
S-52
Modalitatea de prezentare a culorilor i de asemenea a simbolurilor utilizate n

hri, simbolurile topografice sau de navigaie pentru sistemul ECDIS, sunt
descrise n standardul S-52.
S-63
Un alt standard important pentru utilizatorii ECDIS este standardul S-63 extins.
Acesta este un proiect al prilor implicate n producia de date n context ECDIS
ce vizeaz mbuntirea modalitii de distribuie a hrilor electronice ctre
utilizatori. Scopul acestui standard este creterea flexibilitii n gestionarea i
furnizarea produselor ENC.
nelegerea modalitii de
prezentare a datelor ECDIS
Cunoaterea tipurilor de informaii Managementul hrilor
ce pot fi afiate pe display
Avantajele utilizrii hrilor electronice din punct de vedere al managementului
Cunoaterea modalitilor de
hrilor sunt:
evideniere a adncimilor
- Hrile electronice nu necesit spaiu fizic de depozitare i, odat instalate n
disponibile
sistem pot fi vizualizate prin apsarea ctorva taste;
- Avnd n vedere dimensiunile reduse ale echipamentului ECDIS, display-ul

acestuia poate fi instalat n primul rnd pentru a rspunde nevoilor
1 2
navigatorului de asigurare a navigaiei i nu din considerente de spaiu cum Modul n care opereaz sistemul ECDIS depinde de tipul hrilor utilizate,
ar fi putut necesita instalarea unei mese pentru hrile de hrtie; vectoriale sau raster. Astfel:
- Corectarea hrilor i organizarea acestora se poate face fr a necesita - n cazul hrilor vectoriale datele hidrografice sunt structurate ntr-o serie
efortul fizic de pregtire a fiecrei hri pentru vizualizare; de fiiere n care sunt depozitate sau afiate diferite tipuri de informaii.
- Trecerea de la o hart la alta este mai rapid iar riscul de a introduce erori n Aceast form de stocare spaial inteligent este obinut prin digitizarea
transferarea poziiei navei este eliminat. informaiilor din hrile de hrtie existente sau prin stocarea unei serii de
caracteristici ce definesc diferite obiecte, e.g. balize, faruri. n afiarea
datelor hrilor vectoriale pe ECDIS utilizatorul are flexibilitate n alegerea
Aspecte ale corectrii poziiei navei pentru un anumit datum cantitii de caracteristici care va fi afiat. O hart ENC prezint datele
vectoriale n conformitate cu IHO S-57 n cea ce privete coninutul,
Hrile n format raster RNC trebuie s fie astfel construite nct s asigure o
structura i formatul. Datele constau ntr-o serie de puncte, linii, arii,
corectare a poziiei i o verificare a conformitii acesteia de la datum-ul WGS84
caracteristici i obiecte.
la cel local corespunztor hrii RNC. Aceasta specificaie nu se aplic hrilor n
format vectorial folosite n sitemul ECDIS deoarece toate datele hrilor - n cazul hrilor n format Raster datele sunt stocate ca i elemente ale unei
vectoriale sunt raportate la datum-ul WGS84. poze (pixeli). Fiecare pixel este o component a imaginii hrii cu o culoare i
un nivel de luminozitate prestabilite. Imaginile raster-scanate provin din
Existena unui sistem de manageriere a datum-ului hrii pentru operarea n
scanarea hrilor de hrtie.
modul RCDS are multiple avantaje:
- Elimin necesitatea ca utilizatorul s verifice datumul fiecrei hri i s

aplice update-uri manuale informaiilor furnizate de receptorul GPS; 2. Modul de orientare al Display-ului
- Simplific procedura de predare-preluare a cartului de navigaie prin Conform cerinelor IMO ENC trebuie s poat fi afiat n modul de orientare
eliminarea timpului pe care l-ar petrece OOW ce va prelua cartul pentru a North-up.
verifica aciunile OOW de la care a preluat cartul; Pentru ENC muli dintre furnizori ofer pe lng orientarea North-up i celelalte
- Elimin riscul de a plota o poziie eronat, n cazul n care aciunile de dou opiuni de orientare a navei proprii: Head-up i Course-up. Standardul de
aplicare a coreciei de datum au fost greit aplicate sau uitate; performan IMO consider c majoritatea calculelor anti-coliziune
funcioneaz mai bine n orientarea North-up i de aceea prevede dotarea
- Este avantajos n situaiile n care se navig n arii aglomerate unde este
echipamentului ECDIS cu opiunea de a schimba printr-o singur tast
necesar schimbarea hrii de navigaie deoarece timpul economisit poate fi
orientarea din modul Course-up n modul North-up.
folosit pentru monitorizarea voiajului.
Modul Course-up furnizeaz o imagine staionar cu harta aliniat vertical la
drumul navei, drum setat fie de utilizator fie luat din prezentul sector de drum
Modul de operare al sistemului ECDIS al rutei planificate.
3 4
Modul Head-up aliniaz harta la direcia prova a navei aa cum este prima dat, sistemul ECDIS trebuie s arate varianta display standard, la cea
determinat de compasul Gyro sau Magnetic. mai mare scara disponibil n SENC pentru aria afiat.
Coninutul fiecreia dintre cele trei variante de display sus menionate este
Modul de afiare a micrii reglementat internaional, astfel:
Cnd echipamentul ECDIS este folosit pentru monitorizarea rutei navigatorul Base display
trebuie s aibopiunea de a alege ntre dousau mai multe moduri de afiare a Display-ul de baz reprezint cantitatea minim de informaii care trebuie s fie
micrii. n modul True motion (TM) care este obligatoriu pentru toate afiat pe display-ul ECDIS. De asemenea, pot fi adugate alte informaii de
echipamentele ECDIS harta rmne fix iar poziia navei proprii se deplaseaz ctre utilizator ns nu este permis eliminarea informaiilor coninute n Base
pe hart. Atunci cnd este utilizat modul TM, iar poziia navei proprii se apropie display.
de marginile dispaly-ului, echipamentul ECDIS va reseta automat harta i va
- Linia coastei
genera zona adiacent poziiei navei proprii repoziionnd-o n poziia ei iniial
- Conturul de siguran al navei proprii
pe dispaly. Trebuie de asemenea s fie posibil modificarea manual a zonei de
- Sistemul de orientare a traficului
afiat i a poziiei navei proprii n raport cu marginile display-ului.
- Scara hrii, aria i vectorul indicnd direcia Nord
Cele mai multe echipamente au de asemenea opiunea de a afia imaginea n - Mod de orientare i afiare
modul Relative motion (RM). Acest mod permite navei proprii s rmn ntr-o - Unitile de adncime i nlime
poziie fix pe display, micarea navei fiind reprezentat de micarea hrii. - Indicarea pericolelor izolate aflate sub nivelul mrii, n interiorul conturului
Modalitatea de afiare a navei proprii apelor sigure, la o adncime mai mic dect cea selectat pentru conturul
de siguran
IHO recomanda culori i simboluri care s fie uitlizate pentru reprezentarea - Indicarea pericolelor din interiorul conturului apelor sigure, ca de exemplu
informaiilor SENC. In sistemul ECDIS utilizatorul poate alege modalitatea n structuri fixe, cabluri de suprafa
care nava proprie s fie afiat: la scar sau ca simbol.
De asemenea, utilizatorul poate alege pentru afiarea coninutului hrii ntre Standard display
prezentarea tradiional sau simplificat.
Display-ul standard este cel mai utilizat tip de display pentru navigaie.
- Toate informaiile din displayul de baz

3. Modalitatea de afiare a informaiilor pe Display-ul - Linia uscatului
ECDIS - Repere de navigaie fixe sau plutitoare
Informaiile SENC disponibile a fi afiate pe timpul planificrii i monitorizrii - Limitele paselor de navigaie, canalelor
rutei pot fi mprite n trei categorii numite: display de baz, display - inte radar i repere vizuale
standard i toate celelalte informaii. Atunci cnd o hart este afiat pentru - Zone interzise sau restricionate
- Limitele hrii
- Indicarea notelor de atenionare
5 6
- Sistemul rutelor navelor afiarea tuturor datelor obiectelor disponibile n ENC. Standardul S-57 ofer
- Pasele de navigaie din arhipelag posibilitatea adaugrii un atribut special numit SCAMIN (minimum scale) unui
obiect. Acest atribut poate fi definit i furnizat de productorii ENC. Odat
definit, valoarea SCAMIN determin scara harii sub care acel obiect nu va mai
All other information fi afiat, acest fapt fiind seminficativ n prezentarea datelor. Unor obiecte
- Toate informaiile din displayul standard spaiale nu le pot fi adugate atribute SCAMIN, acestea fiind:
- Adncimi periculoase - Obiecte acoperind suprafaa Pamntului, ex. Linia coastei
- Cabluri i conducte submarine - Obiecte utilizate pentru prezentarea display-ului de baz
- Rute de trafic
- Detalii ale pericolelor izolate
- Detalii ale reperelor de navigaie Indicarea adncimilor
- Coninutul notelor de atenionare
- Informaii despre ediiile ENC Una dintre facilitile oferite de ECDIS atunci cnd este utilizat cu ENC este dat
- Numrul celei mai recente corecii de posibilitatea de a indica adncimile sigure i mai puin sigure ale apelor.
- Datumul geodezic Trebuie de asemenea reinut c adncimile indicate n ENC sunt raportate la
- Declinaia magnetic datum-ul vertical local aa cum este definit n mareea joas. Exist tendina de a
- Numele locaiilor utiliza n ENC pentru adncimi Lowest Astronomical Tide, LAT.
Pentru a evidenia adncimile disponibile utilizatorul poate folosi trei metode

Not: Nu este posibil reducerea volumului de informaii la un nivel mai mic standard:
dect cel al Base display, acesta reprezentnd nivelul minim - Conturul de siguran
obligatoriu. - Adncimi de sigurant
- Indicarea ariilor adnci i mai puin adnci
Deoarece valoarea exact a pescajului navei depinde de etapa voiajului, iar

Spectrul de culori al afiajului
valoarea pescajului influeneaz setrile necesare n cadrul metodelor de
Sistemul ECDIS ofer posibilitatea de adaptare a culorilor afiajului n funcie de indicare a adncimilor sus menionate, este responsabilitatea Comandantului s
nivelul de luminozitate de pe puntea de comand. Astfel, spectrul de culori dea instruciuni n legtur cu valorile ce vor fi folosite.
variaz ntre luminozitate maxim pentru timp de zi i minim pentru noapte cu
Conturul de siguran
trei nivele intermediare.
Conturul de siguran Safety Contour este generat de o valoare a adncimii
Funcia SCAMIN
introdus de utilizator, care ideal ar fi s corespund cu unul dintre contururile
O alt modalitate de controlare a nivelului de informaii poate fi obinut disponibile n celulele ENC utilizate. Conturul de siguran ofer o marj de
folosind scara hrii ENC. Aceasta poate varia de la cea mai bun posibil la o siguran corespunztoare pescajului actual al navei. Acesta apare pe hart ca o
scar foarte mic. La utilizarea unei scri mici, navigatorul poate s nu doreasc
7 8
linie neagr delimitnd, prin utilizarea diferitor nuane de albastru, zonele mai mai adnci dect conturul de siguran sunt afiate n alb/negru, iar toate
adnci i mai putin adnci dect conturul de siguran. zonele cu adncimi mai mici dect conturul de siguran sunt indicate cu
- n cazul n care nu exist un contur n cadrul celulelor care s corespund albastru.
valorii introduse de utilizator, atunci echipamentul ECDIS va selecta Cea de-a doua variant folosete patru culori i conine dou contururi
urmtorul contur aflat la o valoare imediat superioar celei solicitate. suplimentare fa de safety contour, conturul de ape adnci i conturul de
- Dac din diferite motive, de exemplu modificarea datelor de intrare, ape mai puin adnci. Pentru timp de zi culorile utilizate sunt:
conturul de siguran nu mai este de actualitate atunci conturul de siguran - Albastru nchis pentru zone cu adncimi mai mici dect conturul de ape mai
se va reseta la urmtoare valoare imediat superioar. puin adnci shallow contour;
n ambele cazuri utilizatorul va fi avertizat de echipamentul ECDIS prin indicaie. - Albastru deschis pentru zone cu adncimi situate ntre conturul de ape mai
Atunci cnd conturul de siguran nu este setat de ctre utilizatorul ECDIS, puin adnci shallow contour i conturul de siguran safety contour;
valoarea prestabilit de 30m va fi utilizat de echipamentul ECDIS pentru - Gri pentru zone cu adncimi situate ntre conturul de siguran safety
afiarea conturului de siguran. contour i conturul de ape adnci deep contour;
- Alb pentru zone cu adncimi mai mari dect conturul de ape adnci deep
Adncimi de siguran contour.
Aceast opiune Safety depth furnizeaz utilizatorului informaii despre

adncimile din zona de navigaie. Selectarea aceste funcii i introducerea de Acurateea informaiilor afiate pe display
ctre utilizator a unei adncimi de siguran, va influena modalitatea de afiare
Unul dintre atributele importante ale obiectelor este reprezentat de categoria
a adncimilor. De exemplu, adncimile mai mici dect valoare introdus de
zonei afiate n funcie de gradul de ncredere n informaiile respective.
utilizator vor fi considerate a indica zone periculoase i vor fi scrise cu negru, iar
Denumirea atributului conform standardului S-57 este Category of Zone of
adncimile mai mari vor fi scrise cu gri, indicnd zone sigure n raport cu
Confidence in Data CATZOC, i indic pentru fiecare zon acurateea
valoarea introdus.
indicaiilor de poziie i adncime. Exist ase categorii: A1, A2, B, C, D i o
ultim categorie a zonelor neevaluate indicate n tabelul alturat.
Indicarea ariilor adnci i mai puin adnci
Pentru indicarea ariilor adnci i mai puin adnci utilizatorul echipamentului 4. Intrebri i rspunsuri
ECDIS are la dispozitie dou opiuni: reprezentarea zonelor folosind dou sau
1. Care dintre urmatoarele categorii de layer-e de informatii NU sunt
patru culori. n orice situaie delimitare zonelor se realizeaz prin marcarea
afisate pe display-ul ECDIS?
contururilor i nu prin indicarea adncimilor.
Prima variant folosete dou culori albastru/alb pentru vizualizarea pe timp de a. Avertizari ECDIS
zi, i albastru/negru pentru vizualizarea pe timp de noapte. Astfel, toate zonele b. Avize pentru navigatori
9 10
c. Informatii referitoare la hidrodinamica navei 7. Care sunt metodele standard de evideniere a adncimilor disponibile
pe care utilizatorul le poate folosi?
2. Care dintre urmatoarele date sunt categorii de layer-e pentru a fi a. Conturul de siguran
afisate pe display-ul ECDIS? b. Adncimi de sigurant
c. Indicarea ariilor adnci i mai puin adnci
a. Avertizari ECDIS d. Toate cele de mai sus
b. Informatii NTM
c. Ambele
3. Care dintre urmatoarele categorii de informatii este necesar sa poate fi

afisat pe display-ul ECDIS?
a. Nave tinta de pe Radar
b. Vectori ARPA
c. Date hidrografice

a. Tinte radar
b. Date meteorologice
c. Adancimi
5. n afar de cerinele pentru Base Display i Standard Display, cine
selecteaz categoriile de display din tipul de display "All other
information"?
a. Biroul hidrografic
b. Producatorul de echipament ECDIS
c. Navigatorul
d. Toti cei de mai sus
6. Care este diferenta dintre Standard Display si Display Base?
a. Standard dispaly nivelul de informatii SENC afisat cand
ECDIS-ul este pornit prima data, utilizat pentru planificarea rutei, poate
fi modificat de navigator in functie de necesitati;
b. Display base nivelul de informatii care nu poate fi inlaturat
de pe dispaly, necesar tot timpul, nu este suficient pentru siguranta
navigatiei.
11 12
Modul de prezentare a datelor ECDIS
5. Bibliografie

Organization.
Information System,
Group.
13
Funcii de navigaie Funcii de navigaie
Unitatea de nvare nr. 4 1. Setri de navigaie n contextul ECDIS

Capitolul de fa prezint o parte din setrile de baz necesare navigaiei cu
ajutorul echipamentului ECDIS:
Funcii de navigaie - Setrile navei proprii: lungimea maxim, ltimea maxim, poziia exact a
Unitatea de nvare nr. 4..........................................................................1 punii de comand, poziia exact a antenelor, poziia exact a antenei
ARPA-pentru inte, nlimea punii de navigatie pentru distante, afiarea
1. Setri de navigaie n contextul ECDIS ....................................................2
2. Planificarea rutei .....................................................................................4 vectorul on/off, tipul de afiare al simbolului nvei (contur sau simbol).
3. Conexiuni ECDIS ......................................................................................4 - Ajustarea display-ului i setarea dimensiunilor fizice pe suprafaa
4. Monitorizarea voiajului ...........................................................................6
monitorului: ncrcarea hriilor, parametrii de luminozitate i culoare,
5. Intrebri i rspunsuri .............................................................................8
setarea scrii display-ului, utilizarea ERBL.
6. Bibliografie ..............................................................................................9
- Setarea alarmei: trebuie verificat dac alarma sau sunetul sunt deschise,
avertizare la terminarea cartului, alarme pentru adncimi mici, alarm
pentru situaiile cnd se iese din hart dac nu este activat ncrcarea
automat a hrii.
- Ora navei: setarea orei, schimbarea orei la bordul navei, GMT.
- Selectarea tipului sistemului de poziionare: setarea sistemului principal i al

celui secundar de poziionare, alarme pentru pierderea semnalului DGPS
atunci cnd se folosete n mod DGPS, alarm pentru atenionarea n cazul
diferenelor de poziie a navei afiate de cele dou sisteme de determinare
OBIECTIVELE unitii de nvare nr. 4 a poziiei.
- ER (echo reference) raportarea poziiei navei n funcie de un obiect sau

nelegerea setrilor de bas reper fix afiat pe radar.
necesare navigaiei - DR (dead reckoning) n acest mod de lucru, poziia navei este calculat
Cunoaterea parametrilor necesari folosind informaii gyro i ale lochului, introducnd manual drumul i viteza
planificrii rutei de navigaie navei.
Cunoaterea aspectelor de
- Abilitatea de a schimba automat n modul DR; acest mod este proiectat
monitorizare a voiajului
pentru schimbarea automat a sistemelor de poziionare, cnd:
a) semnalul sistemului de poziionare este slab;

b) se tie c datele primite nu sunt de ncredere;
1 2
c) semnalul echo generat de o int selectat ca punct de

2. Planificarea rutei
referin este slab n modul ER.
- Corectarea poziiei navei folosind informaii oferite de ARPA

Pentru planificarea rutei trebuie s se in cont de urmtorii parametri:
a) Se selecteaz un obiect, de pe harta electronic, folosit pentru
a corecta poziia navei apoi se selecteaz ecoul aceluiai - Setarea scrii hrii electronice astfel nct s fie alese hrile cu scara
obiect cu ajutorul ARPA i se aplic astfel corecia nct corespunztoare zonei n care se naviga, setarea adncimilor de siguran,
acestea s se suprapun. setarea valorii pentru selecia automat a conturului adncimilor de
siguran.
b) Corectarea se poate face manual dac de tie poziia exact a
navei din alte surse. - Alarme. Setarea zonelor de siguran, a alarmelor de pericol, a alarmelor
pentru atenionarea apropierii de zonele delimitate de conturul de
siguran, a intervalelor de timp pentru alarme.
Aspecte de cunoscut pentru lucrul cu hrile electronice: - Activarea funciei de editare a rutei, evidenierea pericolelor.
- Activarea funciei ncrcare/descrcare automat a hrilor; - Verificarea poziei cursorului; s fie fixat n punctul de pornire (plecare) al
- Activarea funciei Selectare automat a scrii hrii; rutei.
- Afiarea n menu atunci cnd funcia ncrcarea manual a
- Deplasarea cursorului spre urmtorul WP i vizualizarea pericolelor de
hrilor este activ;
navigaie; iar n cazul n care nu exist pericole se continu cu planificarea
- ncrcarea/descrcare hrilor;
rutei.
- Pornirea/oprirea afirii pe display a straturilor de informaii
pentru ENC; - Verificarea rutei.
- Selectarea scrii propice; - In final, se salveaz ruta i se iese din modul de planificare.
- Obinerea informaiilor dintr-o hart electronic;
- Folosirea cu precdere a hrilor electronice n format S57;
- Folosirea, atunci cnd este necesar utilizarea hrilor raster, a 3. Conexiuni ECDIS
formatul ARCS;
Echipamentul ECDIS se poate folosi mpreun cu alte echipamente de navigaie
- Folosirea opiunii de achiziie i urmrire a intelor;
sau, poate reprezenta o parte dintr-un sistem integrat de navigaie, ce afieaz
- Setarea alarmelor pentru inte (CPA i TCPA);
suprapunearea imaginii radar i urmrirea automat a rutei folosind ECDIS.
- Afiarea intelor i a parametrilor acestora (ARPA principal, ARPA
secundar, AIS); Exemplu: Informaiile transferate de la radar pot conine att imagini
- Afiarea cursorului ARPA i ERBL. radar ct i informaii ARPA. Imaginile radar i imaginile din hart
trebuie s fie la aceeai scar i s aib aceeai orientare. Informaiile
de la radar trebuie s poat fi eliminate printr-o singur operaiune.
3 4
Pentru a servi desfurrii n siguran a navigaiei, Sistemul ECDIS trebuie/sau
ar putea s fie interconectat cu alte echipamente de navigaie dup cum
urmeaz. Posibile neconcordane:
- O diferen ntre cele dou imagini afiate, cauzat de eroarea

sistemului principal de determinare a poziiei navei.
- Deplasarea obiectelor individuale; ex. balize ce nu sunt afiate n

poziia real.
- O nepotrivire a vectorilor (Vectorul vitezei deasupra fundului i

vectorul vitezei prin ap).
4. Monitorizarea voiajului
Pentru a asigura monitorizarea voiajului, echipamentul ECDIS trebuie s afieze

Fig. 1 Interconectarea ECDIS cu alte echipamente de navigaie poziia navei proprii atunci cnd pe monitor este afiat aria n care se afl
nava. Chiar dac navigatorul, din diferite motive, iese din aria n care se afl
nava, trebuie s existe posibilitatea de a se ntoarce la zona n care este afiat
Utilizarea ECDIS nu trebuie s afecteze performanele oricrui echipament care
poziia navei printr-o singur comand.
furnizeaz date de intrare, numite n continuare senzori, dup cum nici
conectarea acestor echipamente nu trebuie s afecteze performanele ECDIS. Informaiile importante afiate pe parcursul monitorizrii rutei includ afiarea
Echipamentul ECDIS trebuie s fie conectat cu sisteme de furnizare continu a continu a poziiei navei, a vitezei i a drumului.
informaiilor despre poziia navei, drumul i viteza acesteia. O posibil surs de
Informaiile suplimentare pe care le mai poate oferi ECDIS sau ECS pot include:
erori o reprezint configuraia sistemului.
distana lateral de siguran n funcie de drumul navei, timpul pn la
schimbarea de drum, distana pn la schimbarea de drum i istoricul rutei
parcurse.
Echipamentul ECDIS trebuie s avertizeze pe parcursul monitorizrii rutei prin

alarm sau indicaie dac exist condiii care s necesite o atenie imediat. Ex.
Trebuie s existe o alarm care atenioneze atunci cnd limita lateral de
siguran a fost depit.
5 6
Poziia navei trebuie obinut dintr-o surs ce monitorizeaz continuu poziia
navei, iar acurateea sistemului de determinare a poziiei navei trebuie s fie n
concordan cu cerinele unei navigaii n condiii de siguran.
Monitorizarea desfurrii voiajului
De cte ori este posibil, ar trebui asigurat nc o metod independent de
determinare a poziiei navei, astfel nct monitorizarea cu ajutorul Echipamentul ECDIS trebuie s nregistreze i s redea un numr minim
echipamentului ECDIS s fie posibil chiar i atunci cnd semnalul de intrare al de elemente necesare reconstituirii navigaiei i s verifice baza de
sistemului de detreminare al poziiei navei s-a pierdut. date oficial folosit pe parcursul ultimilor 12 ore. Informaiile ca re se
nregistreaz la interval de 1 minut sunt:
Sistemul de determinare a poziiei navei i SENC trebuie s foloseasc acelai
datum. Echipamentul ECDIS ar trebui s dea o alarm n situaia n care nu - nregistrrile istoricului navei proprii (timp, poziie, drum i vitez) ,
folosesc acelai datum.
- nregistrrile datelor oficiale folosite (sursele ENC, ediie, dat,
celul i istoricul actualizrilor).
Echipamentul ECDIS trebuie s permit afiarea:
- Unei rute alternative, care s poat fi folosit complementar rutei selectate

i care trebuie s fie distinct fa de alte rute. De asemenea, modificarea
Echipamentul ECDIS trebuie s nregistreze istoricul complet al ntregului voiaj,
rutei selectate ar trebui s fie posibil.
marcnd evenimentele la intervale ce nu depesc 4 ore..
- Drumului navei - manual, la cerere i automat, la anumite intervale de timp
cuprinse ntre 1 i 120 min,
- Unui numr adecvat de puncte, drepte de relevment, cercuri de distan 5. Intrebri i rspunsuri
variabile i fixe precum i alte simboluri. 1. Care dintre urmatoarele informatii trebuie sa poata fi inregistrate de
ECDIS la interval de un minut?
a. Timpul estimate de sosire

b. Viteza medie estimata
c. Istoricul drumului navei
2. Care dintre urmatoarele informatii trebuie sa poata fi inregistrata de

a. Pozitia navei
b. Sursa hartii de navigatie
c. Ambele
7 8
3. Numiti principalele ci de ajustare a unei rute planificate, din Route IMO, 2012. The Manila Amendments to the STCW Convention and Code,
Planning Mode. London: International Maritime Organization.
Adaugare WP, Stergere WP, Modificarea pozitiei WP, operare alfanumerica si International Maritime Organization.
grafica IMO Resolution MSC. 86(70), annex 3, Performance standards for integrated
4. Referitor la inregistrarile voiajului, care sunt principalele tipuri de date
care trebuie sa fie inregistrate la intervale de un minut, pe perioada
ultimelor 12 ore?
Organization.
a. Inregistrari referitoare la ruta parcursa de nava proprie (timp,
pozitie, heading, viteza)
b. Inregistrarea datelor oficiale utilizate (ENC)
c. Ambele
5. Dati exemple de echipamente de navigatie cu care poate fi North of England P&I Association, 2011. ECDIS: the risk of over-reliance, UK:
interconectat echipamentul ECDIS. North of England P&I Association.
DGPS, GPS, Radar, Compass, etc Information System,
6. In cazul interconectarii ECDIS cu alte echipamente de navigatie, Information Systems (ECDIS). Procedural and Organizational Considerations.
exemplificati ce functii ECDIS sunt integrate cu acestea. Journal Transport Problems, 3(2).
Pozitia de la AIS-DGPS, timpul de la GPS, radar overlay (RIB), urmarirea tintelor An Operational Handbook, A Balkema Book, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis
radar, verificarea drumului tinut pa autopilot, drumul Compas, Group.
6. Bibliografie

9 10
Corectarea hrilor electronice Corectarea hrilor electronice
Unitatea de nvare nr. 5 1. Modaliti de efectuare a coreciilor
Corectarea hrilor electronice nainte de utilizarea hrilor, la fel ca n cazul utilizrii hrilor de hrtie, este
necesar aplicarea coreciilor.
Unitatea de nvare nr. 5..........................................................................1 Productorii de hri furnizeaz coreciile pe dischete sau n format CD -ROM
1. Modaliti de efectuare a coreciilor ......................................................2 pentru a putea corecta hrile din ECDIS. Fizic, acestea sunt disponibile
2. nregistrarea coreciilor ..........................................................................5 navigatorilor doar n porturi, iar sistemul este asemntor sistemului actual de
3. Erori n contextul ECDIS ..........................................................................8 avize ctre navigatori folosit pentru hrile de hrtie. Odat ajunse la n posesia
4. Intrebri i rspunsuri ...........................................................................11
utilizatorului aceste CD-ROM-uri este necesar a fi instalate pe ECDIS n modul
5. Bibliografie ............................................................................................12
automat sau semi-automat, aa cum este descris n subcapitolul: Corectarea
automat a hrilor.
Cercetrile i ncercrile din ultima perioad pentru a facilita corectarea on-line

a hrilor electronice, prin legtura direct dintre echipamentul ECDIS cu
sistemele de comunicaii prin satelit astfel nct hrile s poat fi corectate
chiar i cnd nava se afl n mar, sunt prezentate n subcapitolul dedicat:
Actualizarea de la distan.
Ultimele corecii att pentu hrile de hrtie ct i pentru ECDIS pot fi trimise i
prin e-mail astfel nct hrile s poat fi corectate manual chiar dac cnd nava
este n mar.
Avertizrile de navigaie, care sunt recepionate prin Navtex, pot fi de
asemenea afiate pe ECDIS. Sunt folosite softuri specializate care proceseaz
nelegerea modalitilor de mesajele, le aranjeaz n funcie de zone i prezint informaiile mpreun cu
efectuare a coreciilor hrile relevante.
Cunoaterea opiunii de nregistrare
Pentru a menine hrile actualizate, este disponibil o facilitate prin care se pot
a coreciilor
realiza actualizri manuale din corecii oficiale, documente i alte surse ce
nelegerea erorilor n contextul
conin informaii de actualitate. Realizarea acestei operaiuni este descris n
ECDIS
subcapitolul: Actualizarea manual.
1 2
Corectarea automat a hrilor Aceste corecii sunt cunoscute sub denumirea de corecii automate sau semi-
CD-ROM-urile coninnd corecii trebuie introduse n cititorul de discuri al automate. Utilizarea celui de-al doilea termen se refer la faptul ca aceste
echipamentului ECDIS, dup care este necesar selectarea din menu a opiunii corecii nu vor fi realizate de echipamentul ECDIS fr primirea confirmrii din
corespunztoare de corectare a hrii. Asftel vor fi actualizate toate hrile care partea operatorului.
sunt ncrcate n sistem i pentru care au fost achiziionate licene n prealabil. Actualizarea de la distan
O alt modalitate de efectuare a coreciilor este reprezentat de actualizarea de

la distan prin remote updating. Aceste se realizeaz prin creare unei ci de
comunicare dintre nav i, de exemplu, satelit. n cele ce urmeaz sunt
Dup selectarea din menu a opiunii corespunztoare de corectare a
exemplificate dou situaii:
hrii este necesar parcurgerea ctorva aciuni secveniale:
- Instalarea pe un computer separat de echipamentul ECDIS a unui software
- Este necesar citirea cu atenie a mesajelor prin care
special conectat cu furnizorul serviciilor de corectare a hrilor. Prin aceast
echipamentul ECDIS comunic;
conexiune, on-line sau prin e-mail, vor fi ncrcate n computerul separat
- Operatorul trebuie s aprobe sistemului ECDIS printr-un click
coreciile ce se vor transfera pe CD-ROM. Acest CD-ROM va fi utilizat, ca
faptul c i d acordul pentru instalarea coreciilor;
toate celelalte discuri coninnd corecii, pentru corectarea hrilor
- Sistemul va comunica operatorului dac datele au fost ncrcate
electronice ncrcate pe ECDIS.
cu succes;
- Eventualele probleme aprute pe timpul operaiunii de corectare - Servicii de conectare direct dintre un serviciu securizat de transmitere a
vor fi comunicate prin apariia mesajelor pe display; datelor prin satelit i echipamentul ECDIS. Un astfel de exemplu este
furnizate de ChartCo. Bineneles, aplicarea coreciilor nu poate fi efectuat
Orice eroare aprut pe timpul operaiunii de corectare a hrii
fr acordul utilizatorului echipamnetului ECDIS.
trebuie neleas pentru a fi tratat cu responsabilitate maxim,
evitnd astfel utilizarea de hri necorespunztoare pentru Actualizarea manual
desfurarea navigaei.
Actualizarea este realizat prin intermediul unui editor graphic special capabil
s editeze obiectele pe hrile folosite a cror afiare este suprapus pe harta
electronic fr ca cea din urm s fie tears.
Procedura pentru actualizarea manual a hrilor electronice const n

CD-ROM-urile conin de asemenea noi editii ale hrilor care nu au fost parcurgerea urmtoarelor etape:
coninute n discurile precedente. - Se ncarc harta electronic;
In cazul n care permit-ele de activare a hrilor au fost achiziionate din surse - Se deschide lista de hri; funcia Add inf ormation/ User chart List;
diferite, atunci i coreciile hrilor trebuie achiziionate din acele surse. - Se poziioneaz cursorul pe harta solicitat;
- Se selecteaz funcia Add information/Colour (pentru a permite folosirea
culorii doar pentru plotarea obiectelor corectate);
3 4
- Se selecteaz opiunile de actualizare necesare i se porn ete editorul stocarea pentru o perioad de cel puin trei luni a coreciilor manuale care au
graphic fost terse. n cazul n care coreciile manuale reprezint subiectul unei
- Se ploteaz pe hart simbolurile de navigaie, lumini, balize, linii etc. actualizri automate, atunci va fi necesar tergerea coreciilor efectuate
- Dup efectuarea coreciilor acestea se salveaz. manual.
Coreciile manuale poate fi avea diferite surse cum ar fi comunicri NAVTEX sau
Temporary & Preliminary Notices. Cteva exemple de situaii care necesit
Principiul de actualizare a Hrilor n format RASTER
corectarea manual imediat sunt: deplasarea neplanificat a unei reper de
navigaie, apariia unei epave dar i alte situaii cnd alte obiecte reprezentate Hrile raster corectate sunt prea mari pentru a fi distribuite sau actualizate (au
prin puncte, linii sau arii sunt terse, mutate sau adugate. Pentru efectuarea aproximativ 100 MB fiecare hart). n schimb, NOAA i Maptech au dezvoltat o
operaiunii de corectare manual a hrilor trebuie urmai paii indicai n alt metoda de transmitere a acestora. Aceast metod const n compararea
manualul utilizatorului aferent echipamentului ECDIS respectiv. pixel cu pixel a hrii raster vechi cu cea actualizat. Se creeaz un fiier
diferenial ce conine pixelii modificai, care dac este suprapus peste harta
2. nregistrarea coreciilor veche o actualizeaz rezultnd harta nou.
Echipamentul ECDIS trebuie permit nregistrarea i afiarea la cerere a cel
Maptech creeaz fiierele difereniale, adaug referinele geo, metadatele i
puin urmtoarelor informaii aferente coreciilor automate efectuate asupra
informaiile care permit actualizrilor s corespund exact cu fiierul raster
hrilor vectoriale, ENC:
vechi la care se vor aplica noile corecii. Fiierul diferenial este comprimat
- Numrul de identificare al coreciei, dat de biroul hidrografic relevant; folosind un algoritm special dezvoltat de NOAA i Maptech pentru a creea un
- Data i ora aplicrii sau respingerii coreciei; patch mic pentru fiecare hart raster.
- Erorile aprute pe timpul derulrii procedurii de corectare;
Pentru a actualiza o hart raster, vechea hart este afiat de pe CD-ROM i
- Modalitatea de aplicare a coreciei (manual sau automat).
imediat este suprapus noul fiier. Atunci cnd nu exist diferene ntre pixelii
nregistrrile trebuie meninute pentru fiecare celul pn la nlocuirea celulei din hrile vechi i cele noi, patch -ul se comport ca avnd pixeli transpareni.
respective prin elaborarea unei noi ediii.
Aceast tehnic poate fi folosit pentru a creea patchuri secveniale,
De asemenea, cnd se folosesc hri electronice n format raster, RNC, sistemul sptmnale sau patcuri cumulative care includ toate modificrile aprute de la
trebuie s pemit afiarea stadiului coreciilor incluznd: ultima editare a hrii. De asemenea, mai poate fi folosit i pentru a suprapune
alte date raster geodifereniale.
- Numrul hrii i ara de origine;
- Data editrii; Serviciul de actualizare a hrilor n format Raster a devenit disponibil din
- Numrul de referin al ultimei NTM; ianuarie 2000 sub forma unui abonament. Se transmite un e-mail ctre abonai
- Data publicrii coreciei. care conine un link ce face trimitere ctre serverul ce conine actualizarea. n
momentul n care se acceseaz linkul, se ncepe descrcarea n calculator a
Coreciile efectuate manual sunt de asemenea stocate, ns n fiiere separate
patch-ului pentru actualizare. Transmisia conine actualizri cumulative pentru
de coreciile oficiale, iar funciile de afiare la cerere, ca de altfel i de tergere a
toate hrile coninute pe un CD-ROM. Este nevoie de o perioad de la 15
acestora trebuie s fie disponibil. Echipamentul ECDIS trebuie s permit
secunde pn la 5 minute pentru a descrca fiierul, n funcie de viteza
5 6
modemului utilizatorului. Dup ce se finalizeaz descrcarea, un program din responsabile cu stocarea, actualizarea i distribuirea informaiilor din hri ctre
calculatorul utilizatorului dezarhiveaz actualizrile pentru a putea fi folosite utilizatori.
imediat, sau copiaz hrile de pe CD-ROM, aplic patch-urile i apoi stocheaz
ECHO (European Chart Hub Operations) reprezint un proiect internaional care
hrile actualizate pe un hard drive.
a luat natere n aprilie 1996 i a fost programat s dureze doi ani. Scopul
Cu ajutorul actualizrii dinamice hrile i patch-urile rmn separate iar patch- acestui proiect a fost s demonstreze furnizarea unui serviciu de distribuie i
urile sunt suprapuse pe hri n timp real. Aceasta permite utilizatorilor s vad actualizare complet a ENC. Activitile au fost finanate parial de Comisia
c patch-ul este aplicat i s observe ce schimbri au aprut o capacitate European, iar serviciul este destinat s fie pe deplin conform cu modelul IHO
important mai ales pentru navigatorii ce tranziteaz frecvent o anumit cale WEND.
navigabil. Actualizarea dinamic este metoda preferat, sub standardele
ECHO stabilete o infrastructur telematic pentru a lega Birourile Hidrografice
internaionale, pentru ECDIS-urile n care navigatorii nu trebuie s modifice data
(HO), un Centru Regional ENC (RENC) i utilizatorii (ECDIS) pentru a disemina
de baze original. Oricare dintre metodele de mai sus va fi folosit, va permite
hrile electronice i informaiile conexe.
navigatorului s selecteze fie harta nou, fie cea veche, sau s vad doar patch-
ul.
3. Erori n contextul ECDIS

Disponibilitatea hrilor
Una dintre limitrile evidente ale utilizrii hrilor de hrtie este reprezentat Orice utilizator al sistemului ECDIS trebuie s fie contient de erorile ce pot
de faptul c acestea trebuie livrate fizic la destinaie. Aceast problem de aprea i pot afecta sigurana navigaiei. Aceste erori pot fi clasificate n dou
siguran este rezolvat pentru hrile electronice, existnd posibilitatea categorii: erori inerente, cauzate de sistem numite n cele ce urmeaz Erori ale
trimiterii permit-urilor prin fax, mail, etc. astfel nct hrile existente pe CD - datelor afiate pe display-ul ECDIS, i erori umane numite Erori n
urile aflate deja la bord s fie deblocate pentru a putea fi utilizate. interpretarea datelor furnizate de ECDIS.
Sisteme de comunicare a datelor care stau la baza coreciilor Erori ale datelor afiate pe display-ul ECDIS
Birourile naionale hidrografice sunt cele respo nsabile de producerea i Deficienele evideniate n timpul utilizrii hrilor electronice n practic au
autorizarea datelor ENC n apele teritoriale. Birourile hidrografice sunt de demonstrat c anumite detalii au fost trecute cu vederea atunci cnd a fost scris
asemenea responsabile i pentru livrarea datelor ENC acestora ctre clieni (ex: standardul; de exemplu cu lacune n ceea ce privete informaiile batimetrice,
operatorii ECDIS) ntr-un mod eficient. informaii legate de zona navigabil, geamanduri i balize speciale IALA. De
Comitetul IHO, care se ocup de bazele de date ENC, a dezvoltat un model altfel anumite caracteristici au fost ulterior, ca de exemplu Cile Navigabile ale
pentru distribuirea informaiilor printr-o retea de servicii ENC. Aceast model Arhipelagurilor, transmisia AIS (Automatic Indentification System) ca ajutor
(WEND World ENC Database) propune un numr de Centre de Coordonare pentru navigaie, Zone Maritime Deosebit de Sensibile (PSSA) etc.
Regional ENC (RENC Regional ENC Coordinating Centres) care s fie
7 8
n continuare sunt prezentate cteva caracteristici de care trebuie s se in Erori n interpretarea datelor furnizate de ECDIS
cont n evaluarea erorilor ce pot afecta sigurana navigaiei:
Erorile umane sunt rezultate fie din nenelegerea sistemului, a lipsei de
- Poziionarea automat este de regul realizat de GPS. Acurateea experien sau a observaiilor neglijente ale operatorului, fie din interpretarea
informaiilor furnizate de GPS-ului este de 100m n 95% din cazuri. Nu greit a informaiilor furnizate de ECDIS. Astfel, erorile de interpretare pot
putem cunoatecu certitudine cnd anume precizia este mai mare sau mai rezulta din:
mic.
- Ignorarea scrii afiate pe ecran a se utiliza scara adecvat i a se verifica
- DGPS-ul mbuntete acurateea GPS-ului. Utilizarea eronat sau lipsa dac ECDIS-ul nu afieaz eroarea referitoare la scar prin menionarea
utilizrii DGPS-ului poate duce la erori mari n indicarea poziiei navei. termenilor de genul: not recommended scale.
- La apropierea de unele zone costiere GPS-ul poate fi bruiat. Astfel, o - Acceptarea poziiei navei prin neglijarea procentului de 95% referitor la
cunoatere a metodelor tradiionale de navigaie dar i a tehnologiei de acurateea informaiei. n cadrul celor 5%, acurateea poate varia de la
navigaie inerial este necesar. 100m la mai mult de 300m. De altfel schimbarea de la DGPS n GPS poate
- Erorile produse de utilizarea diferitor sisteme de referin (ex. WGS84, avea ca rezultat erori de 10m pn la 100m, n special n apele puin adnci.
datumul de referin european sau cel nord american). n unele cazuri n Pentru o monitorizare adecvat se recomand schimbarea din verificarea
care nu s-a putut realiza o corelare din cauza lipsei informaiilor relaionale schimbrii staiei furnizoare de poziie.
dintre datumul WGS84 i datumul hrii, s-au raportat erori de poziie de - Ignorarea faptului c n modul automatic track control, poziia observat
pn la 7 mile marine. este controlat, nu cea real a navei.
- Erorile produse de observaiile hidrografice foarte vechi, realizate atunci - Diferena ntre nordul adevrat i nordul giro; Trebuie s se in cont de
cnd tehnologia poziionrii nu era att de precis ca n prezent. posibilele erori giro la schimbrile de drum n special n situaia transportrii
- Majoritatea hrilor de hrtie dar i derivatele electronice sunt constituite relevmentelor etc.
dintr-o varietate de surse cum ar fi cartografieri, msurtori hidrografice etc. - Confuzii ale modului de afiare a display-ului, a scrii hrii, a sistemelor de
Scopul este de a oferi navigatorului cele mai bune informaii disponibile referin etc.
pentru toate zonele hrii, dar adesea este imposibil de constitui complet o
- Confuzii asupra diferitelor tipuri de vectori i a modului de stabilizare.
hart fr recurgerea la surse mai vechi i mai puin precise.
- Neutilizarea senzorilor potrivii. De exemplu: utilizarea sondei ultrson cnd
- Hrile electronice pot conine erori de constituire. Marea majoritate a
adncimile sunt mai mici de 100 m; luarea n calcul a pescajului i a mareei
serviciilor hidrografice produc prima generaie de hri electronice din
cnd se compar cu datumul hrii. Folosirea Doppler Log la ancorare,
hrile actuale. Astfel, att hrile n format raster i cele vectoriale
deoarece chiar la balansul navei, GPS-ul arat o anumit vitez care nu este
pstreaz inexactitatea surselor de unde deriv. Deoarece msurtorile
corect.
hidrografice sunt costisitoare i necesit mult timp, hrile electronice pot
avea la baz date din msurtori vechi, adic nu hri digitale adevrate. - Folosirea facilitilor de siguran ale sistemului ECDIS, cum ar fi cea a
adncimilor de siguran i a contururilor de siguran cnd comparm
informaiile furnizate de sonda ultrason, neinnd cont de erorile sondei.
9 10
Navigatorul ar trebui s contientizeze c aceast list de erori nu este una 4. Care dintre urmtoarele erori pot afecta sigurana navigaiei n context
exhaustiv, iar pentru a naviga cu precauie n orice situaie ar trebui folosite ECDIS.
att cunotinele profesionale acumulate ct i documentaia tehnic a
echipamentului ECDIS respectiv. a. Erori ale datelor afiate pe display-ul ECDIS
b. Erori n interpretarea datelor furnizate de ECDIS
c. Ambele
1. Care sunt modalitile de efectuare a coreciilor hrilor electronice pe
care utilizatorul le are la dispoziie? 5. Bibliografie
a. Corectarea automat
b. Actualizare manual Applied Research International, 2009. Electronic Chart Display & Information
c. Ambele System, New Delhi: Compiled by ARI Faculty;
2. Care sunt datele pe care trebuie s le poat nregistra i afia The Nautical Institute.
echipamentul ECDIS referitor la corectarea hrilor ENC? IMO, 2012. The Manila Amendments to the STCW Convention and Code,
a. Numrul de identificare al coreciei, dat de biroul hidrografic IMO Resolution A817(19), Performance Standards for ECDIS, London:
relevant; International Maritime Organization.
b. Data i ora aplicrii sau respingerii coreciei; IMO Resolution MSC. 86(70), annex 3, Performance standards for integrated
c. Erorile aprute pe timpul derulrii procedurii de corectare; Navigation systems, London: International Maritime Organization.
d. Modalitatea de aplicare a coreciei (manual sau automat). IMO Resolution MSC. 86 (70), Adoption of new and amended performance
e. Toate cele de mai sus standards for navigational equipment. London: International Maritime
Organization.
3. Coreciile manuale sunt stocate de echipamentul ECDIS? IMO Resolution MSC. 64 (67), Recommendations on new and amended
Da. Coreciile efectuate manual sunt de asemenea stocate, ns n fiiere IMO Resolution SN/ Circ. 207, Difference between RCDS and ECDIS. London:
separate de coreciile oficiale, iar funciile de afiare la cerere, ca de altfel i de International Maritime Organization.
tergere a acestora trebuie s fie disponibil. Echipamentul ECDIS trebuie s Norris, A. 2010. ECDIS and Positioning, London: The Nautical Institute.
permit stocarea pentru o perioad de cel puin trei luni a coreciilor manuale North of England P&I Association, 2011. ECDIS: the risk of over-reliance, UK:
care au fost terse. North of England P&I Association.
Information System,
11 12
Corectarea hrilor electronice
Group.
13
Alarme i avertizri Alarme i avertizri
Unitatea de nvare nr. 6 Datorit gradului nalt de automatizare a ecranului ECDIS-ului, utilizatorul
trebuie s acorde o atenie deosebit indicaiilor i alarmelor, s evalueze
situaia i s reacioneze ntr-un mod adecvat acesteia.
Alarme i avertizri Tipurile de alarme i indicaii ale sistemului ECDIS se pot clasifica n trei grupe:
Unitatea de nvare nr. 6..........................................................................1 - Alarme nautice care pot aprea la planificarea rutei sau la monitorizarea
navigaiei.
1. Tipuri de alarme i indicaii .....................................................................1
2. Situaii semnalate prin Alarma/Indicaie ................................................2 - Alarme i indicaii senzoriale, n cazul cedrii sau avarierii unui sensor.
3. Intrebri i rspunsuri .............................................................................3 - Alarme privind datele i harta, rezultate din schimbarea datumului geodezic
4. Bibliografie ..............................................................................................4 n legtur cu scara setat.
Alarm o alarm sau un sistem de avertizare care anun prin

mijloace audio, sau mijloace audio i vizuale, o situaie
care necesit atenie.
Indicaie indicaie vizual furniznd informaii despre condiiile unui

sistem sau echipament.

2. Situaii semnalate prin Alarma/Indicaie
Standardul de performan al ECDIS prevede urmtoarele modaliti de
nelegerea diferenelor dintre avertizare prin alarm sau/i indicaie conform situaiei n cauz.
Alarm i Indicaie, n contextul
Tabel 1 Avertizarea prin alarme i/sau indicaii
ECDIS
Metoda de avertizare Cauza
Cunoaterea situaiilor n care
utilizatorul este avertizat prin Alarm/Indicaie Scar mai mare
alarm sau indicaie Alarm Depirea limitelor traseului
prestabilit (track limits)
Alarm Intersectarea conturului de
siguran
1. Tipuri de alarme i indicaii Alarm/Indicaie Intrarea ntr-o zon avnd
condiii speciale
1 2
Alarme i avertizri Alarme i avertizri
Alarm Devierea de la rut b. Indicaie;

Alarm Apropierea de un punct critic c. Ambele.
Alarm Datum geodezic diferit
Alarm/Indicaie Erori n funcionarea ECDIS 3. Care este metoda de avertizare n context ECDIS, prin care utilizatorul
Indicaie Information over scale este informat despre Intrarea ntr-o zon avnd condiii speciale?
Indicaie Disponibilitatea unei hri la o
scar mai mare a. Alarm;
Indicaie Siteme de referina diferite b. Indicaie;
c. Ambele.
Indicaie Ruta planificat intersecteaz
conturul de siguran
4. Care este metoda de avertizare n context ECDIS, prin care utilizatorul
Indicaie Ruta planificat intersecteaz o
este informat despre Intersectarea conturului de siguran?
zon specificat
Indicaie Cedarea sistemului de
a. Alarm;
poziionare
b. Indicaie;
Indicaie Cedarea sistemului de testare
c. Ambele.
Not: Atunci cnd sistemul ECDIS este folosit n modul RCDS (Raster Chart 5. Care este metoda de avertizare n context ECDIS, prin care utilizatorul
Display System) alarmele prezentate anterior nu exist. este informat despre Cedarea sistemului de poziionare?
a. Alarm;
3. Intrebri i rspunsuri b. Indicaie;
1. Care este diferenta dintre Indicatie si Alarma in contextul ECDIS? c. Ambele.
Alarma anuntata prin semnale audio si/sau audio si vizuale. Ceea ce necesita
atentie 4. Bibliografie
Indicatie o indicatie vizuala despre conditiile sistemului sau echipamnetului.
2. Care este metoda de avertizare n context ECDIS, prin care utilizatorul Applied Research International, 2009. Electronic Chart Display & Information
este informat de faptul c Ruta planificat intersecteaz o zon System, New Delhi: Compiled by ARI Faculty;
specificat? Gale, H. 2009. From Paper Charts to ECDIS a practical voyage plan, London
a. Alarm;
3 4
Alarme i avertizri
Organization.
Information System,
Group.
5
U.S. Chart No. 1
Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms
used on Paper and Electronic Navigational Charts
12th Edition, April 15, 2013
Corrected through NM Nov. 16, 2013
Corrected through LNM Nov. 12, 2013
Prepared Jointly by
Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Department of Defense
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
1
New in Edition 12: ECDIS Symbols and Other ECDIS Information
ECDIS
Symbology for displaying Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) on an Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) has been added to U.S. Chart No. 1. See the
Preface and Introduction sections for more details.
In addition to the ECDIS symbols shown in the traditional lettered sections of U.S. Chart No. 1, there are now several special pages devoted exclusively to providing important
details about ECDIS. These pages are distinguished by the ECDIS icon, as shown in the top left corner of this page. The ECDIS pages are also listed in the table of contents
in italic type.
One major difference in the use of paper charts and ENCs is the ability of ECDIS to display the same feature differently depending on user settings and
other conditions, such as a ships draft. An important example is that ECDIS displays wrecks, rocks and other obstructions with their traditional paper chart
symbols if they are at or deeper than the depth of the safety contour set for the ship. Dangers that are shoaler are portrayed with the unique ECDIS isolated
danger symbol shown at left. (See the ECDIS Portrayal of Depths page for more information about the ECDIS safety contour.)
Another advantage that ECDIS provides over paper charts is enabling users to obtain more information about a feature through a
cursor pick. Some feature attribute values that can be obtained by cursor pick are noted throughout U.S. Chart No. 1. This is especially
true if a particular value, such as height, vertical clearance or the like is included in the INT symbol description. The cursor pick icon, shown
at left, is used to indicate when a reference to a cursor pick is made.
7KHUHDUHPDQ\RWKHUDWWULEXWHYDOXHVWKDWXVHUVPD\REWDLQWKURXJKDFXUVRUSLFNWKDWDUHQRWVSHFLFDOO\QRWHG7KHVHLQFOXGHEXWDUHQRW
limited to, the purpose, seasonality, periodicity, status, color, height, type of structure and the visual or radar conspicuousness of features;
shape, color or color pattern of buoys; characteristics of lights; category of obstructions and wrecks; radar wave length, radio frequency,
communication channel and call signs; the presence of AIS transmitted signals; information regarding pilotage services and many more.
No man is an island and no single reference document stands on its own. U.S. Chart No. 1 is a handy guide for ECDIS
users, but it is no substitute for mandated ECDIS training.
The ECDIS user and developer communities are invited to help improve the presentation of ECDIS symbology and infor-
mation in U.S. Chart No. 1. We want to know what you think works well, which parts are a little rocky, and what additional
information you would like to have included in the next edition of U.S. Chart No. 1.
Please send any recommendations or corrections to:

USChart1@noaa.gov
or
National Ocean Service, NOAA (N/CS2)
Attention: U.S. Chart No. 1
1315 East West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20912-3282
2
SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS
Contents
Document Sections and ECDIS Pages Symbol Sections
Preface 5 GENERAL
Introduction 5 A Chart Number, Title, Marginal Notes
Schematic Layout 8 B Positions, Distances, Directions, Compass
Day, Dusk and Night Color Palettes 9
TOPOGRAPHY
Conspicuous and Non-Conspicuous Features 26
C Natural Features
ECDIS Portrayal of Depths 45
D Cultural Features
Examples of Routing Measures in ECDIS 66
E Landmarks
6LPSOLHGDQG7UDGLWLRQDO3DSHU&KDUW6\PEROV 86
F Ports
Index of Abbreviations 106
G (Not currently used)
Index 112
Appendix 1, IALA Maritime Buoyage System 124 HYDROGRAPHY
H Tides, Currents
I Depths
J Nature of the Seabed
K Rocks, Wrecks, Obstructions, Aquaculture
L Offshore Installations
M Tracks, Routes
N Areas, Limits
O (Not currently used)
NAVIGATION AIDS AND SERVICES

P Lights
Q Buoys, Beacons
R Fog Signals
S Radar, Radio, Satellite Navigation Systems
T Services
U Small Craft (Leisure) Facilities
3
4
PREFACE INTRODUCTION
Presentation of Two Symbology Sets New Column Headers
This edition of U.S. Chart No. 1 has a new name and a new look. Its title is now Sym- The orientation of this edition of U.S. Chart No. 1 has been rotated 90 into a land-
EROV$EEUHYLDWLRQVDQG7HUPVXVHGRQ3DSHUDQG(OHFWURQLF1DYLJDWLRQDO&KDUWV. For scape format to allow two additional columns to be added to the right side of the page.
WKHUVWWLPH86&KDUW1RSUHVHQWVERWKRIWKHPDMRUV\PERORJ\VHWVXVHGIRU These columns hold the ECDIS symbols corresponding to the paper chart symbols
marine navigation. shown on the left side.
As in previous editions, the symbols used on paper nautical charts produced by the ,17 V\PEROV DV VSHFLHG LQ WKH 5HJXODWLRQV RI WKH ,+2 IRU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO ,17
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Geospatial- &KDUWV DQG &KDUW 6SHFLFDWLRQV RI WKH ,+2 appear in the second column from the
Intelligence Agency (NGA) and digital raster representations of those charts, such left, after the symbol number. Any variations from INT 1 symbology that are used on
as NOAA Raster Nautical Charts (NOAA RNCs), are presented in lettered sections charts produced by NOAA or NGA are shown in the NOAA, NGA and the Other NGA
organized in categories, such as Landmarks, Depths, and Lights. New in this edition columns (columns 4a, 4b, and 5 respectively).
is the inclusion of the corresponding symbols used to portray Electronic Navigational ECDIS symbols and their descriptions are shown in columns 6 and 7 respectively.
Chart (ENC) data on Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) as The ECDIS description usually provides the generic symbol name given in the IHO
VSHFLHGE\WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO+\GURJUDSKLF2UJDQL]DWLRQ,+2 6SHFLFDWLRQVIRU&KDUW&RQWHQWDQG'LVSOD\$VSHFWVRI(&',6 although sometimes
Other Non-ECDIS Digital Displays May Portray Data Differently other clarifying terms are also provided in column 7. The ECDIS symbols shown use
1DYLJDWLRQV\VWHPVFHUWLHGWRPHHWWKHH[DFWLQJSHUIRUPDQFHVWDQGDUGVHVWDEOLVKHG the day color palette (see page 9).
by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) are said to be ECDIS type approved. When columns 4a and 4b are combined, this indicates that NOAA and NGA both use
The symbology used to display ENCs or other non-ENC nautical navigational data on the same non-INT 1 symbol for that particular feature. When any of columns 4a, 4b, or
non-ECDIS systems, such as geographic information systems, recreational GPS and 5 are blank, then the INT 1 symbol has been adopted for use by the organization for
RWKHUFKDUWGLVSOD\V\VWHPVFDQGLIIHUVLJQLFDQWO\IURPWKHV\PERORJ\VSHFLHGIRU which that column applies.
ECDIS type approved systems. U.S. Chart No. 1 RQO\VKRZVWKHV\PERORJ\XVHGRQ The schematic layout following this introduction shows a typical symbol table page.
ECDIS. It provides details about the table headers and the types of information presented in
each of the columns.
Sample Chart Layouts
Section A presents two schematics showing typical layouts of the major elements of
NOAA and NGA charts.
INFORMATION ON SELECTED CHART FEATURES

Soundings
The sounding datum reference is stated in the chart title. Soundings on NOAA and
NGA charts may be shown in fathoms, feet, fathoms and feet, fathoms and fractions,
or meters and decimeters. In all cases the unit of depth used is shown in the chart title
and outside the border of the chart in bold type (see item b in Section A). For ECDIS,
the sounding datum is part of the ENC metadata, which can be retrieved through a
cursor inquiry.
Heights
Heights of lights, landmarks, structures, etc. refer to the shoreline plane of reference.
The unit of height is shown in the chart title. When the elevations of islets or bare rocks
are offset into the adjacent water, they are shown in parentheses. For ECDIS, the unit
of height is meters.
Drying Heights
For rocks and banks that cover and uncover, elevations are underlined and are ref-
erenced to the sounding datum as stated in the chart title (or in the ENC metadata).
When the heights of rocks that cover and uncover are offset into the adjacent water,
they are shown in parentheses.
5
Shoreline Light Range (Visibility)
Shoreline shown on charts represents the line of contact between the land and a A lights range or visibility is given in nautical miles, except on the Great Lakes and
VHOHFWHGZDWHUHOHYDWLRQ,QDUHDVDIIHFWHGE\WLGDOXFWXDWLRQWKLVOLQHRIFRQWDFWLV adjacent waterways, where light ranges are given in statute miles. For lights having
XVXDOO\WKHPHDQKLJKZDWHUOLQH,QFRQQHGFRDVWDOZDWHUVRIGLPLQLVKHGWLGDOLQX- more than one color, NOAA charts give only the shortest range of all the colors. On
ence, a mean water level may be used. The shoreline of interior waters (rivers, lakes) NGA charts, multiple ranges may be shown using the following convention. For lights
LVXVXDOO\DOLQHUHSUHVHQWLQJDVSHFLHGHOHYDWLRQDERYHDVHOHFWHGGDWXP6KRUHOLQH ZLWKWZRFRORUVWKHUVWQXPEHULQGLFDWHVWKHUDQJHRIWKHUVWFRORUDQGWKHVHFRQG
is symbolized by a heavy line (symbol C 1). Apparent shoreline is used on charts to number indicates the range of the second color. For example, Fl WG 12/8M means the
show the outer edge of marine vegetation where the limit would be expected to appear range of the white light is 12 nautical miles and the range of green light is 8 nautical
as the shoreline to the mariner or where it prevents the shoreline from being clearly miles. For lights with three colors, only the longest and shortest ranges are given and
GHQHG$SSDUHQWVKRUHOLQHLVV\PEROL]HGE\DOLJKWOLQHV\PEROV&&&S the middle range is indicated by a dash. For example, Fl WRG 12-8M means that the
C q and C r). range of the white light is 12 nautical miles, the range of green light is 8 nautical miles
Landmarks and the range of the red light is between 8 to 12 nautical miles. The dash can appear
in any of the three positions.
A structure or a conspicuous feature on a structure may be shown by a landmark sym-
bol with a descriptive label (see Section E). Prominent buildings that could assist the Aids to Navigation Positioning
mariner may be shown by actual shape as viewed from above (see Sections D and E). 7KH[HGDQGRDWLQJDLGVWRQDYLJDWLRQGHSLFWHGRQFKDUWVKDYHYDU\LQJGHJUHHVRI
On NGA charts, landmark legends shown in capital letters indicate that a landmark is reliability. Floating aids are moored to sinkers by varying lengths of chain and may shift
conspicuous; the landmark may also be labeled CONSPICUOUS or CONSPIC. due to sea conditions and other causes. Buoys may also be carried away, capsized
On NOAA charts, all landmarks are considered to be conspicuous, and landmark leg- or sunk. Lighted buoys may be extinguished and sound signals may not function,
ends shown in all capital letters indicate a landmark has been positioned accurately; because of ice or other causes. Therefore, prudent mariners will not rely solely on any
legends using both upper and lower case letters indicate an approximate position. VLQJOHDLGWRQDYLJDWLRQSDUWLFXODUO\RQRDWLQJDLGVEXWZLOODOVRXVHEHDULQJVIURP
[HGREMHFWVDQGDLGVWRQDYLJDWLRQRQVKRUH
ECDIS portrays conspicuous features with black symbols and non-conspicuous fea-
tures with brown symbols. Only the conspicuous version is shown in the lettered sec- Colors
tions of U.S. Chart No. 1. See the ECDIS Conspicuous and Non-Conspicuous Fea- Color conveys the nature and importance of features found on nautical charts. Chart
tures page in front of Section E for more information. HOHPHQWVVLJQLFDQWWRPDULQHQDYLJDWLRQVXFKDVOLJKWVFRPSDVVURVHVDQGUHJX-
IALA Buoyage System lated areas, are emphasized with magenta. Lateral marks on NOAA charts are shown
ZLWKDUHGRUJUHHQOO6KDGHVRIEOXHGHSLFWSRWHQWLDOKD]DUGVWRQDYLJDWLRQW\SLFDOO\
The International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities shallow water and submerged obstructions. Areas of deeper water believed to be clear
(IALA) Maritime Buoyage System is followed by most of the worlds maritime nations; of obstructions are shown as white. Land, and other features that are always dry, are
however, systems used in some foreign waters may be different. IALA buoyage is depicted with buff on NOAA charts and gray on NGA charts. Foreshore and other
divided into two regions: Region A and Region B. All navigable waters of the United intertidal features are portrayed with a green tint. Other colors may be used to provide
States follow IALA Region B rules, except U.S. possessions west of the International additional information, such as protected areas, which are outlined in blue or green
Date Line and south of 10 north latitude, which follow IALA Region A rules. and mineral lease blocks, which are outlined in red.
The major difference between the two buoyage regions is the color of the lateral 7UDIF6HSDUDWLRQ6FKHPHV
marks. Region A uses red to port and Region B uses red to starboard (red-right-
returning). The shapes of the lateral marks are the same in both regions, can to port 7UDIFVHSDUDWLRQVFKHPHVVKRZUHFRPPHQGHGODQHVWRLQFUHDVHVDIHW\RIQDYLJD-
and cone (nun) to starboard, when entering from seaward. Cardinal and other marks, tion, particularly in areas of high density shipping. These schemes are described in the
such as those for isolated dangers, safe water and special marks are also the same International Maritime Organization (IMO) publication, Ships Routeing.7UDIFVHSDUD-
in both regions. Section Q and Appendix 1 illustrate the IALA buoyage system for both tion schemes are generally shown on nautical charts at scales of 1:600,000 and larger.
Regions A and B. :KHQSRVVLEOHWUDIFVHSDUDWLRQVFKHPHVDUHSORWWHGWRVFDOHDQGVKRZQDVGHSLFWHG
in Section M.
U.S. Lateral Marks
Conversion Scales
Most of U.S. waters are in IALA Region B. In the U.S. system, on entering a channel
from seaward, buoys and beacon dayboards on the starboard side are red with even Depth conversion scales are provided on all charts to enable the user to work in
numbers and have red lights, if lit. Buoys and beacon dayboards on the port side are meters, fathoms or feet.
green with odd numbers and have green lights, if lit. Preferred channel buoys have Correction Date
red and green horizontal bands with the top band color indicating the preferred side The date of each new chart edition is shown below the lower left border of the chart.
of passage. The date of the latest NGA issued U.S. Notice to Mariners applied to the chart is
6
shown after the edition date. NOAA charts also show the date of the latest U.S. Coast
Guard Local Notice to Mariners applied to the chart.
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Information on the use of nautical charts, aids to navigation, sounding datums and the
practice of navigation in general is in 7KH$PHULFDQ3UDFWLFDO1DYLJDWRU(Bowditch),
available through the Publications link on the NGA Maritime Safety Information portal
at msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal.
Tide and current data over U.S. waters is available from the NOAA Center for Opera-
tional Oceanographic Products and Services at tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov.
'HWDLOHGLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWVSHFLFOLJKWVEXR\VDQGEHDFRQVDQGJHQHUDOLQIRUPDWLRQ
about the U.S. Aids to Navigation System and the Uniform State Waterway Marking Sys-
tems is in the U.S. Coast Guard Light List, at navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=lightLists.
Information about aids to navigation in foreign waters is in the NGA List of Lights, avail-
able through the Publications link on the NGA Maritime Safety Information portal at
msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal.
Other important information that cannot be shown conveniently on nautical charts
can be found in the NOAA U.S. Coast Pilot, at www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/staff/
chartspubs.html and NGA Sailing Directions, available through the Publications link
on the NGA Maritime Safety Information portal at msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal.
U.S. Nautical Chart Catalogs and Indexes
NGA catalogs are available through the Product Catalog link on the NGA Maritime
Safety Information portal at msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal. NOAA catalogs are
available at www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/mcd/ccatalogs.htm. A list of the dates of the
latest editions of NOAA charts is at www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/mcd/dole.htm.
CORRECTIONS AND COMMENTS

Corrections to U.S. Chart No. 1 will appear in the weekly U.S. Notice to Mariners,
available through the Notice to Mariners link on the NGA Maritime Safety Information
portal at msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal.
Users may send corrections or comments to USChart1@noaa.gov or by mail to:
National Ocean Service, NOAA (N/CS2)
Attention: U.S. Chart No. 1
1315 East West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282
7
Schematic Layout of U.S. Chart No. 1:
A
K Rocks, Wrecks, Obstructions
B
'
C Rocks Supplementary national symbol: a
E 3ODQHRI5HIHUHQFHIRU+HLJKWV+3ODQHRI5HIHUHQFHIRU'HSWKV+
No. INT 'HVFULSWLRQ NOAA NGA Other NGA (&',6
rock which covers and
uncovers or is awash at
low water
(06)
Uncov 1m underwater hazard which
Rock which covers and uncov-
11 ers, height above chart datum
( 2)
( 2) 4
(06)
covers and uncovers with
drying height
Uncov 1m
isolated danger of depth
less than the safety
contour
1 2 3 4a 4b 5 6 7
A Section designation
B Section
C Sub-section
D Reference to Supplementary national symbols at the end of each section
E Cross-reference to terms in other sections
1 &ROXPQ1XPEHULQJV\VWHPIROORZLQJWKH&KDUW6SHFLFDWLRQRIWKH,+2$OHWWHULQWKLVFROXPQLQGLFDWHVDVXSSOHPHQWDU\QDWLRQDOV\PERORUDEEUHYLDWLRQIRUZKLFKWKHUHLVQRLQWHUQDWLRQDOHTXLYDOHQW
2 &ROXPQ5HSUHVHQWDWLRQWKDWIROORZVWKH&KDUW6SHFLFDWLRQVRIWKH,+2,17V\PERO
3 Column 3: Description of symbol, term, or abbreviation
4a * Column 4a: Representation used on charts produced by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
*
4b Column 4b: Representation used on charts produced by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
5 Column 5: Representation of symbols that may appear on NGA reproductions of foreign charts
6 ** Column 6: Representation used to portray ENC data on ECDIS
7 ** Column 7: Description of ECDIS symbols
* When columns 4a and 4b are combined then NOAA and NGA both use the same symbol. When either column 4a or 4b is blank then the respective agency uses the INT 1 symbol shown in column 2.
:KHQFROXPQVDQGKDYHVHYHUDOURZVIRUWKHVDPHV\PEROQXPEHUWKHQ(&',6SRUWUD\VWKLVIHDWXUHGLIIHUHQWO\GHSHQGLQJRQWKHVKLSVGUDIWDQGRWKHUFRQGLWLRQVDVGHQHGLQ(&',6E\WKHPDULQHUDVLVWKH
**
case for K 11). When columns 6 and 7 combine rows to span across several symbol numbers then ECDIS portrays all of the grouped symbol numbers the same way (see C 5C 7).
6LJQLHVWKDWWKLVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQLVREVROHWHEXWLWPD\DSSHDURQROGHUFKDUWV
6LJQLHVWKDWDIHDWXUHDWWULEXWHYDOXHVXFKDVDKHLJKWGLVWDQFHRUQDPHPD\EHREWDLQHGWKURXJKDQ(&',6FXUVRUSLFNUHSRUW7KHUHDUHPDQ\DWWULEXWHYDOXHVWKDWPD\EHREWDLQHGLQWKLVPDQQHUEXWWKHFXUVRU
SLFNLFRQLVRQO\XVHGWRQRWHYDOXHVWKDWDUHVSHFLFDOO\UHIHUUHGWRLQWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIV\PEROVFROXPQDQGWKDW(&',6GRHVQRWGLVSOD\QH[WWRWKHV\PERO+HLJKWRIWUHHVLQ&LVDQH[DPSOH
8
Day, Dusk and Night Color Palettes
ECDIS
ECDIS allows the mariner to change the color palette that is used to display an ENC.
Three different color tables have been designed to provide the maximum clarity and
contrast between features on the display under three different lighting conditions on the
bridge, namely Day, Dusk and Night.
Each symbol is rendered in a different color appropriate for the lighting condition that
the color table is meant for. This design provides maximum contrast for the display on
a sunny day, as well as preserving night vision on a dimly lit bridge in the evening. This
allows the mariner to look back and forth between the chart on the ECDIS display and
out to sea through the bridge window without the mariners eyes needing to readjust to
a difference in light intensity.
DAY
7KH'D\&RORU7DEOHPHDQWWREHXVHGLQEULJKWVXQOLJKWXVHVDZKLWHEDFN-
ground for deep water and looks the most like a traditional paper chart.
7KH 'XVN &RORU 7DEOH XVHV D EODFN EDFNJURXQG IRU GHHS ZDWHU DQG
colors are subdued, but slightly brighter than those used in the Night Color
Table.
7KH1LJKW&RORU7DEOHPHDQWWREHXVHGLQWKHGDUNHVWFRQGLWLRQVXVHVD
black background for deep water and muted color shades for other features.
The images on the right show each of the three color palettes.
DUSK
The symbols shown in the remainder of this document use the day color palette.
NIGHT
9
A
Chart Number, Title, Marginal Notes Schematic Layout of a NOAA Chart (reduced in size)
Note: this is an example only and not to be used for navigation
12
0DJQHWLF)HDWXUHV%
7LGDO'DWD+
1 Chart number in national chart series

Mercator Projection
13 6FDOHDW/DW
Chart number in international (INT)
North American Datum of 1983 2 series (if any)
(World Geodetic System 1984) 3
3 Reference ellipsoid of the chart
4 Publication note (imprint)
5 Copyright note
6 Date of current edition
7 Notice to Mariners corrections
8 Dimensions of inner borders
N
9 Corner coordinates
10 Chart title
Explanatory notes on chart construction,

11
W
etc. To be read before using chart.
12 Seal(s)
Scale of chart. Some charts have scale

13 at a stated latitude.
Unimak Pass
1:15000
13 14 Linear scale on large scale charts
:
Nautical Miles
500
0.1 0
0
Yards
500
Meters
1000
1.0
1500
14
500 0 500 1000 1500
:
1
1
Published at Washington, D.C.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
NATIONAL OCEAN SERVICE
COAST SURVEY
10
A
Chart Number, Title, Marginal Notes

Linear border scale on large scale
15 charts. On smaller scales use latitude
borders for sea miles.
Cautionary notes (if any). Information

16 on particular features, to be read before
using chart.
Source Diagram (if any). Navigators

17 should be cautious where surveys are
inadequate.
18 Reference to a larger scale chart
Reference to an adjoining chart of

19 similar scale
a Conversion scales
Reference to the units used for depth

b measurement
c Compass rose
d Bar code and stock number
Glossary: Translation of words on chart

e
that are not in English
f ,GHQWLFDWLRQRIDODWWLFHGFKDUWLIDQ\
g Tidal and Tidal Stream information

within the chart coverage
11
B Positions, Distances, Directions, Compass
No. INT Description NOAA NGA Other NGA ECDIS
Geographical Positions
1 Lat Latitude
2 Long Longitude
International Meridian
3 (Greenwich)
4 Degree(s)
5 Minute(s) of arc
6 Second(s) of arc
Position approximate
Point feature or area of

Position approximate (not
low accuracy
7 3$ accurately determined or does PA (PA)
QRWUHPDLQ[HG
Sounding of low accuracy

low accuracy
Position doubtful (reported in
8 PD
various positions)
PD (PD)
Sounding of low accuracy
9 N North
10 E East
11 S South
12 W West
13 NE Northeast
14 SE Southeast
15 NW Northwest
16 SW Southwest
12
Positions, Distances, Directions, Compass B
Control Points
20 Triangulation point
21 Observation spot Obs Spot
Position of an elevation
22 Fixed point
or control point
23 Benchmark BM
24 Boundary mark Bdy Mon
St M 32
Distance along waterway, no Canal and distance point
25.1 visible marker 7 with no mark
7
Distance along waterway with Y Bn (46)
25.2 visible marker
Canal and distance point
Note: ECDIS uses a magenta km symbol to represent distance marks. However, the distances shown along waterways on NOAA-produced ENCs are displayed in statute miles.
Symbolized Positions (Examples)

Symbols in plan: position is
30 center of primary symbol ECDIS follows the paper chart convention for the
SRVLWLRQRIV\PEROVH[FHSWIRUVLPSOLHGV\PEROVIRU
6\PEROVLQSUROHSRVLWLRQLVDW buoys and beacons (see Q 1).
31 bottom of symbol
Point symbols: accurate

32 positions
MAST Position of a point feature
Point symbol: approximate ECDIS indicates approximate position only for

33 position
Mast
wrecks, obstructions, islets and shoreline features.
Units Supplementary national symbols: am
40 km Kilometer(s)
41 m Meter(s)
42 dm Decimeter(s)
43 cm Centimeter(s)
44 mm Millimeter(s)
International nautical mile(s)

45 M
(1852m), sea mile(s)
Mi NMi NM
46 Cable(s) (0.1M) cbl
13
47 ft Foot/Feet
48 Fathom(s) fm
49 h Hour(s) hr
50 m min Minute(s) of time
51 s sec Second(s) of time
52 kn Knot(s)
53 t Ton(s), Tonnage (weight)
54 cd Candela(s)
Magnetic Compass Supplementary national symbols: n
60 Variation var VAR Varn Magnetic variation
61 Magnetic mag
62 Bearing brg
63 True T
64 Decreasing
65 Increasing
66 Annual change
67 Deviation dev
Cursor pick site for

magnetic variation at a
point
Note of magnetic variation, in

68.1 position
magnetic variation over
an area
Note of magnetic variation, out

68.2 of position
14
Positions, Distances, Directions, Compass B
No. NOAA / NGA ECDIS
Compass rose, normal pattern (smaller patterns of compass rose may be used)
Magnetic variation (example):

VAR 415W (2011) means magnetic variation was 415W in 2011
ANNUAL DECREASE 8 means annual change is 8E or decreasing 8 annually
For 2012 the magnetic variation is 47W
0 10
350
340 20
30
330
0 40
32 0
30
330
50
31
MAGNE TIC
300
60
60
290
70
70
30 0
magnetic variation at a
point
4 15'W ( 2011
280
AR
80
)
90
270
90
270
AN
8'
NU SE
100
260
A L DE C R E A
120
110
250
0
24
120
240
15
0
1 30
23
210
0
180
22
0
0
14
210
150
20 0
160
190 170
180
Isogonic lines, Isogonals

71 Varn - 3 magnetic variation along
a line
15
Local magnetic anomaly:

Within the enclosed area the Cursor pick site for
82.1 magnetic variation may deviate magnetic anomaly along
from the normal by the value a line or over an area
shown
Local magnetic anomaly:

LOCAL MAGNETIC LOCAL MAGNETIC Cursor pick site for
Local Magnetic Anomaly Where the area affected cannot LOCAL MAGNETIC DISTURBANCE
82.2 (see Note)
DISTURBANCE ANOMALY
(see note) magnetic anomaly at a
EHHDVLO\GHQHGDOHJHQGRQO\ (see note) (see note) point
is shown at the position
Supplementary National Symbols
a Square meter(s) m2
b Cubic meter(s) m3
c Inch(es) in
d Yard(s) yd
e Statute mile(s) St M St Mi
f Microsecond(s) sec s
g Hertz Hz
h Kilohertz kHz
i Megahertz MHz
j Cycles/second cps c/s
k Kilocycle(s) kc
l Megacycle(s) Mc
m Ton(s) (U.S. short ton) (2,000lbs) T
n Degree(s) deg
16
Natural Features C
Coastline Supplementary national symbols: ae
)RUHVKRUH,-
1 Coastline, surveyed Coastline
Coastline or shoreline
2 Coastline, unsurveyed construction of low
accuracy in position
Presence of cliffs
coincident with coastline
is obtained by cursor
high low pick
Sloping ground crest line

distant from coastline,
3 Cliffs, Steep coast
radar or visually
conspicuous
Cliff as an area
Conspicuous hill or
4 Hillocks
mountain top

5 Flat coast
6 Sandy shore Nature of coastline is

obtained by cursor pick
7 Stony shore, Shingly shore

Conspicuous hill or
8 Sandhills, Dunes
mountain top

17
C Natural Features
Relief Supplementary national symbols: eg
3ODQHRIUHIHUHQFHIRUKHLJKWV+
Elevation contour with

Contour lines with values and spot height, contour
10 spot height
109 m
value is obtained by
cursor pick
Position of an elevation
11 Spot heights 119 m
or control point
Approximate contour lines with

12 values and approximate height
Elevation contour with
spot height, contour
109 m value is obtained by
cursor pick
13 Form lines with spot height
Approximate height of top of 135 TT Approximate height of trees is

14 trees (above height datum) obtained by cursor pick
Water Features, Lava
20 River, Stream
River
21 Intermittent river
18
Natural Features C
Rapids
22 Rapids, Waterfalls Waterfall
Waterfall, visually
conspicuous
23 Lakes Lake
24 Salt pans
Continuous pattern for

25 Glacier
an ice area (glacier, etc.)
26 /DYDRZ
Vegetation Supplementary national symbols: it
Line of trees
30 Woods in general Wooded

Wooded area

19
C Natural Features
31 Prominent trees (isolated or in groups)
31.1 Deciduous tree

Tree
31.2 Evergreen (except conifer)
31.3 Conifer
Vegetation, line of trees
31.4 Palm
31.5 Nipa Palm
31.6 Casuarina
Wooded area
31.7 Filao
31.8 Eucalypt
Mangrove with coastline

or shoreline construc-
32 Mangrove
tion of low accuracy in
0
position
0
Marsh with coastline or

33 Marsh, Swamp, Reed beds shoreline construction of
low accuracy in position
Chart sounding datum line

a (surveyed)
Uncovers
Approximate sounding datum

b line (inadequately surveyed)
Foreshore; Strand (in general);

c Stones; Shingle; Gravel; Mud; Mud
Sand
Br Br
ea ea
d Breakers along a shore ke
rs
ke
rs
(if extensive)
20
Natural Features C
e Rubble

f Hachures
g Shading
i Deciduous woodland

j Coniferous woodland

k Tree plantation

l &XOWLYDWHGHOGV

m *UDVVHOGV

n 3DGG\ULFHHOGV

o Bushes

p Apparent shoreline Marsh
Vegetation or topographic
q (Feature Area Limit-in general)
r Cypress Cypress
s Grass Grass
t Eelgrass Eelgrass
21
D Cultural Features
Settlements, Buildings
+HLJKWRIREMHFWV(/DQGPDUNV(
1 Urban area Built-up area
Settlement with scattered

2 buildings
Settlement (on medium and

3 small scale charts)
Name Built-up area as a point
4 Village Vil
Conspicuous single
5 Buildings
building
Important building in built-up Conspicuous single

6 area building in built-up area
7 Street name, Road name Street name is obtained by cursor pick
Status of ruins is obtained by cursor

8 Ruin, Ruined landmark Ruins Ru pick
5RDGV5DLOZD\V$LUHOGV Supplementary National Symbols: ac
10 Motorway, highway
Road, track or path as
a line
11 Road (hard surfaced)
Road as an area
Track, Path (loose or
12 unsurfaced)
22
Cultural Features D
13 Railway, with station Railway, with station
14 Cutting Cutting
Embankment
15 Embankment
Embankment, visually or
radar conspicuous
Tunnel
16 Tunnel
Tunnel with depth below
the seabed encoded
Airport as a point
Runway as a line
17 $LUSRUW$LUHOG Airport
Airport area, with runway

area and visually con-
spicuous runway area
Other Cultural Features Supplementary National Symbols: di

clr 20.0 Vertical clearance
VERT CL 6 M
Vertical clearance above high clr cl 20.0 Closed clearance
20 water 6 clr op 20.0 Open clearance
FIXED BRIDGE sf clr 20.0 Safe clearance
HOR CL 25 FT
VERT CL 20 FT
HOR CL 8 M Horizontal clearance is obtained by
21 Horizontal clearance
cursor pick
8
clr 20.0
Fixed bridge with vertical
22 clearance
clr 20.0 Bridge
23
D Cultural Features
Opening bridge (in general) with

23.1 vertical clearance
clr cl 8.2
clr op 20.0
Swing bridge with vertical
23.2 clearance
clr cl 8.2 Opening bridge
clr op 20.0
Lifting bridge with vertical
23.3 clearance (closed and open)
Bascule bridge with vertical

23.4 clearance
clr 20.0
23.5 Pontoon bridge clr 20.0 Bridge
clr cl 8.2
clr op 20.0
Draw bridge with vertical clr cl 8.2

23.6 clearance
Opening bridge
clr op 20.0
clr 20.0
Transporter bridge with vertical
24 FOHDUDQFHEHORZ[HGVWUXFWXUH
clr 20.0 Bridge
clr 20.0
Aerial cableway
Overhead transporter, Aerial

25 cableway with vertical clearance
clr 20.0
Aerial cableway, radar
conspicuous
OVERHEAD POWER CABLE sf clr 20.0

AUTHORIZED CL 140 FT Transmission line
Overhead power cable with
pylons and safe vertical
26 clearance sf clr 20.0
Transmission line, radar
TOWER TOWER conspicuous
1RWH7KHVDIHYHUWLFDOFOHDUDQFHDERYHWKHKHLJKWGDWXPDVGHQHGE\WKHUHVSRQVLEOHDXWKRULW\LVJLYHQLQPDJHQWDZKHUHNQRZQRWKHUZLVHWKHSK\VLFDOYHUWLFDOFOHDUDQFHLVVKRZQLQEODFNDVLQ'DOVRVHH
diagram at H 20).
24
Cultural Features D
clr 20.0
Overhead cable
Overhead cable, Telephone Tel
27 line, Telegraph line with vertical
clearance clr 20.0
Overhead cable, radar
conspicuous
clr 20.0
Overhead pipeline
Overhead pipe with vertical OVHD PIPE
28 clearance
VERT CL 6FT
clr 20.0
Overhead pipeline, radar
conspicuous
Oil, gas pipeline,

29 Pipeline on land submerged or on land
a Highway markers
Same grade
Railway (Ry)
b (single or double track) Ry above
Railroad (RR)
Ry below
c Abandoned railroad
d Bridge under construction
e Footbridge
Viaduct
f Viaduct
g Fence
h Power transmission line
i Approximate vertical clearance

abt 21
25
Conspicuous and Non-Conspicuous Features
ECDIS
There are 25 features for which ECDIS displays either a black symbol, if the feature
Silo
is visually conspicuous, or a brown symbol if is not. Only conspicuous landmarks
are depicted on NOAA paper charts and ENCs. Therefore, only the conspicuous Single building
symbol versions are shown in the symbol tables of U.S. Chart No. 1. Both versions
of the symbols for these features are shown on this page. Tank
Cairn
Tank farm
Chimney
Tower
Dish aerial
Water tower
Dome
Windmill
Flare stack
Windmotor
)RUWLHGVWUXFWXUH
Wind generator farm

Hill or mountain top
The seven symbols shown below represent features that only have a brown sym-
Mast bol. There is no corresponding black, conspicuous symbol. The brown symbol is
displayed regardless of the conspicuousness of the feature.
Monument
Cranes
Mosque or minaret
)ODJVWDIIDJSROH
Position of a point feature

Mangrove
Radar scanner
Mine, quarry
Radio, television tower

Quarry
5HQHU\ Timber yard
Religious building, Christian Tree
Religious building, non-Christian
26
Landmarks E
3ODQHRI5HIHUHQFHIRU+HLJKW+/LJKWKRXVHV3%HDFRQV4
General
Non-conspicuous point
feature
Non-conspicuous
1 Examples of landmarks TANK Tr MONUMENT
building
Non-conspicuous
water tower
Examples of conspicuous Conspicuous point

landmarks (On NOAA charts, feature
EMPIRE STATE
a large circle with dot and SPIRE
BUILDING
2 capitals indicates that position Conspicuous building
is accurate; a small circle with
RADAR MAST CHIMNEY
lowercase indicates that position Conspicuous water
is approximate.) tower
The information
symbol is displayed if a
Pictorial sketches (in true
3.1 position)
supplemental image is
available, which may be
accessed by cursor pick
Pictorial sketches (out of

3.2 position)
Height of top of a structure

4 above height datum
(30)
Height is obtained by cursor pick
Height of structure above ground
5 level
(30)
Landmarks
Church as a point
10.1 Church Ch
Church as an area
10.2 Church tower
Church tower, spire, or

10.3 Church spire SPIRE Spire
dome
10.4 Church cupola CUPOLA Cup
11 Chapel Ch Chapel
27
E Landmarks
Position of a point
12 Cross, Calvary
feature
13 Temple
14 Pagoda
Religious building,
non-Christian
15 Shinto shrine, Joss house
16 Buddhist temple or shrine
17 Mosque, Minaret
Mosque or minaret
18 Marabout
Landmark area, type is

19 Cemetery Cem
TOWER
20 Tower Tr Tower
Tr
STANDPIPE WTR TR
Water tower, Water tank on a
21 tower
Water tower
Spipe Wtr Tr
CHIMNEY
CHY
22 Chimney (208) (202) Chimney
Chy
Flare
23 Flare stack (on land) FLARE Flare stack
Monument (including column,

24 pillar, obelisk, statue)
MONUMENT Mon Monument
25.1 Windmill WINDMILL Windmill

Windmill, status of ruins
pick
25.2 Windmill (without sails)
26.1
Wind turbine, Windmotor WINDMOTOR Windmotor Wind motor
26.2 Wind farm WIND FARM Wind Farm Wind generator farm
FS FS
27 Flagstaff, Flagpole )ODJVWDIIDJSROH
FP FP
28
Landmarks E
R MAST R Mast
28 Radio mast, Television mast Mast
TV MAST TV Mast
R TR R Tr
29 Radio tower, Television tower Radio, television tower
TV TR TV Tr
30.1 Radar mast RADAR MAST Radar Mast Mast
30.2 Radar tower RADAR TR Radar Tr Radar tower
30.3 Radar scanner Radar scanner
DOME (RADAR) RADOME

30.4 Radome Dome
Dome (Radar) Radome
ANT (RADAR)
31 Dish aerial Dish aerial
Ant (Radar)
Tank
32 Tanks TANK Tk
Tank farm
SILO Silo
33 Silo Silo
ELEVATOR Elevator
)RUWLHGVWUXFWXUHRQODUJHVFDOH
34.1 charts)
)RUWLHGVWUXFWXUH
Castle, Fort, Blockhouse (on

34.2 small scale charts)
)RUWLHGVWUXFWXUH
Battery, Small fort (on small
34.3 scale charts)
35.1 Quarry (on large scale charts) Quarry area
35.2 Quarry (on small scale charts) Quarry
36 Mine
29
E Landmarks
37.1 Recreational vehicle site
Camping site (including

37.2 recreational vehicles)
a Muslim shrine
b Tomb
c Watermill
d Factory Facty
e Well Well
f School Sch Sch
g Hospital Hosp
h University Univ Univ
i Gable GAB Gab
Telegraph Tel
k 7HOHJUDSKRIFH Tel Off
l Magazine Magz
m Government house Govt Ho
n Institute Inst
o Courthouse Ct Ho
p Pavilion Pav
q Telephone T
r Limited Ltd
s Apartment Apt
t Capitol Cap
u Company Co
v Corporation Corp
30
Ports F
Protective Structures Supplementary national symbols: ac
Dike as a line
Dike as a line,
1 Dike, Levee, Berm
conspicuous
Dike as an area
2.1 Seawall (on large scale charts)
Seawall
2.2 Seawall (on small scale charts)
Causeway as a line
Causeway, covers and

uncovers as a line
Cswy
3 Causeway
Causeway as an area
Causeway, covers and

uncovers as an area
Bkw
Breakwater as a line
4.1 Breakwater (in general)
Breakwater (loose boulders,

4.2 tetrapods, etc.)
Breakwater as an area
Breakwater (slope of concrete or

4.3 masonry)
Training wall (partly submerged

5 at high water)
Training wall
31
F Ports
6.1 Groin (always dry) Groin Groin (always dry)
6.2 Groin (intertidal) Groin Groin (intertidal)
6.3 Groin (always under water) Groin Groin (submerged)
Harbor Installations
'HSWKV,$QFKRUDJHV/LPLWV1%HDFRQVDQGRWKHU[HGPDUNV40DULQD8
10 Fishing harbor Fishing harbor
11.1 Boat harbor, Marina Yacht harbor, marina
11.2 Yacht berths without facilities
11.3 Yacht club, Sailing club
Mole as a line
12 Mole (with berthing facility)
Mole as an area
13 Quay, Wharf Whf Wharf (quay)
14 Pier, Jetty Pier

Pier (jetty),
promenade pier
15 Promenade pier
Pontoon as a line
16 Pontoon
Pontoon as an area
17 Landing for boats Ldg Lndg Landing
32
Ports F
Steps
18 Steps, Landing stairs Landing steps
19.1 Designation of berth 3 A 3 Berth number

Nr 3
19.2 Visitors berth Yacht harbor, marina
Dn
Dol
20 Dolphin Mooring dolphin
Dol (Great Lakes)
Dol
Deviation mooring
21 Deviation dolphin dolphin
Pile
22 Minor post or pile
Pile (Great Lakes)
Pile or bollard

23 Slipway, Patent slip, Ramp Slipway, ramp
0
24 Gridiron, Scrubbing grid Gridiron
25 Dry dock, Graving dock Dry dock
Floating dock as a line

26 Floating dock
Floating dock as an area
27 Non-tidal basin, Wet dock Wet dock and gate
Dock
28 Tidal basin, Tidal harbor
Dock, under construction

or ruined
33
F Ports
Floating hazard
Boom
Floating barrier, e.g. oil barrier, Floating oil barrier, oil
29.1 B ar rie r
F lo at in g security barrier retention (high pressure
pipe)
%RRPRDWLQJ
obstruction
Floating oil barrier, oil

Oil retention barrier (high Floating Barrier
29.2 pressure pipe)
retention (high pressure
pipe)
30 2011
Works on land, with year date
r
Ruin or works under
Works at sea, Area under Under nst construction
31 construction de r co
2011 reclamation, with year date (2011) Un
Year and condition of

Under constr under construction or
2011 Works under construction, with (2011)
32 2011 year date
ruin is obtained by cursor
pick
Ruins
33.1 Ruin
Ruined pier, partly submerged at Pier Pier, ruined and partly

33.2 high water submerged
0
34 Hulk Hk Hk Hulk
34
Ports F
Canals, Barrages Supplementary national symbol: d
&OHDUDQFHV'6LJQDO6WDWLRQV7&XOWXUDO)HDWXUHV%
Canal
40 Canal Canal
Ditch
St
a Lock gate as a line
2
ck
de
Ti
Lo
1
41.1 Lock (on large scale charts)
a
ck
St
er
Lo
nt
e
Tid
Ce
l
ro
Lock gate as an area
nt
Co
Canal Lock
41.2 Lock (on small scale charts) Navigable lock gate

Ditch Sluice
(Tidegate, Floodgate)
Non-navigable lock gate
42 Caisson, Gate Caisson as a line
Caisson as an area
Non-navigable lock gate
43 Flood barrage Flood barrage as a line
Flood barrage as an
area
Dam as a line
'DP:HLUGLUHFWLRQRIRZ
44 shown is left to right)
Dam as an area
35
F Ports
Transhipment Facilities Supplementary national symbols: ef
5RDGV'5DLOZD\V'7DQNV(
Roll-on, Roll-off (RoRo), Ferry

50 Terminal
RoRo terminal
Conspicuous single
Transit shed, Warehouse (with
51 designation)
building, designation is
Timber yard as a point
52 Timber yard

Timber yard as an area
Lifting capacity is
Crane with lifting capacity,

53.1 Traveling crane (on railway)
Crane as a point
Crane as an area
ne
Cra
Crane
Container crane (with lifting
53.2 capacity)
Crane, visually
conspicuous as an area
53.3 Sheerlegs (conspicuous)
Public Buildings Supplementary national symbol: g
Conspicuous single
60 +DUERUPDVWHUVRIFH Hbr Mr
building
Conspicuous single
building
61 &XVWRPRIFH Cus Ho
Customs
+HDOWKRIFH4XDUDQWLQH
62.1 building
Health Office
Conspicuous single
62.2 Hospital Hosp
building
63 3RVWRIFH PO
36
Ports F
a Jetty (partly below MHW)
Subm Jetty
b Submerged jetty
Submerged Jetty
c Jetty (on small scale charts)
d Pump-out facilities P
e 4XDUDQWLQHRIFH

Quar
M
oo
rin
f Mooring Canal 1
g
Ca
na
l
g Conveyor
Conveyor
37
H Tides, Currents
Terms Relating to Tidal Levels
INT Terms Supplementary National Terms (see lt for other terms and symbols)
No. Term Description No. Term Description
1 CD Chart Datum, Datum for sounding reduction a HW High Water
2 LAT Lowest Astronomical Tide b HHW Higher High Water
3 HAT Highest Astronomical Tide c LW Low Water
4 MLW Mean Low Water d LWD Low Water Datum
5 MHW Mean High Water e LLW Lower Low Water
6 MSL Mean Sea Level f MTL Mean Tide Level
7 Height datum, Land survey datum g ISLW Indian Spring Low Water
High Water Full and Change (Vulgar establishment of

8 MLWS Mean Low Water Springs h HWF&C
the port)
9 MHWS Mean High Water Springs i LWF&C Low Water Full and Change
10 MLWN Mean Low Water Neaps j CRD Columbia River Datum
11 MHWN Mean High Water Neaps k GCLWD Gulf Coast Low Water Datum
12 MLLW Mean Lower Low Water
13 MHHW Mean Higher High Water
14 MHLW Mean Higher Low Water
15 MLHW Mean Lower High Water
16 Sp Spring tide
17 Np Neap tide
38
Tides, Currents H
No.
Tidal Levels and Charted Data

7LGH*DXJH7
Planes of reference are not exactly as shown below for all charts.
They are usually defined in notes under chart titles. Spot height 128
Overhead power
cable
100
Safe vertical clearance Elevation of light source

(magenta) Topographic
Charted vertical Charted vertical contours
clearance clearance
MHHW
(7)
Islet height
Charted HW (coast) line
MHW
20 MSL
Sea surface at any time

Height of tide Observed depth (12)
Drying height
MLW
Charted LW (drying) line

MLLW (Chart datum)
Charted depth
(sounding)
Notes:
1) The numbers and (12), shown above, are examples of how spot heights, topographic contour labels, islet heights and drying heights appear on NOAA paper charts. The numbers are enclosed in
(parentheses) if the value is offset into the water to more clearly show the islet or rock.
2) On NOAA charts, except for lake charts, the HW (coast) line is equal to the MHW line.
Tide Tables
No. INT Description NOAA
7,'$/,1)250$7,21
3/$&( +HLJKWUHIHUUHGWRGDWXPRIVRXQGLQJV0//:
0HDQ+LJKHU 0HDQ 0HDQ

Tabular statement of 1$0( /$7/21*
High Water High Water /RZ:DWHU
semi-diurnal or diurnal tides
feet feet feet
%DOWLPRUH)W0F+HQU\
1
: 1.7 1.4 0.2
30 Note: The order of the
columns of levels will be Annapolis, U.S. Naval Academy
1
: 1.4 1.2 0.2
the same as that used
in national tables of tidal :DVKLQJWRQ'&:DVKLQJWRQ&KDQQHO
1
: 3.2 2.9 0.1
predictions. 'DVKHVORFDWHGLQGDWXPFROXPQVLQGLFDWHXQDYDLODEOHGDWXPYDOXHVIRUDWLGHVWDWLRQ5HDOWLPHZDWHU
levels, tide predictions, and tidal current predictions are available on the Internet from
KWWSWLGHVDQGFXUUHQWVQRDDJRY
1RY
39
H Tides, Currents
No. ECDIS
Point or area for which

a tidal stream table is
available
31 Tidal stream table
Boundary of an area
for which there is tidal
information
Tidal Streams and Currents Supplementary national symbols: mt
%UHDNHUV.7LGH*DXJH7
2.5 kn Flood stream, rate at

spring tides
Current or tidal stream

whose direction is not
3.0 kn
known
40 Flood tide stream with rate
Boundary of an area
information
Ebb stream, rate at

2.5 kn
spring tides
Current or tidal stream

whose direction is not
known
41 2.8 kn Ebb tide stream
Boundary of an area
information
40
Tides, Currents H
42 Current in restricted waters

2.5 kn Non-tidal current
Ocean current with rates and
43 seasons (see Note)
Tide rips
44 Overfalls, tide rips, races
symbol used only in small areas

Overfalls, tide rips;
eddies; breakers as
point, line, and area
Eddies
45 Eddies
symbol used only in small areas
Position of tabulated tidal stream Point for which a tidal

46 data with designation stream table is available
Offshore position for which tidal

47 levels are tabulated
Supplementary National Symbols (Supplementary national terms relating to tidal levels are listed after H 17)
l Stream Str
m Current, general, with rate 2 kn
n Velocity, Rate vel
o Knots kn
p Height ht
q Flood
r New moon
s Full moon
10 11 0
9 1
t Current diagram 8 2
7 3
6 5 4
u Gulf Stream Limits Approximate location of Axis of Gulf Stream
41
I Depths
General
Sounding of low
1 ED Existence doubtful accuracy
Sounding of low
accuracy
Underwater hazard with

2 SD Sounding of doubtful depth depth greater than 20
meters
Isolated danger of depth

contour
Sounding of low
accuracy
3.1 Rep 5HSRUWHGEXWQRWFRQUPHG

low accuracy
Low accuracy line

demarking area wreck or
Reported (with year of report), obstruction
3.2 5HS
EXWQRWFRQUPHG
Low accuracy line
demarking foul area
Obstruction, depth not

stated
Sounding of low
accuracy

depth of 20 meters or
less
5HSRUWHGEXWQRWFRQUPHG
4 sounding or danger (on Underwater hazard with
small scale charts only) depth greater than 20
meters

contour

low accuracy
42
Depths I
Soundings Supplementary national symbols: ac
3ODQHRI5HIHUHQFHIRU'HSWKV+3ODQHRI5HIHUHQFHIRU+HLJKWV+
Sounding shoaler than or

Sounding in true position (NOAA equal to safety depth
shows fathoms and feet with 3
10 vertical numbers and meters with
6 3
4 6 4
sloping numbers) Sounding deeper than

safety depth
(23)
11 Sounding out of position
3375
Depths are always shown in their true position in
ECDIS
12 Least depth in narrow channel (47 )
Status of no bottom
13 No bottom found at depth shown found is obtained by
cursor pick
Soundings which are unreliable

or taken from a smaller scale
source (NOAA shows unreliable Sounding of low
14 soundings in fathoms and feet accuracy
with sloping numbers and in
meters with vertical numbers)
Drying heights and contours Drying height, less than

15 above chart datum
6
or equal to safety depth
Natural watercourse (in intertidal

16 area), tidal gully, tideway
Tideway
43
I Depths
Depths in Fairways and Areas Supplementary national symbols: a, b
3ODQHRI5HIHUHQFHIRU'HSWKV+
20 Limit of dredged area
Dredged channel or area with

21 depth of dredging in meters and
decimeters Dredged area
30 FEET APR 2011 Depth, date of latest

Dredged channel or area with survey and other
22 depth and year of the latest information is obtained
control survey by cursor pick
30 FEET
APR 2011
Dredged channel or area with

23 maintained depth
3 29
23
Area swept by wire drag. The
depth is shown at chart datum. 8 22
76
24 (The latest date of sweeping is swept to 9.6
Swept area
30 (1930)
shown in parentheses.) 18
7
21
0 Unsurveyed 10
(see note)
10 Incompletely surveyed
area
Depths
(see ZOC diagram)
Unsurveyed or inadequately Unsurveyed
25 surveyed area; area with
inadequate depth information 11
13
Inadequately surveyed 12
(see note)
10 17
13 Unsurveyed area
Unsurveyed rky
22
20
44
ECDIS Portrayal of Depths
ECDIS
ECDIS depth related symbols closely resemble their paper chart counterparts; however,
ECDIS provides valuable additional information to mariners that paper charts cannot.
Soundings
ECDIS enables mariners to set their own-ship safety depth. If no depth is set, ECDIS sets
the value to 30m. Soundings equal to or shoaler than the safety depth are shown in black;
deeper soundings are displayed in a less conspicuous gray. Fractional values are shown
with subscript numbers of the same size.
Depth Contours & Depth Areas

Depth contours in ECDIS are portrayed with a thin gray line. Each pair of adjacent depth
contours is used to create depth area features. These are used by ECDIS to tint different
depth levels and to initiate alarms when a ship is headed into unsafe water.
Portrayal of Depth Areas with 2 Color Settings
Depth Contour Labels
ECDIS depth contour labels are not centered and oriented along iso- 6RPH(&',6HQDEOHPDULQHUVWRGHQHWZRDGGLWLRQDOGHSWKDUHDVIRUPHGLXP
lines as they appear on paper charts. They are displayed upright and deep water and medium-shallow water by setting a deep contour value and
may appear either on or next to the contour lines that they describe. a shallow contour value. If this option is used, the safety contour is displayed
The labels are black and the same size as soundings, but the labels between the medium deep and medium shallow contours.
have a light halo to set them apart. The graphic to the left shows depth
labels and soundings both deeper and shoaler than the safety depth.
Note that depths on NOAA paper charts and ENCs are usually com-
piled in fathoms and feet. Because ECDIS displays depths in meters,
soundings and contour lines often show fractional meter values. The
own-ship safety contour (described below) is always displayed, but
mariners may choose to have all other depth contours turned off.
Safety Contour
ECDIS uses a safety contour value to show an extra thick line for the depth contour that
separates safe water from shoaler areas. If the mariner does not set an own-ship safety
contour value, ECDIS sets the value to 30m. If the ENC being displayed does not have a
contour line equal to the safety contour depth value set by the mariner, then ECDIS sets
the next deeper contour as the safety contour. Depending on the contour intervals used on
individual ENCs, ECDIS may set different safety contours as a ship transits from one ENC
to another. ECDIS will initiate an alarm if the ships future track will cross the safety contour Portrayal of Depth Areas with 4 Color Setting
ZLWKLQDVSHFLHGWLPHVHWE\WKHPDULQHU
Two or Four Tints for Shading Depth Areas

ECDIS tints all depth areas beyond the (green tinted) foreshore in either one of two or Some ECDIS also provide the mariner with the option of
one of four shades of blue. This is similar to the convention used for paper charts, but displaying a cross-hatch shallow water pattern over all
the depths used to change from one tint to another are based on the safety contour and depth areas shoaler than the safety contour.
thus customized for each ship. If the mariner chooses two shades to be displayed, water
deeper than the safety contour is shown in an off-white color, water shoaler than the safety
contour is tinted blue.
45
I Depths
Depth Contours
Drying contour Two Shades Four Shades
Low water line

foreshore foreshore
Blue tint, in one or more shades,

or tint ribbons are shown to
different limits according to the
scale and purpose of the chart very
and the nature of the bathymetry. shallow
depth
shallow water
On some charts, contours and shallow contour
values are printed in blue. depth
medium
shallow
depth
30 safety contour
medium
deep
depth
deep water
contour
deep
depth
all deeper contours deep

depth
Approximate depth
20 contour
31 Approximate depth contours 50
Approximate safety
depth contour
a Swept channel 6
89
Swept area, not adequately
b sounded (shown by purple or 15 102
green tint) 119
10
2ft
c Stream 5
6
46
Nature of the Seabed J
Types of Seabed Supplementary national abbreviations: aag
5RFNV.
1 S Sand S Sand
2 M Mud M Mud
3 Cy Clay Cy Clay
4 Si Silt Si Silt
5 St Stones St Stones
6 G Gravel G Gravel
7 P Pebbles P Pebbles
8 &E Cobbles Cb Cobbles
9.1 R Rock; Rocky Rk; rky R Rock
9.2 Bo Boulder(s) Blds R Boulder
R Lava
10 Co Coral, Coralline algae Co Coral
11 Sh Shells (skeletal remains) Sh Shells
12.1 S/M Two layers, e.g. sand over mud
fS M Sh The main constituent is given

12.2 UVWIRUPL[WXUHVHJQHVDQG f S M Sh
fS.M.Sh with mud and shells
13.1 Wd Weed (including kelp) Weed, kelp
13.2 Kelp, Weed Kelp Weed, kelp as an area
47
Sand waves as a point
Sand waves as a line
14 Sandwaves Sandwaves
Sand waves as an area
15 Spring in seabed Spring Spring
Types of Seabed, Intertidal Areas
gravel Areas of gravel and

20 Area with stones and gravel
stone stone
Rocky area, which covers and

21 uncovers
Rocky ledges or coral
reef
Coral reef, which covers and
22 uncovers
Qualifying Terms Supplementary national symbols: ahbf
30 f Fine
only used in
31 m Medium relation to
sand
32 c Coarse
33 EN Broken
34 sy Sticky
35 so Soft
36 sf Stiff
37 Y Volcanic YRO
Rocky ledges or coral

38 ca Calcareous Ca
reef
39 h Hard
48
Nature of the Seabed J
Supplementary National Abbreviations

a Ground Grd
b Ooze Oz
c Marl Ml
d Shingle Sn
f Chalk Ck
g Quartz Qz
h Schist Sch
i Coral head Co Hd
j Madrepores Mds
k Volcanic ash 9RO$VK
l Lava La
m Pumice Pm
n Tufa 7
o Scoriae Sc
p Cinders Cn
q Manganese Mn
r Oysters Oys
s Mussels Ms
t Sponge Spg
u Kelp K
v Grass Grs
w Sea-tangle Stg
x Spicules Spi
y Foraminifera Fr
z Globigerina Gl
aa Diatoms Di
ab Radiolaria Rd
ac Pteropods Pt
ad Polyzoa Po
ae Cirripedia Cir
af Fucus Fu
49
ag Mattes Ma
ah Small sml
ai Large lrg
aj Rotten rt
ak Streaky str
al Speckled spk
am Gritty gty
an Decayed dec
ao Flinty \
ap Glacial glac
aq Tenacious ten
ar White wh
as Black EOEN
at Violet YL
au Blue EX
av Green gn
aw Yellow yl
ax Orange or
ay Red rd
az Brown EU
ba Chocolate ch
bb Gray gy
bc Light lt
bd Dark dk
be Varied YDUG
bf Uneven XQHY
50
Rocks, Wrecks, Obstructions, Aquaculture K
General
stated
Obstruction which covers
and uncovers
Danger line: A danger line draws
attention to a danger which
would not stand out clearly
less
enough if represented solely by
1 its symbol (e.g. isolated rock) Isolated danger of depth
or delimits an area containing less than the safety
numerous dangers, through contour
which it is unsafe to navigate
Foul area, not safe for

navigation
46 Obstn Swept sounding, less

21 Rk 35 Rk
than or equal to safety
2 Swept by wire drag or diver (157) depth
46 Wk 46 Wk Swept sounding, greater
(1937) than safety depth
Depth unknown, but estimated
46 Wk 46 Obstn ECDIS displays safe clearance depths in the same
3 to have a safe clearance to the 35 Rk manner as known depths.
depth shown
Rocks
3ODQHRI5HIHUHQFHIRU+HLJKWV+3ODQHRI5HIHUHQFHIRU'HSWKV+
Land as a point at small
scale
Rock (islet) which does not 25
10 cover, height above height datum (21) (4 m)
Land as an area, with an
8m
elevation or control point
Rock which covers and

low water
(06) Underwater hazard
Rock which covers and uncov- Uncov 1m which covers and uncov-
11 ers, height above chart datum ( 2)
( 2) 4
(06) ers with drying height
Uncov 1m Isolated danger of depth
contour
Rock which covers and
low water
Rock awash at the level of chart Underwater hazard

12 datum which covers and
uncovers
contour
51
Dangerous underwater
Underwater rock of unknown rock of uncertain depth
13 depth, dangerous to surface
navigation Isolated danger of depth
contour

Underwater rock of known depth; 27 Rk a depth of 20 meters
or less
14.1 inside the corresponding depth 12 Rk 21
area R
depth greater than 20
meters
Underwater rock of known depth; 42 Rk
outside the corresponding depth
14.2 area, dangerous to surface
5 Rk Isolated danger of depth
5 less than the safety
navigation R contour

a depth of 20 meters
Underwater rock of known or less
35
15 depth, not dangerous to surface 35Rk R.
navigation Underwater hazard with
meters
Dangerous underwater
rock of uncertain depth
stated
contour
Coral reef which is always Co Safe clearance shoaler

16 covered Reef line than safety contour
31
128 Safe clearance deeper

than safety contour

than 20 meters
Br
eak
er s Overfalls, tide rips;
West Breaker
17 Breakers Br PA
eddies; breakwaters as
point, line, and area
52
Wrecks and Fouls

3ODQHRI5HIHUHQFHIRU'HSWKV+
Mast (1.2) Wreck, always dry, with

Wreck, hull never covers, on
20 large scale charts
Hk Hk 1.2 m
height shown
Wk
Wreck, covers and

Wk uncovers
Mast (12 ) Wk
Wreck, covers and uncovers, on
21 large scale charts
Hk
Wk Wk
Wk Distributed remains of
wreck
Submerged wreck with

less
Submerged wreck with

52 65 Submerged wreck, depth known, 9 depth greater than 20
22 on large scale charts meters
Wk
Distributed remains of
wreck
Wk Submerged wreck with

Submerged wreck, depth depth less than the
23 unknown, on large scale charts
Hk Wk
safety contour or depth
Wk unknown
Wk
Wreck showing any portion of Wk
24 hull or superstructure at level of Wreck showing any
chart datum Wk portion of hull or
Wk superstructure at level of
chart datum
Wreck of which the mast(s) only Mast (10ft)
25 are visible at chart datum
Masts Funnel

less
Wreck, least depth known by 512 Wk
26 sounding only
(11) depth greater than 20
meters
contour
53
Swept sounding for

underwater hazard less
than safety depth
Swept sounding for
Wreck, least depth known, swept underwater hazard
27 by wire drag or diver
25
greater than or equal to
safety depth
contour
Dangerous wreck, depth
unknown
Dangerous wreck, depth
28 unknown Isolated danger of depth
contour
Sunken wreck, not dangerous to Non-dangerous wreck,
29 surface navigation depth unknown
safe clearance of 20
meters or less
Wreck, least depth unknown, but Underwater hazard with
30 considered to have a safe 4 safe clearance greater
clearance to the depth shown than 20 meters
contour
Foul area of seabed safe
for navigation but not for
anchoring
31.1 (25)
Foul ground, not dangerous to

surface navigation, but to be Foul ground
avoided by vessels anchoring,
trawling, etc. (e.g. remains of
wreck, cleared platform)
31.2 Distributed remains of
wreck
Obstructions and Aquaculture

3ODQHRI5HIHUHQFHIRU'HSWKV+.HOS6HDZHHG-8QGHUZDWHU,QVWDOODWLRQV/

stated
40 Obstruction, depth unknown contour
Safe clearance shoaler

than safety contour
54

less
Obstruction, least depth known
41 by sounding only
meters
contour
Less than or equal to

safety depth
swept
depth
Greater than safety
depth
Method of depth measurement is

Obstruction, least depth known,
42 swept by wire drag or diver known Underwater hazard with
by depth of 20 meters or
diver less
or
other Underwater hazard with
means depth greater than 20
meters

contour
Stumps of posts or piles, wholly stated
43.1 submerged Subm Piles
piles Underwater hazard with
Subm piles Well less
Submerged pile, stake, snag, or Isolated danger of depth
43.2 stump (with exact position)
Stakes Deadhead
Snags Stump
contour
Fish stakes as a point
Fsh
44.1 Fishing stakes stks
Fish stakes as an area
)LVKWUDSVKZHLU
44.2 Fish trap, Fish weir, Tunny nets Fish trap
tunny net as a point
)LVKWUDSVKZHLUWXQQ\
45 Fish trap area, Tunny nets area
net as an area
55

contour
Obstn (actual
46.1 Fish haven Fish Haven shape)
than safety contour

less

meters

Obstn
contour
46.2 Fish haven with minimum depth Fish Haven
(auth min 42ft)
than safety contour

than safety contour

than 20 meters
47 6KHOOVKEHGV Oys
Marine farm as a point
Marine farm (on large scale

48.1 charts)
Marine Farm
Obstn Marine farm as an area

(Marine Farm)
Marine farm (on small scale
48.2 charts) Marine Farm
56

a Rock awash (height unknown)
Shoal sounding on isolated rock Rks

b 5 Rk 21
or rocks
Sunken wreck covered 20 to

c 30 meters
d Submarine volcano Sub vol
e Discolored water Discol water
Sunken danger with depth 21 Rk 46 35 Rk 46 Obstn

f cleared (swept) by wire drag
g Reef of unknown extent Reef
Coral reef, detached (uncovers

h at sounding datum) Co
Subm
i Submerged crib Crib
Crib
j Crib, duck blind (above water) Duck Blind Crib
k Submerged duck blind Duck Blind
Subm
l Submerged platform platform Platform
Coral reef which covers and

m uncovers
n Sinkers
Foul
Foul area, foul with rocks or
o wreckage, dangerous to Wks
navigation
Wreckage
Unexploded
p Unexploded ordnance Ordnance
q Float Float
Stumps of posts or piles, which

r cover and uncover
Subm
piles
57
General
$UHDV/LPLWV1
Well
348
Well 346 Area to be navigated
CORRIB
1 Ekofisk Oilfield 1DPHRIRLOHOGRUJDVHOG GAS FIELD
with caution, name is
Well 334 334 Well
Offshore platform, name

2 Platform with designation/name
Name
pick
Area where entry is

Limit of safety zone around prohibited or restricted or
3 offshore installation to be avoided, with other
cautions
Cautionary area,
4 Limit of development area
navigate with caution
:LQGWXUELQHRDWLQJZLQG
Fl.Y Wind motor visually
5.1 turbine, vertical clearance under
conspicuous
blade
Offshore wind farm
5.2 Wind farm (offshore)
2IIVKRUHZLQGIDUPRDWLQJ
6 Wave farm Wave farm
Platforms and Moorings

0RRULQJ%XR\V4
Production platform, Platform,

10 Oil derrick
Offshore platform
&RQVSLFXRXVDUHVWDFN
11 Flare stack (at sea)
on offshore platform
58
Offshore Installations L
Single Point Mooring (SPM),

12 including Single Anchor Leg
Mooring (SALM), Articulated Name
Loading Column (ALC)
Observation/research platform
13 (with name)
Name Name
Name Offshore platform, name
and status of disused is
Disused platform with obtained by cursor pick
14 Ru Z-44 superstructure removed
(disused)
(ru)
Artificial Island Name

15 $UWLFLDOLVODQG
(Mukluk)
Single Buoy Mooring (SBM), Oil Installation buoy and

or gas installation buoy including PRRULQJEXR\VLPSOLHG
16 Catenary Anchor Leg Mooring Installation buoy, paper
(CALM) chart
Tanker
17 Moored storage tanker Offshore platform
18 Mooring ground tackle Ground tackle
Underwater Installations Supplementary national symbol: a
3ODQHRI5HIHUHQFHIRU'HSWKV+2EVWUXFWLRQV.

Well less
15 Prod Well
(cov 21ft) Underwater hazard with
20 Submerged production well Well Well depth greater than 20
(cov 83ft) Prod Well meters
contour
Suspended well, depth over
21.1 wellhead unknown
Pipe less than the safety
contour
less
Pipe
(cov 24ft) Underwater hazard with
Suspended well, with depth over
21.2 wellhead
Pipe meters
(cov 92ft)
contour
Wellhead with height above the Well
21.3 VHDRRU (5.7) less than the safety
contour
59
Foul area of seabed safe

22 Site of cleared platform for navigation but not for
anchoring
Pipe Pipe Obstruction in the water

Above-water wellhead (lit or
23 (1 8 ) unlit)
Pipe (24) which is always above
water level
24 Underwater turbine
Underwater turbine or
subsurface ODAS
Subsurface Ocean(ographic)
25 ODAS
Data Acquisition System (ODAS)
Submarine Cables
30.1 Submarine cable

Submarine cable
30.2 Submarine cable area

Cable Area
31.1 Submarine power cable

Submarine cable area
31.2 Submarine power cable area
Status of disused is
32 Disused submarine cable
Submarine Pipelines
6XSSO\SLSHOLQHXQVSHFLHGRLO Oil, gas pipeline,

40.1 gas, chemicals, water submerged or on land
Submarine pipeline area

Supply pipeline area: unspeci-
40.2 HGRLOJDVFKHPLFDOVZDWHU
Pipeline Area with potentially
dangerous contents
60
Offshore Installations L
2XWIDOODQGLQWDNHXQVSHFLHG Water pipeline, sewer,

41.1 water, sewer, outfall, intake etc.
Pipeline Area Submarine pipeline area

Outfall and intake area: unspeci-
41.2 HGZDWHUVHZHURXWIDOOLQWDNH
with generally
non-dangerous contents
Nominal depth of buried

Buried pipeline/pipe (with
42.1 nominal depth to which buried)
pipeline is obtained by
cursor pick
42.2 Pipeline tunnel Pipeline tunnel

less
43 Diffuser, Crib
contour
Status of disused is
44 Disused pipeline/pipe
a Submerged well (buoyed) Well Well Well
PWI
b Potable water intake

Depth over Crib
Crib 17 ft
61
M Tracks, Routes
Tracks Supplementary national symbols: ac
7UDFNV0DUNHGE\/LJKWV3/HDGLQJ%HDFRQV4
Leading line bearing a non-regulated,

recommended track
Leading line (solid line is the Direction not encoded

1 track to be followed, means Lights in line 090
in line) 270 deg
One-way
270 deg
Two-way
Transit (other than leading line), 270 deg

2 clearing line
Beacons in line 090 Bns in line 270.5 Clearing line; transit line
Non-regulated, recommended track

EDVHGRQ[HGPDUNV
Direction not encoded

Recommended track based on a Lights in line 090
3 V\VWHPRI[HGPDUNV 90 deg
One-way
270 deg
Two-way
Non-regulated, recommended track

QRWEDVHGRQ[HGPDUNV

Recommended track not based
4 RQDV\VWHPRI[HGPDUNV 90 deg
One-way
270 deg
Two-way
%DVHGRQ[HGPDUNVRQHZD\
One-way track and DW track 90 deg Non-regulated
5.1 EDVHGRQDV\VWHPRI[HG recommended track
marks
Deep water route
1RWEDVHGRQ[HGPDUNVRQHZD\
One-way track and DW track 90 deg Non-regulated
5.2 QRWEDVHGRQDV\VWHPRI[HG recommended track
marks
Deep water route
centerline
Recommended track with 7m If encoded, the shoalest depth range
6 maximum authorized (or
73 m
value along the track is obtained by
recommended) draft stated cursor pick
62
Tracks, Routes M
Routing Measures Supplementary national symbols: de
Basic Symbols
7UDIFGLUHFWLRQLQD
Established (mandatory)
10 GLUHFWLRQRIWUDIFRZ
RQHZD\ODQHRIDWUDIF
separation scheme
6LQJOHWUDIFGLUHFWLRQ
5HFRPPHQGHGGLUHFWLRQRIWUDIF in a two-way route part
11 RZ RIDWUDIFVHSDUDWLRQ
scheme
Separation line (large scale,
12 small scale)
7UDIFVHSDUDWLRQOLQH
13 Separation zone 7UDIFVHSDUDWLRQ]RQH
Limit of restricted routing

PHDVXUHHJ,QVKRUH7UDIF RESTRICTED AREA
14 Zone (ITZ), Area to be Avoided
(ATBA))
7UDIFVHSDUDWLRQ
15 Limit of routing measure
scheme boundary
7UDIFSUHFDXWLRQDU\
area as a point
16 Precautionary area
7UDIFSUHFDXWLRQDU\
area as an area
Archipelagic Sea Lane (ASL);

Axis and boundary of
17 axis line and limit beyond which
archipelagic sea lane
vessels shall not navigate
Fairway designated by regulatory

7.3m
authority with minimum depth
Fairway, depth is
18 SAFETY FAIRWAY 166.200 (see note A)
Fairway designated by regulatory
<7.3m> authority with maximum
authorized draft
63
M Tracks, Routes
Examples of Routing Measures on Paper/Raster Charts
Inshore Traffic Zone 20.1
1)
(201
25.1 Inshore Traffic Zone
.5m
10
WAY
25.1
FAIR
18
Precautionary
23 Area
21
20.1 24
20.1 RW
28.1
27.1
29.1
DW
Area to be RW
Avoided
(see Note)
26.1
20.2
DW
27.3
DW
RW
29.2
26.1
DW
22.
28.2
5m
22 26.2 27.2
20.3
Inshore
traffic
zone
25.2
DW
DW
27.3
DW
27.3 20.1 27.3
64
Tracks, Routes M
No.
Examples of Routing Measures

18 Safety fairway
20.1 7UDIF6HSDUDWLRQ6FKHPH766WUDIFVHSDUDWHGE\VHSDUDWLRQ]RQH
20.2 7UDIF6HSDUDWLRQ6FKHPHWUDIFVHSDUDWHGE\QDWXUDOREVWUXFWLRQV
20.3 7UDIF6HSDUDWLRQ6FKHPHZLWKRXWHUVHSDUDWLRQ]RQHVHSDUDWLQJWUDIFXVLQJVFKHPHIURPWUDIFQRWXVLQJLW
21 7UDIF6HSDUDWLRQ6FKHPHURXQGDERXWZLWKVHSDUDWLRQ]RQH
22 7UDIF6HSDUDWLRQ6FKHPHZLWKFURVVLQJJDWHV
23 7UDIF6HSDUDWLRQ6FKHPHFURVVLQJZLWKRXWGHVLJQDWHGSUHFDXWLRQDU\DUHD
24 Precautionary area
25.1 ,QVKRUH7UDIF=RQH,7=ZLWKGHQHGHQGOLPLWV
25.2 ,QVKRUH7UDIF=RQHZLWKRXWGHQHGHQGOLPLWV
26.1 5HFRPPHQGHGGLUHFWLRQRIWUDIFRZEHWZHHQWUDIFVHSDUDWLRQVFKHPHV
26.2 5HFRPPHQGHGGLUHFWLRQRIWUDIFRZIRUVKLSVQRWQHHGLQJDGHHSZDWHUURXWH
27.1 'HHSZDWHUURXWH':DVSDUWRIRQHZD\WUDIFODQH
27.2 Two-way deep water route, with minimum depth stated
27.3 Deep water route, centerline as recommended one-way or two-way track
28.1 Recommended route, one-way and two-way (often marked by centerline buoys)
28.2 Two-way route, with one-way sections
29.1 Area to be Avoided (ATBA), around navigational aid
29.2 Area to be Avoided, e.g. because of danger of stranding
65
M Tracks, Routes
Examples of Routing Measures in ECDIS
20.1
25.1
29.1 25.1
18
23
21
20.1
20.1
24 28.1
27.1
26.1
20.2
27.3
26.1
29.2
28.2
22 26.2 27.2
20.3
25.2
27.3 27.3 27.3

20.1
66
Tracks, Routes M
Radar Surveillance Systems
30 Radar surveillance station Ra Radar station
31 Radar range Radar range
270 deg
32.1 Radar reference line Ra Ra Radar line
Non-regulated recommended track

EDVHGRQ[HGPDUNV

Radar reference line coinciding
32.2 with a leading line 90 deg
One-way
270 deg
Two-way
Radio Reporting Points
Nr 13 Radio calling-in point for

WUDIFLQRQHGLUHFWLRQ
ch s74
only
Radio reporting (calling-in or

way) points showing direction(s)
40.1 of vessel movement with desig-
ch s74 WUDIFLQERWKGLUHFWLRQV
VHF 80 nation (if any) and VHF-channel
Nr 13 Radio calling-in point,

ch s74 direction not encoded

ch s74 WUDIFLQRQHGLUHFWLRQ
only
Nr 13
ch s74 Radio calling-in point for
40.2 Radio reporting line WUDIFLQERWKGLUHFWLRQV
Nr 13
ch s74 Radio calling-in point,
direction not encoded
67
M Tracks, Routes
Ferries
Ferry
Ferry
50 Ferry Ferry route
51 Cable Ferry Cable Ferry Cable ferry route

Recommended track for deep
a GUDIWYHVVHOVWUDFNQRWGHQHG DW
E\[HGPDUNV
Depth is shown where it has ft

76
b been obtained by the cognizant DW
DW 83ft
authority
c Alternate course
68
Areas, Limits N
General *
'UHGJHGDQG6ZHSW$UHDV,6XEPDULQH&DEOHV6XEPDULQH3LSHOLQHV/7UDFNV5RXWHV0
Maritime limit in general, usually

implying permanent physical
1.1 obstructions (tint band for
emphasis)
&DXWLRQDUHDDVSHFLF
Maritime limit in general, usually caution note applies
implying no permanent physical
1.2 obstructions (tint band for
emphasis)
Limit of restricted area

Area where entry is
2.1 RESTRICTED AREA prohibited or restricted or
Limit of restricted area, with tint to be avoided
band for emphasis
Area where entry is

prohibited or restricted or
to be avoided, with other
PROHIBITED AREA
cautions
Limit of area into which entry is
2.2 prohibited
PROHIBITED AREA Area where entry is
prohibited or restricted or
information
Anchorages, Anchorage Areas

Anchorage area as a
5HSRUWHGDQFKRUDJHQRGHQHG point at small scale, or
10 limits) anchor points of mooring
trot at large scale
Nr 6
11.1 Anchor berths 14 6 No 1
Anchor berth
3
Anchor berths with swinging Radius of swing circle is obtained by
11.2 circle
D17 cursor pick
* ECDIS represents many types of area limits with just a few different symbols. Information about the type of area and its associated restrictions or prohibitions may be obtained by cursor pick.
69
N Areas, Limits
12.1 Anchorage area in general

Anchorage
Anchorage
12.2 Numbered anchorage area
No. 1
Neufeld
12.3 Name
Named anchorage area Anchorage
Deep water anchorage area,

DW
12.4 Anchorage area for deep draft
Anchorage
vessels
Type of anchorage area
Tanker is obtained by cursor
12.5 Tanker anchorage area Anchorage pick
Anchorage area for periods up

12.6 to 24 hours
12.7 Explosives anchorage area EXPLOSIVES ANCHORAGE
QUAR
ANCH
Quarantine
12.8 Quarantine anchorage area Anchorage
QUARANTINE
ANCHORAGE
12.9 Reserved anchorage area
Note: Anchors as part of the limit symbol are not shown for small areas. Other types of anchorage areas may be shown.
SEAPLANE
13 Seaplane operating area LANDING Seaplane landing area
AREA
Type of anchorage area

14 Anchorage for seaplanes is obtained by cursor
pick
70
Areas, Limits N
Restricted Areas Supplementary national symbols: d, e, g
Area where anchoring is

prohibited or restricted
ANCH ANCH
PROHIBITED PROHIB
20 Anchoring prohibited prohibited or restricted,
with other cautions

prohibited or restricted,
with other information
$UHDZKHUHVKLQJRU
trawling is prohibited or
restricted
FISH
PROHIB $UHDZKHUHVKLQJRU
FISH trawling is prohibited
21.1 Fishing prohibited
PROHIBITED or restricted, with other
cautions
$UHDZKHUHVKLQJRU
trawling is prohibited
or restricted, with other
information
71
N Areas, Limits
Area where diving is

21.2 Diving prohibited
prohibited
22.1 Bird sanctuary
Environmentally
Sensitive Sea Area
(ESSA)
22.2 Seal sanctuary
Area with minor restric-

tions or information
notices
1RQVSHFLFQDWXUHUHVHUYH
22.3 National parks, Marine Reserves
(MR)
Particularly Sensitive Sea Area

22.4 (PSSA)
PSSA
72
Areas, Limits N
Explosives
Explosives or chemical
Explosives dumping ground, EXPLOSIVES
23.1 Dumping individual mine or explosive DUMPING AREA
dumping ground as a
Ground point
EXPLOSIVES
Explosives dumping ground
23.2 (disused), Foul (explosives)
DUMPING
AREA DISUSED Explosives or chemical
dumping ground as an
area
Dumping ground for chemical Dumping Ground
24 waste
Dump Site
DEGAUSSING DEGAUSSING
25 Degaussing range (DG range) RANGE RANGE Degaussing area
If a speed restriction exists, the speed

27 Maximum speed
limit is obtained by cursor pick
Military Practice Areas
30 Firing practice area Restricted area
Area where entry is

Military restricted area, entry Prohibited prohibited or restricted or
Entry PROHIBITED
31 Prohibited prohibited AREA
Area
cautions
Mine-laying (and counter-

32 measures) practice area
Restricted area
Submarine transit lane and
33 exercise area SUBMARINE EXERCISE
AREA
34 Minefield
(see note)
0LQHHOG 0LQHHOG
International Boundaries and National Limits Supplementary national symbols: a, f, h
CANADA
40 International boundary on land Jurisdiction boundary
UNITED STATES
73
N Areas, Limits
CANADA
41 International maritime boundary Jurisdiction boundary
UNITED STATES
Straight territorial sea baseline Straight territorial sea

42 with base point baseline
43 Seaward limit of territorial sea TERRITORIAL SEA

Territorial sea
44 Seaward limit of contiguous zone Contiguous zone
45 /LPLWVRIVKHU\]RQHV /LPLWVRIVKHU\]RQH
46 Continental Shelf Limit of continental shelf Continental shelf area
Limit of Exclusive Economic Exclusive economic

47 Zone (EEZ) zone
48 Customs limit Custom regulations zone
49 Harbor Limit
Harbor limit Harbor Limit Harbor area, symbolized
Various Limits Supplementary national symbols: a, b
(2012) Limit of fast ice, Ice front (with

60.1 date)
Continuous pattern for
an ice area (glacier, etc.)
(2012) Limit of sea ice (pack ice)
60.2 seasonal (with date)
Floating hazard
Floating barrier, including log

Log boom Boom, ice boom
61 ponds, security barriers, ice
booms, shark nets
%RRPLFHERRPRDWLQJ
obstruction, log pond
62.1 Spoil ground Spoil Area
HO information note
62.2 Spoil ground (disused) Spoil Area Discontinued
74
Areas, Limits N
63 Extraction Area Extraction (dredging) area Dredging area
64 Cargo transhipment area
HO information note
65 Incineration area

a COLREGS demarcation line
/LPLWRIVKLQJDUHDVKWUDS
b areas)
Dumping
c Dumping ground
Ground
Disposal Area 92
d Dumping area (Dump site) Depths from survey
of 2010 85
Reservation line
f (Options)
g Dump site Dump Site
h Three Nautical Mile Line THREE NAUTICAL MILE LINE
i No Discharge Zone NO-DISCHARGE ZONE
75
P Lights
Light Structures and Major Floating Lights

0LQRU/LJKW)ORDWV4
Major light, minor light, light, Light, lighthouse,

1 Lt LtHo
lighthouse paper chart
PLATFORM Lighted offshore

2 Lighted offshore platform (lighted) platform, paper chart
Marker Lighted beacon tower,

3 Lighted beacon tower (lighted) paper chart
4 Lighted beacon
Lighted beacon,
paper chart
Articulated light, buoyant
5 beacon, resilient beacon Art
0DMRURDWLQJOLJKWOLJKWYHVVHO
6 PDMRUOLJKWRDW/$1%<
Light vessel, paper chart
1RWH0LQRUOLJKWV[HGDQGRDWLQJXVXDOO\FRQIRUPWR,$/$0DULWLPH%XR\DJH6\VWHPFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
Navigational lights on landmarks

7 or other structures
8 Important light off chart limits
76
Lights P
Abbreviation Period shown
No. Class of light Illustration ECDIS
INT NOAA
Light Characters
/LJKW&KDUDFWHUVRQ/LJKW%XR\V4
F
10.1 F F Fixed
Occulting (total duration of light longer than total duration of darkness)

Oc
Oc Oc Single-occulting
10.2 Oc(2) Oc (2)

Oc (2) Group-occulting
Example
Oc(2+3) Oc (2+3)
Oc (2+3) Composite group-occulting
Example
Isophase (duration of light and darkness equal)

10.3 Iso
Iso Iso Isophase
Flashing (total duration of light shorter than total duration of darkness)
Fl Fl 6LQJOHDVKLQJ Fl
10.4 Fl(3) Fl (3)

Fl (3) *URXSDVKLQJ
Example
Fl(2+1) Fl (2+1)
Fl (2+1) &RPSRVLWHJURXSDVKLQJ
Example
L FL When text for lights is displayed,
10.5 LFl L Fl /RQJDVKLQJDVKVRUORQJHU
ECDIS uses INT abbreviations.
4XLFNUHSHWLWLRQUDWHRIWRXVXDOO\HLWKHURUDVKHVSHUPLQXWH
Q
Q Q Continuous quick
10.6 Q(3) Q(3)

Q (3) Group quick
Example
IQ
IQ IQ Interrupted quick
9HU\TXLFNUHSHWLWLRQUDWHRIWRXVXDOO\HLWKHURUDVKHVSHUPLQXWH
VQ
VQ VQ Continuous very quick
10.7 VQ(3) VQ(3)

VQ (3) Group very quick
Example
IVQ IVQ Interrupted very quick
8OWUDTXLFNUHSHWLWLRQUDWHRIRUPRUHXVXDOO\WRDVKHVSHUPLQXWH
UQ UQ Continuous ultra quick

10.8
IUQ IUQ Interrupted ultra quick
77
P Lights
Abbreviation Period shown
No. Class of light Illustration ECDIS
INT NOAA
Mo(K) Mo (K)
10.9 Example
Mo (K) Morse Code
F Fl When text for lights is displayed,

10.10 FFl F Fl )L[HGDQGDVKLQJ
W R W R W R Al WR
10.11 Al.WR AlWR Alternating
White (only on sector and Colors of lights shown

11.1 W alternating lights) Default light symbol if no
on standard charts color is encoded or color
11.2 R Red is other than red, green,
white, yellow, amber, or
orange
11.3 G Green
11.4 Bu Blue on multicolored charts Red
11.5 Vi Violet Green
White, yellow, amber or

11.6 Y Yellow
orange
on multicolored charts
at sector lights
11.7 Y Or Orange
Sector lights
11.8 Y Am Amber
Period
Period in seconds and tenths of
12 2.5s 90s a second
Elevation
3ODQHRIUHIHUHQFHIRU+HLJKWV+7LGDO/HYHOV+
Elevation of light given in meters
13 12m or feet
36ft When text for lights is displayed,
Range
15M Light with single range
10M
15/10M Light with two different ranges only lesser of two 15/10M
14 ranges is charted
7M
15-7M Light with three or more ranges only least of three
ranges is charted
Note: Charted ranges are nominal ranges given in Nautical Miles.
78
Lights P
Disposition
(hor) Horizontally disposed
Disposition of light is obtained by

15 (vert) Vertically disposed
cursor pick
( ) ( ) 3 lights disposed in the shape of

a triangle
Example of a Full Light Description

INT Example NOAA Example NGA Example
FlR15s21m11M
ft
Fl(3) &ODVVRIOLJKWJURXSDVKLQJUHSHDWLQJDJURXSRI Fl(3) &ODVVRIOLJKWJURXSDVKLQJUHSHDWLQJDJURXSRI The descriptions of non-sector lights are shown
WKUHHDVKHV WKUHHDVKHV in ECDIS when the display of text is turned on, as
shown above. (The aid to navigation or other struc-
WRG Colors: white, red, green, exhibiting the different WRG Colors: white, red, green, exhibiting the different WXUHWKDWLVDOZD\VVKRZQDWWDFKHGWRDOLJKWDUHLQ
FRORUVLQGHQHGVHFWLRQV FRORUVLQGHQHGVHFWLRQV ECDIS is not depicted here.)
15s Period: the time taken to exhibit one full sequence of 15s Period: the time taken to exhibit one full sequence of Sector lights (as described in the INT, NOAA and
WKUHHDVKHVDQGHFOLSVHVVHFRQGV WKUHHDVKHVDQGHFOLSVHVVHFRQGV NGA examples at left) are depicted graphically in
16 ECDIS, as shown below and in P40.
21m Elevation of focal plane above datum: 21 meters Elevation of light:
The description of a sector light or
21ft 21 feet any other type of light may always be
21m 21 meters obtained by cursor pick.
15-11M Nominal range: white 15M, green 11M, red between Nominal range:
15 and 11M
11M shortest range of all the lights is 11M
15-11M white 15M, green 11M, red between 15 and 11M
79
P Lights
Lights Marking Fairways

Leading Lights and Lights in Line
Leading lights with sectors
g
de
3
5.
22
Leading lights with leading line
(solid line is the track to be
20.1 followed) and arcs of visibility Lts in line 270
Bearing given in degrees and
tenths of a degree
/HDGLQJOLJKWVPHDQVOLJKWV
in line) Oc OcR 270 deg
20.2 Leading lights
Bearing given in degrees and
tenths of a degree
Leading lights on small scale

20.3 charts
FlG FlG 270 deg
Lights in line, marking the sides Lights in line, marking

21 of a channel the sides of a channel
2FlR 270 deg
22 Rear Lt or Upper Lt Rear or upper light
23 Front Lt or Lower Lt Front or lower light
80
Lights P
Direction Lights
Directional light with sector
RED
Direction light with narrow
sector and course to be followed,
30.1 DQNHGE\GDUNQHVVRU 269 deg
N
GREE
XQLQWHQVLHGOLJKW
Directional light without sector
deg
209
Direction light with course to be
30.2 followed, sector(s) uncharted
16
5.5
de
g
Fl(2)5s11M Oc12s6M

IDLUZD\VHFWRUDQNHGE\OLJKW
30.3 sectors of different character on
standard charts
Light, directional

IDLUZD\VHFWRUDQNHGE\OLJKW
30.4 sectors of different character on
multicolored charts
Moir effect light (day and night), FY 270 deg Category of light as
31 arrows show when course moir effect is obtained
alteration needed by cursor pick
Note: Quoted bearings are always from seaward.
81
P Lights
Sector Lights
40.1 Sector light on standard charts
Light, sector
Sector light on multicolored

40.2 charts
Sector lights on standard charts,

41.1 the white sector limits marking
the sides of the fairway
Sector lights on multicolored

41.2 charts, the white sector limits
marking the sides of the fairway
82
Lights P
Light, danger
Main light visible all-round with

42 red subsidiary light seen over
RED
danger
Light, obscured
All-round light with obscured

43
OBSC
sector
Light with arc of visibility

44 deliberately restricted
Light, restricted
45 Light with faint sector Light, faint
83
P Lights
,QWHQVLHGOLJKWYLVLELOLW\LVREWDLQHGE\
cursor pick
46 /LJKWZLWKLQWHQVLHGVHFWRU
/LJKWLQWHQVLHG
Lights with Limited Times of Exhibition

Lights exhibited only when spe-
50 FLDOO\QHHGHGIRUVKLQJYHVVHOV Occas F R (occas)
ferries) and some private lights
Daytime light (charted only

where the character shown by F Bu 9m 6M
51 day differs from that shown at (F by day)
night)
Fog light (exhibited only in fog, or Status and condition of light is

52 character changes in fog) obtained by cursor pick
Unwatched (unmanned) light

53
with no standby or emergency
arrangements
54 (temp) Temporary
55 (exting) Extinguished
Special Lights
)ODUH6WDFNDVVHD/)ODUH6WDFNRQODQG(6LJQDO6WDWLRQV7
AeroAlFlWG7.5s11M
60 Aero light (may be unreliable) AERO Al WG 7.5s Light
AERO 108m 13M AERO
Air obstruction light of high

61.1 intensity (e.g. on radio mast) AERO F R 77m 11M
AeroFR313m11M Conspicuous mast with
light
Air obstruction light of low
61.2 intensity (e.g. on radio mast)
TR (RLts)
Category of light is obtained by cursor

62 Fog Det Lt Fog detector light
pick
)ORRGOLWRRGOLJKWLQJRID
63 (Illuminated)
structure
Floodlight
84
Lights P
64 Strip light Strip light
Private light other than one Status of private is obtained by cursor

65 (priv)
exhibited occasionally Priv F R (priv) pick
Priv maintd
66 (sync) Synchronized light
a Riprap surrounding light
S-L Fl
b Short-Long Flashing
G-S Fl
c Group-Short Flashing
d Fixed and Group Flashing F Gp Fl
e 8QPDQQHGOLJKWYHVVHOOLJKWRDW FLOAT
LANBY, superbuoy as
f navigational aid
85
6LPSOLHGDQG7UDGLWLRQDO3DSHU&KDUW6\PEROV
ECDIS
ECDIS can be set to display aids to navigation with either traditional paper chart or Fixed Marks
VLPSOLHGV\PEROV7KHWZRV\PEROVHWVDUHVKRZQEHORZ6RPH(&',6FRORUOOWKH
Paper Chart 6LPSOLHG 6LPSOLHG6\PERO1DPH
SDSHUFKDUWEXR\VKDSHVEXWWKLVLVQRWUHTXLUHGE\,+2(&',6SRUWUD\DOVSHFLFD-
tions. Cardinal beacon, north
*
Floating Marks
Cardinal beacon, east
Paper Chart 6LPSOLHG 6LPSOLHG6\PERO1DPH *
Cardinal buoy, north * Cardinal beacon, south

*
* Cardinal buoy, east * Cardinal beacon, west
'HIDXOWV\PEROIRUDEHDFRQXVHGZKHQQRGHQLQJ
* Cardinal buoy, south attributes have been encoded in the ENC)
Isolated danger beacon

* Cardinal buoy, west
'HIDXOWV\PEROIRUEXR\XVHGZKHQQRGHQLQJDWWULEXWHV Major lateral beacon, red

have been encoded in the ENC)
Major lateral beacon, green
* Isolated danger buoy
Conical lateral buoy, green Minor lateral beacon, green
Conical lateral buoy, red Major safe water beacon
Can shape lateral buoy, green Minor safe water beacon
Can shape lateral buoy, red

Major special purpose beacon
Minor special purpose beacon
Installation buoy and mooring buoy * Paper chart symbols display various buoy or beacon shape symbols in conjunction with the topmark.
6LPSOLHGSRUWUD\DORQO\GLVSOD\VWKHWRSPDUN
6HYHUDOGLIIHUHQWSDSHUFKDUWV\PEROVFRUUHVSRQGWRWKLVVLPSOLHGV\PERO
** Safe water buoy

Day Marks
Special purpose buoy, spherical or barrel shaped, or default
symbol for special purpose buoy Paper Chart 6LPSOLHG 6LPSOLHG6\PERO1DPH
Special purpose TSS buoy marking the starboard side of the
WUDIFODQH
Square or rectangular daymark
6SHFLDOSXUSRVH766EXR\PDUNLQJWKHSRUWVLGHRIWKHWUDIF
lane
Special purpose ice buoy or spar or pillar shaped buoy Triangular daymark, point up
Super-buoy ODAS & LANBY Triangular daymark, point down
/LJKWRDW
5HWURUHHFWRU
Light vessel
86
Buoys, Beacons Q
Buoys and Beacons

,$/$0DULWLPH%XR\DJH6\VWHPZKLFKLQFOXGHV%HDFRQV4
Default symbol for buoy,

Default buoy symbol if no other paper chart
GHQLQJDWWULEXWLRQLVSURYLGHG Default symbol for buoy,
VLPSOLHG
Default symbol for a
Default beacon symbol if no beacon, paper chart
RWKHUGHQLQJDWWULEXWLRQLV
provided Default symbol for a
EHDFRQVLPSOLHG
ECDIS shows the position of buoys and beacons

with a circle at the bottom of paper chart symbols.
1 Position of buoy or beacon
)RUVLPSOLHGV\PEROVWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHDLG
corresponds with the center of the symbol.
Colors of Buoys and Beacon Topmarks Supplementary national symbols: p
$EEUHYLDWLRQVIRU&RORUV3
*UHHQDQGEODFNV\PEROVOOHG G
2 black)
Single color other than green R

3 and black
Multiple colors in horizontal RG

4 bands, the color sequence is
from top to bottom
Multiple colors in vertical or RW
5 diagonal stripes, the darker color
LVJLYHQUVW
5HWURUHHFWLQJPDWHULDO 5HWURUHHFWRU
6
1RWH5HWURUHHFWLQJPDWHULDOPD\EHWWHGWRVRPHXQOLWPDUNV&KDUWVGRQRWXVXDOO\VKRZLW8QGHU,$/$5HFRPPHQGDWLRQVEODFNEDQGVZLOODSSHDUEOXHXQGHUDVSRWOLJKW
Lighted Marks
0DUNVZLWK)RJ6LJQDOV5
Lighted marks on standard Fl G Fl R Fl R

7 charts R
Lighted marks on multicolored

8 charts
87
Q Buoys, Beacons
7RSPDUNVDQG5DGDU5HHFWRUV
)RU$SSOLFDWLRQRI7RSPDUNVZLWKLQWKH,$/$6\VWHP4)RURWKHUWRSPDUNVVSHFLDOSXUSRVHEXR\VDQGEHDFRQV4
Paper chart symbols for topmarks (on the left, below)

are always displayed above a buoy or beacon shape
symbol, as in Q 10 and Q 11.
6LPSOLHGV\PEROVRQWKHULJKWEHORZIRUFDUGLQDO
marks, isolated dangers and safe water consist of
only the topmark without the buoy shape symbol.
6LPSOLHGV\PERORJ\IRUPDUNVZLWKDQ\RWKHUW\SH
RIWRSPDUNZLOOGLVSOD\RQO\WKHVLPSOLHGEXR\RU
beacon shape symbol without a topmark.
2 cones point upward
2 cones point downward
2 cones base to base
2 cones point to point
IALA System buoy topmarks 2 spheres

9 (beacon topmarks shown upright)
Sphere
Cone point up
Cone point down
Cylinder, square, vertical

rectangle
X-shape
Flag or other shape
Board, horizontal
rectangle
Cube point up
Upright cross over a

circle
T-shape
Beacon with topmark, color, radar G 3 bn No 2 Beacon in general with

10 No2 UHHFWRUDQGGHVLJQDWLRQ Ra Ref topmark, paper chart
Buoy with topmark, color, radar by No 3 Conical buoy with

11 No3 UHHFWRUDQGGHVLJQDWLRQ No 3 topmark, paper chart
1RWH5DGDUUHHFWRUVRQRDWLQJPDUNVXVXDOO\DUHQRWFKDUWHG(&',6GRHVQRWGLVSOD\UDGDUUHHFWRUVRQ[HGRURDWLQJDLGVWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQLVREWDLQHGE\FXUVRUSLFN
88
Buoys, Beacons Q
Buoys
Shapes of Buoys
)HDWXUHV&RPPRQWR%XR\VDQG%HDFRQV4
Paper Chart 6LPSOLHG
Conical buoy, nun buoy, ogival

20 buoy N Conical buoy
21 Can buoy or cylindrical buoy C Can buoy
22 Spherical buoy SP Spherical buoy
23 Pillar buoy P Pillar buoy
24 Spar buoy, spindle buoy S Spar buoy
25 Barrel buoy, tun buoy Barrel buoy
Super-buoy
26 Superbuoy Lanby, super-buoy
Super-buoy odas & lanby
Minor Light Floats
30 /LJKWRDWDVSDUWRI,$/$6\VWHP /LJKWRDW
/LJKWRDWQRWSDUWRI,$/$
31 System
/LJKWRDW

89
Q Buoys, Beacons
Mooring Buoys Supplementary national symbols: m, n
2LORU*DV,QVWDOODWLRQ%XR\/
Mooring buoy, can

shape, paper chart
Mooring buoy, barrel

40 Mooring buoys
shape, paper chart
Installation buoy and

PRRULQJEXR\VLPSOLHG
Fl Y 2s Mooring buoy with light

41 Lighted mooring buoy (example) DUHEDUUHOVKDSHSDSHU
chart
Trot, mooring buoys with

Trot, mooring buoys with ground
42 tackle and berth numbers Nr 1 ground tackle and berth
numbers
Tel Mooring buoy, can

Tel shape, paper chart
Tel = telegraphic
Mooring buoy with telegraphic or Mooring buoy, barrel
43 telephonic communication shape, paper chart
T
T
Installation buoy and
T = telephonic
PRRULQJEXR\VLPSOLHG
Numerous (5 buoys)
44 Numerous moorings (example) mooring
Moorings
Small craft mooring area
buoys
Availability of visitor
45 V Visitors mooring moorings at marina is
90
Buoys, Beacons Q
Special Purpose Buoys

Note: Shapes of buoys are variable. Lateral or Cardinal buoys may be used in some situations.
Purpose of buoy and other information

is obtained by cursor pick
Firing danger area (Danger
50 Zone) buoy
51 Target
52 Marker Ship Conical buoy with

topmark, paper chart
53 Barge
54 DG Degaussing Range buoy

Special purpose buoy,
spherical or barrel
55 Cable Cable buoy 7HO
shaped, or default
symbol for special
56 Spoil ground buoy SXUSRVHEXR\VLPSOLHG
57 Buoy marking outfall
Super-buoy, paper chart
Super-buoy odas &

ODAS buoy (Ocean Data ODQE\VLPSOLHG
58 Acquisition System), data ODAS ODAS
collecting buoy Spherical buoy, paper
chart
Spherical buoy, simpli-

HG
Conical buoy with

Buoy marking wave recorder or

59 current meter Special purpose buoy,
spherical or barrel
shaped, or default
symbol for special
SXUSRVHEXR\VLPSOLHG
Conical buoy, paper
60 Seaplane anchorage buoy AERO chart
%XR\PDUNLQJWUDIFVHSDUDWLRQ
61 scheme
Conical buoy with

62 Buoy marking recreation zone
Emergency wreck marking buoy

63 BuY BuY
(EWMB)
Al.Oc.BuY.3s
91
Q Buoys, Beacons
Seasonal Buoys
(occas)
Buoy privately maintained Y Status as private is obtained by cursor
70 (example) 3ULY pick
(01.04.
Y 31.10.)
Status as periodic and period start and

71 Seasonal buoy (example)
stop dates are obtained by cursor pick
Beacons Supplementary national symbols: o
/LJKWHG%HDFRQV3)HDWXUHV&RPPRQWR%HDFRQVDQG%XR\V4
Default symbol for a

beacon, paper chart
Beacon in general,
Bn Bn Default symbol for a
80 characteristics unknown or chart Bn G R EHDFRQVLPSOLHG
scale too small to show
Beacon in general, paper
chart
Beacon with color, no distinctive R RW Beacon color is obtained by cursor

81 topmark Bn pick
G
Beacon color is obtained by cursor
pick
See note at Q 9 for information about topmarks and

(&',6VLPSOLHGV\PERORJ\
Beacon in general with

Major red lateral beacon,

VLPSOLHG
Beacons with colors and
82 topmarks (examples) Beacon in general with
Cardinal beacon, north,

VLPSOLHG

Isolated danger beacon,

VLPSOLHG

Beacon on submerged rock with topmark, paper chart
83 colors (topmark as appropriate)
Isolated danger beacon,
VLPSOLHG
92
Buoys, Beacons Q
Minor Impermanent Marks Usually in Drying Areas (Lateral Marks of Minor Channels)
0LQRU3LOH)
Stake Stake
Minor, stake or pole
90 Stake, pole
beacon, paper chart
Pole Pole R
Port Hand Starboard Hand Minor, stake or pole

beacon, paper chart
91 Perch, withy
R Minor red lateral beacon,
VLPSOLHG
Minor green lateral

92 Withy
EHDFRQVLPSOLHG
Minor Marks, Usually on Land

/DQGPDUNV(
100 Cairn Cairn CAIRN Conspicuous cairn
Square or rectangular
day mark, paper chart
Square or rectangular
GD\PDUNVLPSOLHG
Triangular day mark,

point up, paper chart
101 Colored or white mark
SRLQWXSVLPSOLHG

point down, paper chart

SRLQWGRZQVLPSOLHG
Colored topmark (color known

102.1
or unknown) with function of a
beacon
Painted boards with function of

102.2 leading beacons
93
Q Buoys, Beacons
Beacon Towers
Beacon tower, paper
chart
Beacon tower with

Beacon towers without and with RW topmarks, paper chart
110 topmarks and colors (examples) Bn
Major red lateral beacon,

VLPSOLHG
Major green lateral
EHDFRQVLPSOLHG
Lattice beacon, paper

111 Lattice beacon
chart
Special Purpose Beacons

/HDGLQJ/LQHV&OHDULQJ/LQHV0
Note: Topmarks and colors shown where scale permits.
Bns in 270 deg

120 Leading beacons line 270 Leading beacons
Bns in 270 deg Beacons marking a

121 Beacons marking a clearing line line 270 clearing line or transit
MARKERS
270 deg
Beacons marking measured MARKERS Beacons marking

122 distance with quoted bearings measured distance
COURSE 27000'
TRUE 270 deg
Cable landing beacon

123 Cable landing beacon (example) W (example)
124 Refuge beacon

3XUSRVHDVUHIXJHRUULQJGDQJHU
area beacon is obtained by cursor pick
125 Firing danger area beacons
126 Notice board Notice board
94
Buoys, Beacons Q
IALA Maritime Buoyage System
IALA International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities
Where in force, the IALA System applies to all fixed and floating marks except landfall lights, leading lights and marks, sectored lights and major floating lights. The standard buoy shapes are cylindrical (can) ,
conical , spherical , pillar , and spar , but variations may occur, for example: light floats . In the illustrations in Q 130.1, only the standard buoy shapes are used. In the case of fixed beacons (lit
or unlit), only the shape of the topmark is of navigational significance. Lateral marks are generally for well-defined channels.
130 There are two international buoyage regions where lateral marks differ. Region A is primarily comprised of the waters surrounding Greenland, Africa, Europe, Australia and Asia (except for Japan, the Republic of
Korea and the Philippines). Region B is primarily comprised of the waters surrounding North and South America, Japan, the Republic of Korea and the Philippines.
ECDIS marks the boundary between IALA regions A and B with this symbol:
180 150W 120W 90W 60W 30W 0 30E 60E 90E 120E 150E 180
60N 60N
30N 30N
B B
Japan
Republic of Korea
130.1
Philippines
0 0
A
30S 30S
60S 60S
180 150W 120W 90W 60W 30W 0 30E 60E 90E 120E 150E 180
95
Q Buoys, Beacons
Port-hand marks are red with Port-hand marks are green with G
cylindrical topmarks (if any). R
G G cylindrical topmarks (if any). R R
If lit, light is red. If lit, light is green.
R G
R G
Fl R RGR Fl G
GRG
R G Fl R
Fl G
Fl G R Fl R
INT Fl R G
G
Fl G
G
Fl G Fl R
R
R G R
Fl(2+1)R
Fl(2+1)G
GRG RGR
Starboard-hand marks are green G R Starboard-hand marks are red If lit, lights on port-hand and starboard-hand marks may
R G
G
with conical topmarks (if any). R with conical topmarks (if any). KDYHDQ\UK\WKPVSHFLHGH[FHSW)OZKLFKLVXVHG
If lit, light is green. If lit, light is red.
for preferred channel aids.
REGION A REGION B
All preferred channel marks have horizontal bands of
130.1 color; the top color indicates the preferred channel.
R G
G G C R
C N R
P S N
Port-hand marks are red with Port-hand marks are green with
cylindrical topmarks (if any). cylindrical topmarks (if any).
If lit, light is red. R R
C If lit, light is green. G
G
C
A preferred channel buoy may be a can or conical shape
S S
to indicate the preferred channel (in addition to the top
RG
R
Fl R
C G
GR
C color band), but may also have a pillar or spar shape.
Fl G
G R
Fl G G Fl R R
G R Fl R
R Fl G Fl G Fl R
G
NOAA Fl R Fl G
RG
GR Fl(2+1)R
Fl(2+1)G
R G G R
C N C N
G R
N N
Starboard-hand marks are green Starboard-hand marks are red
with conical topmarks (if any). with conical topmarks (if any).
If lit, light is green. If lit, light is red.
REGION A REGION B
Direction of Buoyage: The direction of buoyage is that taken when approaching a harbor from seaward. Along coasts, the direction is determined by buoyage authorities, normally clockwise around land masses.
Symbols showing direction of buoyage where it is not obvious
INT
IALA Region A IALA Region B
General symbol for direction of buoyage
on multicolored charts on multicolored charts
130.2
ECDIS General symbol for direction of buoyage IALA Region A IALA Region B
96
Buoys, Beacons Q
No. INT ECDIS
Cardinal Marks: indicating navigable water to the named side of the marks. In the illustration below all marks are the same in Regions A and B.
VQ
N
E
W
or Q
N
W E
Topmark: 2 black cones
Black above yellow

Light: White
VQ(9)10s VQ(3)5s
or Q(9)15s or Q(3)10s The same abbreviations are used for lights on
YBY BY BY BYB spar buoys and beacons. S
The periods 5s, 10s, and 15s may not always Paper chart symbology
130.3 Point of be charted.
W interest E
0 5 10 15
Time (seconds) N
Period
YBY YBY YB YB BYB BYB
Yellow with Yellow above black Black with

Cardinal marks are seldom used in U.S. waters
black band yellow band
and do not appear on NOAA charts, except for
charts that also depict Canadian waters.
W E
VQ(6)+LFl.10s
or Q(6)+LFl.15s
SE
SW
YB
S
S
6LPSOLHGV\PERORJ\
97
Q Buoys, Beacons
Pillar buoy with 2

Isolated Danger Marks stationed spheres topmark
over dangers with navigable
water around them
BRB BRB
130.4 Body: black with red horizontal BR Spar buoy with 2

band(s) spheres topmark
Fl(2)
BRB BRB Topmark: 2 black spheres
Light: white
Isolated danger buoy,
VLPSOLHG
Spherical buoy, paper

chart
Safe Water Marks such as

mid-channel and landfall marks Pillar buoy with sphere
RW RW RW
topmark
130.5 Iso or
Body: red and white vertical RW
Oc or stripes
LFl.10s or
RW RW RW Mo(A) Topmark (if any): red sphere Spar buoy with sphere
topmark
Light: white
Safe water buoy,

VLPSOLHG
Spherical buoy,
paper chart
Special Marks not primarily to

assist navigation but to indicate Can buoy
special features
Y Y Y Y
Body (shape optional): yellow*

130.6 Conical buoy
Y Y Y Y
Topmark (if any): yellow x or
upright cross
Al.Oc.BuY.3s* Fl.Y Lights: yellow, rhythm optional*
BuY* BuY* Spar buoy with x-shape
*in special cases yellow may be topmark
in conjunction with another color
Special purpose buoy,

VLPSOLHG
98
Buoys, Beacons Q
a Bell buoy BELL BELL
b Gong buoy GONG GONG
c Whistle buoy WHIS WHIS
Fairway buoy (red and white

d vertical stripe) RW
Mid-channel buoy (red and white

e vertical stripe) RW
Starboard-hand buoy (entering R

f from seaward - US waters)
Port-hand buoy (entering from G

g seaward - US waters)
Bifurcation/Junction buoys RG GR
h
Isolated danger, Wreck or
Obstruction buoy BR
i Fish trap (area) buoy Y
j Anchorage buoy (marks limits) Y
Triangular shaped beacons R RG

Bn
G GR W B
l Square shaped beacons Bn Bn Bn
Beacon, color unknown Bn
o Lighted beacon
Bn
Security barrier
q Security barrier
r 6FLHQWLFPRRULQJEXR\
s Float (unlighted)
t White and blue buoy

WBuW
99
R Fog Signals
General
)RJ'HWHFWRU/LJKW3)RJ/LJKW3
Position of a
conspicuous point
feature with fog signal
Lighted pillar buoy, paper

Position of fog signal, type of fog
1 AIS signal not stated Fog Sig
chart with fog signal
Lighted super-buoy,
paper chart with fog
signal
Types of Fog Signals, with Abbreviations Supplementary national symbol: a
10 Explos Explosive GUN
11 Dia Diaphone ',$
12 Siren Siren SIREN

Type of fog signal and its
13 Horn Horn (nautophone, reed, tyfon) HORN characteristics are obtained by cursor
pick
14 Bell Bell BELL
15 Whis Whistle :+,67/(
16 Gong Gong GONG
Examples of Fog Signal Descriptions

Note: The fog signal symbol will usually be omitted when a description of the signal is given.
Siren at a lighthouse, giving a

long blast followed by a short
20 one (N), repeated every 60
Fl 3s 70m 29M Fl 3s 70m 29M Light with fog signal
SIREN Mo(N) 60s SIREN
seconds
Pillar buoy, paper chart

21 Wave-actuated bell buoy
BELL BELL with fog signal

Light buoy, with horn giving a
single blast every 15 seconds, in Q(6)+LFl 15s Lighted pillar buoy, paper
22 conjunction with a wave-actuated HORN(1) 15s
Q(6)+LFl 15s
chart with fog signal
HORN WHIS
whistle WHIS
Supplementary National Symbol

a Morse Code fog signal Mo
100
Radar, Radio, Satellite Navigation Systems S
Radar
5DGDU6WUXFWXUHV)RUPLQJ/DQGPDUNV(5DGDU6XUYHLOODQFH6\VWHPV0
Coast radar station, providing
1 range and bearing service on Ra Radio station
request
Ramark, radar beacon

2 transmitting continuously
Ramark
Radar transponder beacon, with

3.1 PRUVHLGHQWLFDWLRQUHVSRQGLQJ RACON
within the 3 cm (X) band
Radar transponder beacon, with
3.2 PRUVHLGHQWLFDWLRQUHVSRQGLQJ
within the 10 cm (S) band
Radar transponder beacon, with Racon (Z)

3.3 PRUVHLGHQWLFDWLRQ (3 & 10 cm)
Radar transponder beacon with

sector of obscured reception Radar transponder
beacon
3.4
Radar transponder beacon with

sector of reception
Leading radar transponder

beacons (: objects in line)
3.5
Leading radar transponder
beacons coincident with leading
lights

Radar transponder beacons on RACON () Radar transponder on
3.6 RDWLQJPDUNV
5 Racon
RDWLQJPDUN
Fl R 4s
4 5DGDUUHHFWRU Ra Ref
Symbol indicating this
object is radar
conspicuous
5 Radar conspicuous feature Ra (conspic)
101
S Radar, Radio, Satellite Navigation Systems
Radio
5DGLR6WUXFWXUHV)RUPLQJ/DQGPDUNV(5DGLR5HSRUWLQJ&DOOLQJLQRU:D\SRLQWV0
Circular (non-directional) marine

10 or aeromarine radiobeacon RC R Bn

Directional radiobeacon with RD 270
bearing line RD
11 Radio station
Directional radiobeacon
coincident with leading lights
12
Rotating pattern radiobeacon

RW
Additional information regarding radio,
CONSOL Bn
such as category of radio station,
13 Consol beacon 190 kHz CONSOL signal frequency, communication chan-
MMF nel, call sign, estimated signal range,
periodicity and status may be included
in the cursor pick.
14 5DGLRGLUHFWLRQQGLQJVWDWLRQ RDF
The presence of an AIS transmitted
signal intended for use as an aid to
Coast radio station providing navigation associated with a physical
15 QTG service
R Sta

R
aid, including the AIS MMSI Number,
can be obtained by cursor pick on the
physical aid.
16
Aeronautical radiobeacon

AERO R Bn
$XWRPDWLF,GHQWLFDWLRQ6\VWHP
17.1 transmitter
$XWRPDWLF,GHQWLFDWLRQ6\VWHP
17.2 WUDQVPLWWHURQRDWLQJPDUNV
(examples)
Virtual AIS (with unknown IALA-

18.1 V-AIS
GHQHGIXQFWLRQ
Virtual AIS (with known IALA-

18.2 V-AIS
GHQHGIXQFWLRQ
North cardinal virtual aid
V-AIS
Satellite Navigation Systems

World Geodetic System, 1972
WGS WGS72 WGS84
or 1984
50
Note: A note may be shown to indicate the shifts of latitude and longitude, to one, two or three decimal places of a minute, depending on the chart scale, which should be made to satellite-derived positions (which are
referred to WGS 84) to relate them to the chart.
Station providing DGPS

51 corrections DGPS
DGPS reference station
102
Services T
Pilotage
Boarding place, position of a pilot
1.1 cruising vessel
Pilots Pilot boarding place

1.2 cruising vessel, with name (e.g. Name
District, Port)
1.3 cruising vessel, with note (e.g. (see note) Pilot boarding area
Tanker, Disembarkation)
1.4 Pilots transferred by helicopter
3LORWRIFHZLWKSLORWORRNRXW
2 Pilot lookout station
3 3LORWRIFH PIL STA Pilots
Port with pilotage service

4 (boarding place not shown)
Coast Guard, Rescue
CG
10 Coast Guard station Coast guard station

R TR
CG WALLIS
SANDS
Coast guard station

Coast Guard station with Rescue
11 station
Rescue station
Rescue station, Lifeboat station,

12 Rocket station
LS S
13 Lifeboat lying at a mooring Rescue station
14 Refuge for shipwrecked mariners
Signal Stations
20 Signal station in general SS Sig Sta
Signal station, showing

21 LQWHUQDWLRQDOSRUWWUDIFVLJQDOV
Signal station
7UDIFVLJQDOVWDWLRQ3RUWHQWU\
22 and departure signals
23 Port control signal station HECP
103
T Services
24 Lock signal station
25.1 Bridge passage signal station
%ULGJHOLJKWVLQFOXGLQJWUDIF
25.2 signals
26 Distress signal station
27 Telegraph station
28 Storm signal station S Sig Sta
Weather signal station, Wind

29 signal station, National Weather NWS SIG STA
Service (NWS) signal station
Signal station
30 Ice signal station
31 Time signal station
32.1 Tide scale or gauge Tide Gauge
Automatically recording tide

32.2 gauge
33 Tide signal station
34 Tidal stream signal station
35 Danger signal station
36 Firing practice signal station
a Bell (on land) BELL
b Marine police station MARINE POLICE
c Fireboat station FIREBOAT STATION
d Notice board
e Lookout station; Watch tower LOOK TR
f Semaphore Sem
g Park Ranger station
104
Small Craft (Leisure) Facilities U
Small Craft (Leisure) Facilities

7UDIF)HDWXUHV%ULGJHV'3XEOLF%XLOGLQJV&UDQHV)3LORWV&RDVW*XDUG5HVFXH6LJQDO6WDWLRQV7
Marina facilities
7,'(6 '(37+ 6(59,&(6 6833/,(6

$3 $/ (/ 5 5 0 /, BOAT )2 : W '
$0 (3 $5 )7 ,1 AT ,(
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5 (&+2%$<5(6257 35 35 %0 S 0 0 H )/& 76/3 :' C WI GH BT G

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105
Index of Abbreviations
Note: INT abbreviations are in bold type
A C
abt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .About . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D i C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Can, cylindrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 21
AERO, Aero . . . . . . . .Aeronautical light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 60-61.1 C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aero R Bn . . . . . . . . . .Aeronautical radiobeacon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 16 C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aero RC . . . . . . . . . . .Aeronautical radiobeacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 16 c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Coarse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 32
AIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$XWRPDWLF,GHQWLFDWLRQ6\VWHP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 17.1-17.2 Ca, ca . . . . . . . . . . . . .Calcareous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 38
Al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alternating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.11 CALM . . . . . . . . . . . . .Catenary Anchor Leg Mooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 16
ALC . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Articulated Loading Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 12 Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Capitol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E t
Am . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Amber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 11.8 Cas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Castle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 34.2
anc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ancient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cobbles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 8
ANCH, Anch . . . . . . . .Anchorage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 20 cbl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 46
ANT, Ant . . . . . . . . . . .Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 31 cd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Candela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 54
approx. . . . . . . . . . . . .Approximate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cem . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cemetery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 19
Apprs . . . . . . . . . . . . .Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Coast Guard station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 10
Apr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .April . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chocolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ba
Apt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Apartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E s Ch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 10.1
Arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Archipelago. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chan . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ASL . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Archipelagic Sea Lane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 17 Chem . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chemical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L40.1-40.2
ATBA. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Area To Be Avoided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 29.1 CHY, Chy, Chys . . . . .Chimney(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 22
Aug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .August . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cirripedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ae
auth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Authorized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 46.2 Ck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J f
Ave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Avenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 20-21, 26, 28
B Cl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 3
B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bay, bayou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Centimeter(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 43
B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 2 Cn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J p
Bdy Mon . . . . . . . . . . .Boundary mark (monument). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 24 Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E u
Bk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Coralline Algae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 10, K 16
bk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J as Co Hd . . . . . . . . . . . . .Coral Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J i
bk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 33 Co rf . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Coral reef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bkw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Breakwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 4.1 COLREGS . . . . . . . . .International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea . . . . N a
Bl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 11.4 Consol . . . . . . . . . . . .Consol Beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 13
bl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J as constr . . . . . . . . . . . . .Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 32
BM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bench mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 23 Corp . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E v
Bn, Bns . . . . . . . . . . .Beacon(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 2, P 4-5, Q 80-81 cov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L21.2
BnTr, BnTrs . . . . . . . .Beacon tower(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 3, Q 110 cps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cycles per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B j
Bo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Boulder(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 9.2 Cr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bollard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Columbia River Datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H j
Br . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 17 crs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Coarse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 32
br . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J az c/s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cycles per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B j
brg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 62 Cswy. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Causeway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 3
brk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 33 Ct Ho . . . . . . . . . . . . .Courthouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E o
Bu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 11.4 Cup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cupola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 10.4
Cus Ho . . . . . . . . . . . .Customs house. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 61
Cy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 3
106
D \ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Flinty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ao
D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Destroyed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fm, fms . . . . . . . . . . . .Fathom(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 48
dec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Decayed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J an fne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 30
Dec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .December . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fog Det Lt . . . . . . . . .Fog detector light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 62
Deg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Degree(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B n Fog Sig . . . . . . . . . . . .Fog Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 1
Destr . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Destroyed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Flagpole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 27
dev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Deviation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 67 FPSO . . . . . . . . . . . . .)ORDWLQJ3URGXFWLRQ6WRUDJHDQG2IRDGLQJ9HVVHO . . . . . . L 17
DF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Direction Finder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Foraminifera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J y
DG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Degaussing Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 25, Q 54 Fs, FS . . . . . . . . . . . . .Flagstaff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 27
DGPS . . . . . . . . . . . . .Differential Global Positioning System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 51 Fsh stks . . . . . . . . . . .Fishing stakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 44.1
Di . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Diatoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J aa FT, ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Foot, Feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 47, D 20
DIA, Dia . . . . . . . . . . .Diaphone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 11 Fu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fucus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J af
Dir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Direction light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 30-31 G
Discol . . . . . . . . . . . . .Discolored. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K e G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 6
dist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Distant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 11.3, Q 2
dk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J bd G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gulf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
dm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Decimeter(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 42 GAB, Gab . . . . . . . . . .Gable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E i
Dn, Dns . . . . . . . . . . .Dolphin(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 20 GCLWD . . . . . . . . . . .Gulf Coast Low Water Datum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H k
Dol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dolphin(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 20 Gl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Globigerina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J z
DW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Deep Water route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 27.1, N 12.4 glac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Glacial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ap
DZ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Danger Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 50 gn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J av
E Govt Ho . . . . . . . . . . .Government House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E m
E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 10 Gp Fl. . . . . . . . . . . . . .*URXSDVKLQJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.4
ED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Existence Doubtful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 1 Gp Oc . . . . . . . . . . . . .Group occulting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.2
EEZ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Exclusive Economic Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 47 GPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Global Positioning System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Entr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Entrance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J a
ESSA . . . . . . . . . . . . .Environmentally Sensitive Sea Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 22 Grs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J v
Est . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Estuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gross Register Tonnage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
exper. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Experimental. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gross Tonnage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explos . . . . . . . . . . . .Explosive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 10 gty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gritty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J am
Exting, exting . . . . . . .Extinguished . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 55 gy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J bb
F H
F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.1 H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Helicopter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 1.4
f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 30 h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 39
F Fl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)L[HGDQGDVKLQJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.10 h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 49
F Gp Fl . . . . . . . . . . . .Fixed and Group Flashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P f HAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Highest Astronomical Tide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 3
Facty. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Factory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E d Hbr Mr. . . . . . . . . . . . .Harbormaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 60
FAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fish Aggregating Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HHW . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Higher High Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H b
Fd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fjord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hulk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F34, K 21, 22
Feb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .February . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FISH . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 21 hor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Horizontally disposed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 15
Fl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Flashing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.4 Hor CL . . . . . . . . . . . .Horizontal clearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 21
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Flood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H q Hosp . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hospital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E g, F 62.2
Fla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Flare stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 11 hr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 49
107
hrd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 39 Le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ht. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H p LLW . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lower Low Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H e
HW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .High Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H a Lndg. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Landing for boats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 17
HWF&C . . . . . . . . . . .High Water Full & Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H h LNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . ./LTXHHG1DWXUDO*DV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hertz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B g LoLo . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Load-on, Load-off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I Long. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Longitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 2
IALA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .International Association of Lighthouse Authorities*. . . . . . . . . . Q 130 LPG . . . . . . . . . . . . . ./LTXHHG3HWUROHXP*DV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IHO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .International Hydrographic Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lrg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Large . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ai
illum . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Illuminated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 63 LS S . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Life saving station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 12
IMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .International Maritime Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J bc
In. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Inlet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lt Ho . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Light house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 1
in, ins . . . . . . . . . . . . .Inch(es). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B c Lt, Lt(s) . . . . . . . . . . .Light(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 1
Inst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E n Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Limited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E r
INT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 2, T 21 LW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Low Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H c
Intens . . . . . . . . . . . . .,QWHQVLHG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 46 LWD . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Low Water Datum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H d
IQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Interrupted quick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.6 LWF&C . . . . . . . . . . . .Low Water Full and Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H i
ISLW . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Indian Spring Low Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H g M
Iso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Isophase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.3 M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mud, muddy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 2
ITZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,QVKRUH7UDIF=RQH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 25.1 M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nautical mile(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 45
IUQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Interrupted ultra quick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.8 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Medium (in relation to sand) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 31
IVQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Interrupted very quick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.7 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Meter(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 41
J m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minute(s) of time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 50
Jan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .January. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mattes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ag
Jul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .July . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mag. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Magnetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 61
Jun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .June . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magz. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Magazine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E l
K Maintd. . . . . . . . . . . . .Maintained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 65
K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kelp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J u Mar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .March . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
kc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kilocycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B k Mc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Megacycles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B l
kHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kilohertz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B h Mds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Madrepores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J j
km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kilometer(s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 40 MHHW . . . . . . . . . . . .Mean Higher High Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 13
kn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Knot(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 52 MHLW. . . . . . . . . . . . .Mean Higher Low Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 14
L MHW. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mean High Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 5
L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lake, loch, lough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MHWN . . . . . . . . . . . .Mean High Water Neaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 11
L Fl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ./RQJDVKLQJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.5 MHWS . . . . . . . . . . . .Mean High Water Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 9
La . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lava . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J l Mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nautical mile(s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 45
Lag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lagoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minimum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 46.2
LANBY . . . . . . . . . . . .Large Automatic Navigational Buoy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 6 min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minute(s) of time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 50
LASH . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lighter Aboard Ship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 101
LAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lowest Astronomical Tide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 2 Ml . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Marl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J c
Lat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Latitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 1 MLHW. . . . . . . . . . . . .Mean Lower High Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 15
Ldg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Landing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 17 MLLW . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mean Lower Low Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 12
Ldg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Leading Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 20.3 MLW . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mean Low Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 4
*Now known as the International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities, the organization formerly called the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities/Association Internationale de Signali-
sation Maritime (IALA/AISM) continues to use IALA as an abbreviation for its full name.
108
MLWN. . . . . . . . . . . . .Mean Low Water Neaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 10 PA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Position approximate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 7
MLWS . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mean Low Water Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 8 Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Passage, Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Millimeter(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 44 Pav . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pavilion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E p
Mn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Manganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J q PD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Position doubtful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 8
Mo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Morse Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.9, R 20 Pk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Peak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MON, Mon . . . . . . . . .Monument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 24 PLT STA . . . . . . . . . . .Pilot station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 3
MR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Marine Reserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 22 Pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pumice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J m
MRCC. . . . . . . . . . . . .Maritime Rescue and Coordination Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3RVWRIFH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 63
Ms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mussels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J s Po . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Polyzoa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ad
MSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mean Sea Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 6 pos, posn . . . . . . . . . .Position. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mountain, Mount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Post Off. . . . . . . . . . . .3RVWRIFH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 63
Mth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mouth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Priv, priv . . . . . . . . . . .Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 65, Q 70
MTL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mean Tide Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H f Prod well . . . . . . . . . .Production well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 20
N PROHIB . . . . . . . . . . .Prohibited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 2.2
N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 9 PSSA . . . . . . . . . . . . .Particularly Sensitive Sea Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 22
N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 20 Pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pteropods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ac
NE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 13 Pyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pylon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 26
NGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q
NM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nautical miles(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 45 Q. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Quick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.6
NMi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nautical miles(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 45 QTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Service providing DF signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 15
No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 12.2 Quar . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Quarantine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F e
NOAA . . . . . . . . . . . . .National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. . . . . . . . . . . Qz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Quartz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J g
NOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .National Ocean Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R
Nov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .November . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Coast radio station providing QTG service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 15
Np . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Neap tide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 17 R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Radio Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 15
NT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Net Tonnage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Red. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 11.2
NTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Notice to Mariners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R, r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rock, Rocky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 9.1, K b
NW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Northwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 15 R Bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Circular radiobeacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 10
NWS SIG STA . . . . . .National weather service signal station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 29 R Lts . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Air obstruction lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 61.2
O R Mast . . . . . . . . . . . .Radio mast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 28
Obs Spot. . . . . . . . . . .Observation spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 21 R Sta. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Radio Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 15
OBSC, Obscd . . . . . .Obscured. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 43 R Tower . . . . . . . . . . .Radio tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 29
Obstn . . . . . . . . . . . . .Obstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 41 R TR, R Tr . . . . . . . . .Radio tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 29
Oc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Occulting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.2 Ra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 31-32, S 1
Occas. . . . . . . . . . . . .Occasional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 50 Ra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Radar reference line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 32.1
Oct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .October. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ra (conspic) . . . . . . . .Radar conspicuous object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 5
ODAS . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ocean Data Acquisition System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 58 Ra Ref . . . . . . . . . . . .5DGDUUHHFWRU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 4
Or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Orange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 11.7 Racon. . . . . . . . . . . . .Radar transponder beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 3
OVHD . . . . . . . . . . . . .Overhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 28 Radar Sc. . . . . . . . . . .Radar scanner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 30.3
Oys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oysters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J r Radar Tr, RADAR TR Radar tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 30.2
P Ramark . . . . . . . . . . . .Radar marker beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 2
P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pebbles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 7 RC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Circular radiobeacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 10
P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pillar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 23 RD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Directional radiobeacon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 11
(P). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Preliminary (NTM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Radiolaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ab
109
Rd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Road, roadstead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spherical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 22
rd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ay Sp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .spire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 10.3
RDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5DGLRGLUHFWLRQQGLQJVWDWLRQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 14 Sp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spring tide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 16
Ref . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Refuge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 124 Spg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sponge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J t
Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Reported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 3 Spi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spicules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J x
Rf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Reef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spipe, Spipe . . . . . . .Standpipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 21
RG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5DGLRGLUHFWLRQQGLQJVWDWLRQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 14 spk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Speckled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J al
Rk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 9.1, K b SPM . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Single Point Mooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 12
Rky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rocky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 9.1 SS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Signal station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 20-36
RoRo . . . . . . . . . . . . .Roll-on, Roll-off Ferry (RoRo Terminal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 50 St . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 5
rt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rotten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J aj St M, St Mi . . . . . . . . .Statute mile(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B e
Ru, (ru). . . . . . . . . . . .Ruin, ruined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 8, E 25.2, F33 STA, Sta . . . . . . . . . . .Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 41.1, S 15, T 3
RW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rotating-pattern radiobeacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 12 stf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stiff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 36
S Stg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sea-tangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J w
S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 1 stk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sticky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 34
S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 11 Str . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Strait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spar, spindle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 24 Str . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H l
s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Second(s) of time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 51, P 12 str . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Streaky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ak
SALM . . . . . . . . . . . . .Single Anchor Leg Mooring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 12 sub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Submarine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K d
SBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Single Buoy Mooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 16 Subm . . . . . . . . . . . . .Submerged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 43.1
Sc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Scanner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 30.3 SW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Southwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 16
Sc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Scoriae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J o sy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sticky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 34
Sch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Schist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J h T
Sch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .School. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E f T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Short ton(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B m
SD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sailing Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Telephone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E q
Sd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TRUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 63
SD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sounding doubtful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 2 T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tufa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J n
SE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Southeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 14 t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ton(s), Tonnage (weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 53, F 53
sec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Seconds of time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 51 Tel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Telegraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 27
Sep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .September . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tel off . . . . . . . . . . . . .7HOHJUDSKRIFH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E k
sf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stiff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 36 Temp, temp . . . . . . . .Temporary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 54
sft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Soft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 35 ten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tenacious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J aq
Sh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 11 Tk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 32
Shl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shoal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TR, Tr, Trs . . . . . . . . .Tower(s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 10.2, E 20
Si . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Silt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 4 TSS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7UDIF6HSDUDWLRQ6FKHPH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 20.1
Sig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 1, T 25.2 TT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tree tops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 14
Sig Sta . . . . . . . . . . . .Signal station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 20 TV Mast . . . . . . . . . . .Television mast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 28
S-L Fl . . . . . . . . . . . . .Short-Long Flashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P b TV Tower . . . . . . . . . .Television tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 29
S/M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sand over mud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 12.1 U
sml . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Small. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ah ULCC . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ultra Large Crude Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SMt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Seamount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uncov . . . . . . . . . . . . .Uncovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 11
Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shingle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J d unev . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Uneven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J bf
so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Soft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 35 Univ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E h
Sp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Church spire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 10.3 UQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ultra quick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.8
110
UTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Coordinated Universal Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
UTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Universal Transverse Mercator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V
v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Volcanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 37
var, VAR . . . . . . . . . . .Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 60
vard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Varied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J be
vel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H n
vert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vertically disposed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 15
Vert CL . . . . . . . . . . . .Vertical clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D20, 28
Vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Violet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 11.5
Vil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 4
VLCC . . . . . . . . . . . . .Very Large Crude Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G 187
vol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Volcanic, Volcano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 37
Vol Ash . . . . . . . . . . . .Volcanic ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J k
VQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Very quick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.7
VTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9HVVHO7UDIF6HUYLFH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
W
W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 12
W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 11.1
Wd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 13.1
Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wellhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 21
WGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .World Geodetic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 50
Wh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ar
Whf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wharf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 13
WHIS, Whis . . . . . . . .Whistle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 15
Wk, Wks . . . . . . . . . . .Wreck(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 20
Wtr Tr, WTR TR . . . . .Water tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 21
Y
Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Yellow, Orange, Amber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 11.6-11.8
yd, yds . . . . . . . . . . . .Yard(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B d
yl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J aw
s, sec . . . . . . . . . . .Microsecond(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B f
111
Index
A B Boat harbor, marina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 11.1
Accurate position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 32 Band, S & X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 3.1-3.2 Boom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F 29.1
Aerial Bar code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A d international . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 40-41
cableway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 25 Barge buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 53 Boulders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 9.2
dish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 31 %DUUDJHRRG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 43 international . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 40-41
Aero light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 60 Barrel buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 25 mark, monument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 24
Aeronautical radiobeacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 16 Barrier Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 17
Air obstruction light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 61.1-61.2 RDWLQJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F 29.1, N 61 Breakwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F 4.1-4.3
$LUHOG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 17 oil retention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 29.2 Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 20-24
Airport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 17 security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 61, Q q bascule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D 23.4
AIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 17.2-17.2 Bascule bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D 23.4 draw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D 23.6
All-round light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 42-43 Basin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 27-28 lifting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D 23.3
Alternate course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M c Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 34.3 OLJKWWUDIFVLJQDO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 25.2
Alternating light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.11 %DWWHU\IRUWLFDWLRQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 34.3 passage signal station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 25.1
Amber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 11.8 Beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 80-126 pontoon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D 23.5
Anchor berth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N 11.1-11.2 articulated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 5 swing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D 23.2
Anchorage buoyant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 5 transporter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 24
areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 10-14 leading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 102.2, 120 under construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D d
buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q j lighted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 3-5 Broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 33
for sea-planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 14 marking a clearing line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 121 Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J az
Anchoring prohibited. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 20 marking measured distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 122 Buddhist temple, shrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 16
Annual change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 66 on submerged rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 83 Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 2, 5-6, 8
Anomaly, magnetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B 81.1-82.2 radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 2-3.6 Buoyage system, IALA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 130-130.6
Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 31 radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 10-16 Buoyant beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 5
Apartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E s resilient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 5 Buoys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 20-71
Apparent shoreline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C p topmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 9-11, 102.1 cardinal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.3
Approximate towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 3, Q 110-111 isolated danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.4
depth contour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 31 Bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 62 lateral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.1
height of top of trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 14 Being reclaimed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 31 marking outfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 57
position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 7, 33 Bell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 14 marking recreation zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 62
topographic contour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 12 buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q a, R 21 PDUNLQJWUDIFVHSDUDWLRQVFKHPH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 61
vertical clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D i on land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T a mooring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 40-45
Aquaculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 44.1-48.2 Benchmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 23 safe water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.5
Archipelagic Sea Lane (ASL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 17 Berth VFLHQWLFPRRULQJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q r
Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N anchor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 11.1-11.2 special purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 50-63
pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 40.2, L 41.2 designation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 19.1, N 11.1-11.2, Q 42 Buried pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 42
restricted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 14, N 2.1 visitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 19.2 Bushes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C o
to be avoided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 14, 29.1-29.2 yacht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F 11.2 C
wire drag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 24 Bifurcation buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q h Cable
Articulated Loading Column (ALC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 12 Bird sanctuary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N 22.1 buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 55
$UWLFLDOLVODQG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 15 Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j as, Q 2 distance, unit of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 46
Ash, volcanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J k Blind, duck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K j-k ferry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 51
Astronomical tide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 2-3 Blockhouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 34.2 landing beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 123
$XWRPDWLF,GHQWLFDWLRQ6\VWHP$,6WUDQVPLWWHU . . . . . . S 17.2-17.2 Blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J au, P 11.4 overhead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 26-27, H 20
Awash, rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 12, a Board (leading beacon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 102.2 submarine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 30.1-32
Boarding place, pilot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 1.1-1.4 Cableway (aerial) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 25
112
Index
Cairn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 100 Cleared platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 22 topographic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C 10-12, H 20
Caisson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 42 Clearing line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 2 Control point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B 20-24
Calcareous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 38 Clearing line beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 121 Conversion scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A a
Calling-in point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 40.1 Cliffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 3 Conveyor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F g
Calvary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 12 Coal head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J i Copyright note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 5
Camping site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 37.1-37.2 Coarse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 32 Coral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J 10, 22, K 16, h
Can buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 21 Coast Coral reef
Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 40 DW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 5 always covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 16
distance mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 25.1-25.2 radar station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 1 covers and uncovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 22
Candela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 54 radio station providing QTG service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 15 detached . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K h
Capitol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E t steep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 3 Coralline algae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 10
Cardinal Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.3 Coast Guard station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 10-11 Corner coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 9
Cargo transhipment area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 64 Coastline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 1-8 Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E v
Castle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 34.2 surveyed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 1 Courthouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E o
Casuarina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C 31.6 unsurveyed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 2 Covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 21-22, K 11, 16, 21
Cathedral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 10.1 Cobbles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 8 Crane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F 53.1-53.3
Causeway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 3 Colored mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 101 Crib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K i-j, L 43, b
Cautionary notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 16 Colored topmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 102.1 Cross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 12
Cemetery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 19 Colors Crossing gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 22
Centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 43 beacons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 2-5 &URVVLQJWUDIFVHSDUDWLRQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M 23
Chalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J f buoys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 2-5 Cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B b
Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 21-23 lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 11 Cultivated
Chapel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 11 topmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 2-5 HOGV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C l
Chart COLREGS demarcation line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N a VKHOOVK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 47
datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 3, H 1, 20 Columbia River Datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H j Cultural Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 1- 2 Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 24 Cupola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 10.4
reference to another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 18-19 Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E u Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 42-43
scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 13 Compass rose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 70 diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H t
title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 10 Composite in restricted waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 42
Chemical dumping ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 24 JURXSDVKLQJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 10.4 meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 59
Chemical pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 40.1-40.2 group-occulting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 10.2 Customs
Chimney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 22 Conical buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 20 house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 61
Chocolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ba Conifer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 31.3, j limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 48
Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 10.1 Consol beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 13 RIFH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 61
dome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 10.4 Conspicuous landmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 2 Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 14
spire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 10.3 Conspicuous, radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 5 Cycles per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B j
tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 10.2 Container crane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 53.2 Cylindrical buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 21
Cinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J p Contiguous zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 44 Cypress buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C r
Circular (non-directional) aeromarine radiobeacon . . . . . . . . . . . S 10 Continental shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 46 D
Circular (non-directional) marine radiobeacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 10 Continuous Dam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 44
Cirripedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ae quick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 10.6 Danger
Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 3 ultra quick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 10.8 ULQJDUHD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 30, Q 50, 125
Clearance very quick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 10.7 isolated mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.4
horizontal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 21 Contour line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 1
safe vertical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 26, i depth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 30-31 signal station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 35
vertical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 20, 23.4, 23.6-28 drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I 30 zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 50
113
Index
Dangerous Development area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 4 Duck blind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K j-k
rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .K 13, 14.2 Deviation Dumping ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N c, d, g
wreck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 28 dolphin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 21 chemical waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 24
Dark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J bd magnetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 67 explosives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 23.1-23.2
Data collection buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 58 DGPS correction transmitter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 51 Dunes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 8
Datum Diaphone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 11 E
chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 1, 20 Diatoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J aa East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 10
land survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 7 Diffuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 43 cardinal mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.3
sounding reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 1 Dike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 1 Ebb tide stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 41
Daymark (dayboard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 10, 80-81, 110, l Direction Eddies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 45
Daytime light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 51 of buoyage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.2 Edition note. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 6
Deadhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 43.2 QGLQJUDGLRVWDWLRQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 14 Eelgrass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J t
Decayed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J an RIRZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 44 Elevation of light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 20, P 13
Deciduous light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 30.1-31 Ellipsoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 3
tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C 31.1 RIWUDIF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M 10, 11, 26.1-26.2, 40.1 Embankment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 15
woodland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C i Directional radiobeacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 11 Emergency wreck marking buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 63, Q 130.6
Decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 42 Directions, compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Entry prohibited area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N 2.2, 31
Decreasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 64 Discolored water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K e Environmentally Sensitive Sea Area (ESSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 22
Deep water Dish aerial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 31 (VWDEOLVKHGPDQGDWRU\GLUHFWLRQRIWUDIFRZ . . . . . . . . . . . . M 10, d
anchorage area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N 12.4 Disposition of lights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 15 Eucalypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C 31.8
route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 27.1-27.3 Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Evergreen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C 31.2
Degaussing range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 25 along waterway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 25.1-25.2 Example of
buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 54 measured, beacons marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 122 conspicuous landmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 2
Degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 4, n Distress signal station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 26 fog signal descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 20-22
Depth Disused full light description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 16
charted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 20 pipeline/pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 44 landmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 1
contours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 30 platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 14 routing measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 18-29.2
maintained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I 23 submarine cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 32 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 47
minimum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 46.2, M 27.2 Diurnal tide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 30 Exercise area, submarine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 33
observed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 20 Dock Existence doubtful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 1
out of position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I 11 dry, graving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 25 Explanatory notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 11, 16
safe clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 3, 30, f RDWLQJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F26 Explosive fog signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 10
swept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 24, a, b, K 2, 27, 42, f wet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 27 Explosives
units used for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A b Dolphin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 20-21 anchorage area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N 12.7
unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 3, 13, 23, 28, 30, 40, L 21.1 Dome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 30.4 dumping ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 23.1-23.2
Depths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Doubtful Extinguished light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 55
Derrick, oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 10 depth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I 2 Extraction area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 63
Designation of existence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I l F
beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 10 position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 8 Factory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E d
berth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F 19.1 Draft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 6, N 12.4 Faint sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 45
buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 11 area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 20-23 Fairway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 18
platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 2 channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 20-23 Falling tide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 30
reporting point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 40.1 Dredging (extraction) area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 63 Farm
tidal stream, position of tabulated data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 46 Drying marine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 48.1-48.2
transit shed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 51 contour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I 30 wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 6
Detector light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 62 height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 20, I 15 wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L 5.2
114
Index
Fast ice, limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 60.1 Fog DVKLQJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 10.4
Fathom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 48 detector light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 62 occulting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 10.2
Feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 47 light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 52 quick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 10.6
Fence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D g signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R VKRUWDVKLQJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P c
Ferry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 50-51 Foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 47 very quick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 10.7
terminal, RoRo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 50 Footbridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D e Gulf Coast Low Water Datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H k
Filao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C 31.7 Foraminifera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J y Gulf Stream limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H u
Fine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 30 Foreshore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C c Gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 10
Fireboat station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T c Form lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 13 H
Firing Fort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 34.2 Hachures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C f
danger area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 30 )RUWLHGVWUXFWXUH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 34.1 Harbor
danger area beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 125 Foul installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F 10-34
danger area buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 50 area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K o limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 49
practice signal station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 36 ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 31.1-31.2 PDVWHUVRIFH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 60
Fish Front light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 23 Harbors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
haven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .K 46.1-46.2 Fucus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J af Hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 39
marine farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 48.1-48.2 Full Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H s +HDOWKRIFH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 62.1
trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .K 44.2-45, Q i G Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H p
weir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .K 44.2 Gable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E i datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 7, 20
Fishery zone limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 45 Gas drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 20, I 15
Fishing pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 40.1 light (elevation of) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 20, P 13
harbor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 10 pipeline area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 40.2 rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 10-11
OLPLWVKWUDSDUHDV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N b *DVHOG1DPH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 1 spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 10-11, 13, H 20
prohibited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N 21.1 Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 42 of structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 4-5
stakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .K 44.1 Geographical Positions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 1-16 tide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 20, P 13
Fixed Glacial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ap of top of trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 14
bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 22 Glacier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 25 of wellhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L 21.3
DVKLQJDQG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 10.10, d Globigerina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J z Hertz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B g
light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P10.1 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A e High Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 20, a
point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 22 Gong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 16, Q b High Water Full and Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H h
Flagstaff, Flagpole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 27 Government House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E m Higher High Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 20, b
Flare stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 23, L 11 Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C s, J v Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 3
Flashing light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 10.4 *UDVVHOGV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C m Highway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 10
Flat coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 5 area with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 20 markers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D a
Flinty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ao Gravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C c, J 6, 20 Hillocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 4
Float . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q s Graving dock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 25 Horizontal
Floating Gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J bb light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 15
barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 29.1. 29.2 Green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J av, P 11.3, Q 2 Horizontal clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 21
dock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 26 Greenwich Meridian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 3 Horizontally disposed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 15
oil barrier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 29.1 Gridiron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 24 Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 13
wind farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 5.2 Gritty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J am Hospital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E g, F 62.2
wind turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 5.1 Groin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 6.1, 6.3 Hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 49
Flood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H q Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J a Hulk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 34, K 20-21, 23
barrage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 43 tackle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 42 I
tide (stream) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 40 Group IALA Maritime Buoyage System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130
)ORRGOLWRRGOLJKW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 63 [HGDQGDVKLQJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P d
115
Index
Ice Landing range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 14
boom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 61 beacon (cable) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 123 sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 40.1-46
fast (ice front) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N 60.1 boats, for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 17 special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 60-66
sea ice (pack ice) seasonal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 60.2 seaplanes, for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 13 structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 1-7
signal station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 30 stairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 18 synchronized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 66
Illuminated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 63 Landmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E times of exhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 50-55
Imprint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 4 Lane, submarine transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 33 vessel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 6
Inadequately surveyed area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 25 Large . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ai Light characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 10.1-10.11
Inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B c Large Automatic Navigational Buoy (LANBY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 6, f Lighted
Incineration area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 65 Lateral marks (IALA System) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.1 beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 4, Q o
Increasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 65 Latitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 1 beacon tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 3
Indian Spring Low Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H g Lattice beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 111 marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 7-8
,QVKRUHWUDIF]RQH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 25.1-25.2 Lava . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 26, J 9, l mooring buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 41
Installations, offshore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L Layout of chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A offshore platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 2
Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E n Leading Lighthouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 1
Intake pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 41.1-41.2, b beacons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 120 Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P
Intense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 46 lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 20.1-23 Lights exhibited only when specially needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 50
,QWHQVLHGVHFWRU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 46 line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 1 Lights in line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 21
Intermittent river . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 21 Least depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .K 26-27, 30 Lights Marking Fairways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 20.1-23
International in narrow channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 12 Lights with limited times of exhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 50-55
boundary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 40-41 Leisure facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U Limit of
chart number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 2 Levee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 1 airport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N e
meridian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 3 Lifeboat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 12-13 area feature in general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C q
nautical mile, sea mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 45 mooring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 13 area into which entry is prohibited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N 2.2, 31
Interrupted light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 12 contiguous zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 44
quick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 10.6 Lifting bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D 23.3 continental shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 46
ultra quick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 10.8 Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J bc danger line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 1
very quick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 10.7 arc of visibility, with restricted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 44 development area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 4
Intertidal area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 20-22 character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.1-11.8 dredged area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 20
,VODQGDUWLFLDO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 15 chart limits, off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 8 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 47
Isogonic lines (Isogonals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 71 color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 11.1-11.8 fast ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N 60.1
Isolated danger mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.4 description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 16 VKHU\]RQH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 45
Isophase light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 10.3 direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 30.131 VKLQJDUHD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N b
J disposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 15 Gulf Stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H u
Jetty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F 14, a-c elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 13 nature reserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 22
Joss house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 15 exhibited only when specially needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 50 no discharge zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N i
K faint sector, with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 45 restricted area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M 14, N 2.1
Kelp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 13.1-13.2, u RDW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 6, Q 30-31 routing measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 14-15
Kilocycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B k in line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 21 safety zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 3
Kilohertz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B h LQWHQVLHGVHFWRUZLWK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 46 sea ice (pack ice) seasonal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N 60.2
Kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 40 landmarks, on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 7 unsurveyed area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I 25
Knot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 52, H o leading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 20.1-23 Limited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E r
L PDMRURDWLQJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 6 Linear scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A 14-15
Lake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 23 marking fairway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 20.1-23 Local magnetic anomaly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B 81.1-82.2
LANBY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 6, f Moir effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 31 Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F 41.1-41.2
Land survey datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 7, 20 period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 12 signal station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 24
116
Index
Log pond. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 61 Marl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J c pile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 22
/RQJDVKLQJOLJKW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 10.5 Marsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 33 post . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 22
Longitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 2 Mast Minute
Lookout radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 30.1 arc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 5
pilot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 2 radio, television. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 28 time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 50
station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T e wreck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 25 Mixed bottom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J 12.2
Low water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 20, c Mattes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ag Moir effect light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 31
line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 30 Maximum Mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 12
Lower light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 23 authorized draft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 6 Monument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 24
Lower low datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H d speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 27 Moored storage tanker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 17
Lower low water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H e Mean Mooring
Lower water full & change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H i High Water (MHW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 5, 20, 30 berth number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 42
Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 2 High Water Neaps (MHWN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 11 canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F f
M High Water Springs (MHWS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 9 ground tackle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 18, Q 42
Madrepores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J j Higher High Water (MHHW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 13, 30 life boat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 13
Magazine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E l Higher Low Water (MHLW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 14 numerous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 44
Magnetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 61 Low Water (MLW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 4, 20, 30 VFLHQWLFPRRULQJEXR\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q r
anomaly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 82.1-82.2 Low Water Neaps (MLWN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 10 Single Buoy (SBM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 16
compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 60-82.2 Low Water Springs (MLWS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 8 Single Point (SPM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 12
variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B 60, 68-71 Lower High Water (MLHW). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 15 trot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 42
Main light visible all-round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 42 Lower Low Water (MLLW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 12, 20, 30 visitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 45
Maintained depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 23 Sea Level (MSL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 6, 20 buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 40-45
Major tide level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H f lighted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 41
RDWLQJOLJKW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 6 Measured Distance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 122 tanker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 16
light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 1 Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 31 telegraphic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 43
light off chart limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 8 Megacycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B l telephonic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 43
Manganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J q Megahertz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B i Morse Code
Mangrove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 32 Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 41 fog signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R a
Marabout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 18 Microsecond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B f light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.9
Marginal notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Mid-channel buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q e Mosque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 17
Marina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 11.1 Mile Motorway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 10
facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U a nautical (sea mile) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 15, B 45 Mud. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 2
Marine statute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 25, e Muslim shrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E a
farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .K 48.1-48.2 three nautical mile line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N h Mussels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J s
reserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N 22.3 Military area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 30-34 N
Maritime limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 1.1-1.2 Millimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 44 National
Marker ship buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 52 Minaret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 17 limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 40-49
Marks Mine (explosive) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 23.1 park. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 22
cardinal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.3 Mine (ore extraction). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 36 Natural
colored . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 101 0LQHHOG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 34 features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
isolated danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.4 Mine-laying practice area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 32 watercourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I 16
lateral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.1 Minor Nature
lighted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 7-8 impermanent marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 90-92 reserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 22
minor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 90-102.2 light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 1, note after P 6 of the seabed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J
safe water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.5 OLJKWRDWV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 30-31 Nautical mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 45
special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.6 marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 100-102.2 Nautophone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 13
117
Index
Neap tide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 10-11, 17, 30-31 installation buoy, Catenary Anchor Leg Mooring (CALM) . . . . . L 16 Pipeline
Nets, tunny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 44.2-45 pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L 40.1 buried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L 42.1
New pipeline area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L 40.2 land, on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 29
edition date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 6 2LOHOGZLWKQDPH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 1 overhead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 28
moon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H r One-way track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 5.1-5.2, 27.3 submarine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 40.1-44
Nipa palm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 31.5 Ooze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J b tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L 42.2
No anchoring area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 20 Opening bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 23.1 Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L 2, 10,13-14, 22, P 2
No bottom found . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I 13 Orange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ax, P 11.7 cleared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 22
No discharge zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N i Ordnance, unexploded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K p submerged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K l
Non-dangerous wreck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 29 Outfall Point
Non-directional radiobeacon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 10 buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 57 base point for territorial sea baseline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 42
Non-tidal basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 27 pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 41.1-41.2 [HG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 22
North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 9 Overfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 44 Single Point Mooring (SPM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 12
cardinal mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.3 Overhead symbols, position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B 32-33
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 13 cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 27 triangulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 20
Northwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 15 pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 28 Pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 90
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 11, 16 transporter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 25 Police station, marine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T b
Notice board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 126, T d Oysters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J r Polyzoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ad
Notice to mariners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 7 P Pontoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 16
Nun buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 20 Pack ice, limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 60.2 bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D 23.5
O Pagoda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 14 Port
Obelisk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 24 Painted board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 102.2 pilotage service, with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 4
Obscured sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 43 Palm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C 31.4 signal station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T 21-23
Observation Park ranger station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T g Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 13 Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 22 Position
spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 21 Patent slip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 23 accurate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 2, E 2
Obstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 40-48.2 Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 12 approximate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 7, E 2
light, air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 61.1-61.2 Pavilion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E p of buoy or beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 1
Occasional light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 50 Pebbles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 7 doubtful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 8
Occulting light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.2 Perch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 91 of fog signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 1
Ocean current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 43 Period of light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 12 of pilot cruising vessel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 1.1-1.3
ODAS buoy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 25, Q 58 Pictorial sketches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 3.1-3.2 tidal levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 47
2IFH Pier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 14 tidal stream data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 46
customs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 61 promenade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 15 Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
harbor masters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 60 ruined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 33.2 symbolized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 30-33
health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 62.1 Pile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 22 Post . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 22, K 43.1
pilot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 2-3 submerged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .K 43.1-43.2 RIFH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 63
quarantine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F e Pillar submerged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 43.1
Offshore buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 23 Power
Installations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L monument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 24 overhead cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 26, H 20
platform, lighted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 2 Pilot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T 1-4 submarine cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L 31.1-31.2
position, tidal levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 47 boarding place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T 1.1-1.3 transmission line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D h
Ogival buoy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 20 helicopter transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 1.4 Practice area (military) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 30-34
Oil look out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 2 Precautionary area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 16, M 24
barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 29.1-29.2 RIFH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T 2-3 Preferred channel buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.1
derrick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 10 Pilotage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T 1-4
118
Index
Private WUDQVSRQGHUEHDFRQVRQRDWLQJPDUNV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S 3.6 Research platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 13
buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 70 tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 29 Reservation line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N f
light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 65 Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 10-18.2 Reserve fog signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 22
Production GLUHFWLRQQGLQJVWDWLRQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 14 Reserved anchorage area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N 12.9
platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 10 mast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 28 Resilient beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 5
well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 20 reporting line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 40.2 Restricted
Prohibited reporting point, calling-in or way point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 40.1 area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M 14, N 2.1, 20-27
anchoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 20 station, QTG service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 15 light sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 44
area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N 2.2, 31 Radiobeacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S 10-16 5HWURUHHFWLQJPDWHULDO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 6
diving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 21.2 Radiolaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ab Riprap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P a
VKLQJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 21.1 Radome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 30.4 River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 20
Promenade pier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 15 Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 13, b intermittent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 21
Protective structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 1-6.3 station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 13 Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D 10-11
Pteropods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ac Ramark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 2 Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 9.1, K 10-15, a-b
Public Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F 60-63 Ramp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 23 Rocket station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 12
Publication note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 4 Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 14 Rocky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 9.1
Pumice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J m Rapids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 22 area which covers and uncovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 21
Pump-out facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F d Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H n Roll-on, Roll-off ferry terminal (RoRo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 50
Pylon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 26, E 29 Rear light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 22 Rotating-pattern radiobeacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 12
Q Reclamation area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 31 Rotten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J aj
QTG service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 15 Reclamation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 31 Roundabout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 21, d-e
Qualifying Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 30-39 Recommended Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 27.1-28.2
Quarantine deep water track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 27.3, a-b Routing Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 18-29.2
anchorage area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 12.8 GLUHFWLRQRIWUDIFRZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 11, 26.1- 26.2, 28.1 Rubble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C e
EXLOGLQJKHDOWKRIFH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 62.1 route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 28.1 Ruin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 8, F 33.1
RIFH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F e track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 3-4, 6 Ruined
Quarry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 35.1-35.2 Recreation zone buoy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 62 landmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 8
Quartz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J g Red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J ay, P 11.2, Q 3 pier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F 33.2
Quay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 13 Reed beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 33 S
Quick light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 10.6 Reef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 22, K 16, g-h Safe
R Reference to clearance depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 3, 30, f
Races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 44 adjoining chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 19 vertical clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D 26, i
Racon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 3 charted units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A b water mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.5
Radar larger-scale chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 18 Safety
beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 2-3.6 5HHFWRUUDGDU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 10-11, S 4 fairway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M 18
conspicuous feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 5 Refuge zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 3
dome (radome) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 30.4 beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 124 Sailing club . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F 11.3
mast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 30.1 for shipwrecked mariners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 14 Salt pans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 24
range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 31 Regions, IALA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.1 Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 1
reference line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 32.1-32.2 Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 10-14 Sandhills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 8
UHHFWRU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 10-11, S 4 Reported Sandwaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 14
scanner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 30.3 anchorage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 10 Sandy shore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 6
station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 1 danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 4 Satellite Navigation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S 50-51
surveillance system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 30-32.2 depth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I 3.1-4 Scale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A 13-15
tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 30.2 Reporting, radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 40.1-40.2 Scanner, radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 30.3
transponder beacon, racon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 3 Rescue station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 11-12 Schist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J h
119
Index
School. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E f Shoal sounding on rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K b ground buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 56
Scoriae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J o Shore, shoreline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 1-8 Sponge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J t
Scrubbing grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 24 6KRUWORQJDVKLQJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P b Spot height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 11-13, H 20
Sea Signal Spring
ice limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 60.2 fog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R tide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 16, 30-31
mile (nautical mile) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 15, B 45 stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 20-36 seabed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 15
Seabed, types of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 1-15, a-bf Silo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 33 Square
Seal Silt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 4 meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B a
chart producer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 12 Single shaped beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q l
sanctuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N 22.2 Anchor Leg Mooring (SALM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 12 Stake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .K 43.2, Q 90
Seaplane Buoy Mooring (SBM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 16 Station
anchorage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 14 Point Mooring (SPM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 12 Coast Guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 10-11
anchorage buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 60 Sinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K n coast radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 30, S 1
landing area, operating area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 13 Siren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 12 DGPS, providing corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 51
Seasonal Sketches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 3.1-3.2 QTG, providing radio service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 15
buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 70-71 Slack water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 31 radar surveillance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M 30
sea ice limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 60.2 Slipway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 23 UDGLRGLUHFWLRQQGLQJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 14
Sea-tangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J w Small. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ah railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 13
Seawall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F 2.1-2.2 Small craft rescue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T 11-12
Seaward limit of leisure facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T 20-36
contiguous zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 44 mooring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 44 tide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 30
territorial sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 43 Snag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .K 43.2 Statue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 24
Second Soft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 35 Statute mile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B e
of arc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 6 Sounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 10-16 Steep coast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 3
of time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 51 doubtful depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 2 Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 18
Sector lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 40.1-46 out of position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 11 Sticky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 34
See adjoining chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 19 unreliable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 14 Stiff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 36
Semaphore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T f Source diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 17 Stock number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A d
Semi-diurnal tide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 30 South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 11 Stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 5
Separation cardinal mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.3 area with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 20
line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 12 Southeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 14 Stony shore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 7
scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 10-13, 20.1-29.2, d Southwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 16 Storage tanker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 17
zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 13 Spar buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 24 Storm signal station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 28
Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T Special Straight territorial sea baseline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 42
Settlements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 1-8 lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P 60-66 Streaky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ak
Sewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 41.1-41.2 marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.6 Stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C 20, H l, I c
Shading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C g purpose beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 120-126 tidal signal station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 34
Shapes of buoys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 20-26 purpose buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 50-63 tidal table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 31, 46
Shark nets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 61 Speckled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J al tide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 40-41
Shed, transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 51 Speed limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 27 Street . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 7
Sheerlegs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F 53.3 Spherical buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 22 Street . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 7
6KHOOVKEHG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 47 Spicules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J x Strip light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 64
Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J 11 Spindle buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 24 Stumps of piles/posts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .K 43.1-43.2
Shingle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J d Spire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 10.3 Submarine
Shingly shore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 7 Spoil cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 30.1-32
Shinto shrine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 15 ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 62.1-62.2 cable area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 30.2
120
Index
exercise area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 33 Telegraphic mooring buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 43 Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 12, M 1-6, 27
pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 40-44 Telephone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E q 7UDIF
power cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 31.1 line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 27 separation scheme (TSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 10-15, 20-26.2
power cable area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 31.2 Telephonic mooring buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 43 basic symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 10-15, d
transit lane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 33 Television buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 61
volcano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K d mast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 28 example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 20.1-29.2, f
Submerged station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 27 signal station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 21-22, 25.1
crib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K i tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 29 surveillance station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M 30
duck blind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K k Temple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 13 Training wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 5
jetty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F b Temporary Transhipment
platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K l buoy (seasonal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 71 area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 64
production well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 20 light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 54 facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 50-53.3
rock, beacon on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 83 Tenacious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J aq Transit
well (buoyed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L a Terms relating to tidal levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 1-17, a-k lane (submarine). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 33
wreck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 22-23 Territorial sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 42-43 line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 2
Subsidiary light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 42 Tidal shed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 51
Subsurface Ocean Data Acquisition System (ODAS) . . . . . . . . . L 25 basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 28 Transmission line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 26-27, h
Sunken harbor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 28 Transmitter, AIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 17.1-17.2
danger (swept). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K f levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 1-17, 20 Transponder beacon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 3.1-3.6
wreck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K c stream Transporter
Superbuoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 26 signal station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 34 bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 24
Supply pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L 40.1-40.2 station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 46 overhead (aerial cableway) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 25
Surveyed table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A g, H 31 7UDSVK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 44.2-45, i
coastline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 1 table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 31 Travelling crane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 53.1
inadequately . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 25 streams and currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 40-47 Trees
Suspended well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 21.1-21.2 table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 30 height of top . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 14
Swamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 33 Tide types of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 31-32, i-k
Swept gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T 32.1-32.2 Triangular shaped beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q l
area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I 24, b level terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 1-17, a-k Triangulation point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 20
channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I a rips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 44 Trot, mooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 42
wire drag, by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .K 2, 27, 42, f scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 32.1 True . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 63
Swing bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D 23.2 signal station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 33 True (compass). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 63
Swinging circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N 11.2 Timber yard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 52 Tufa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J n
Symbolized positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B 30-33 Time Tun buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 25
Synchronized light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 66 signal station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 31 Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 16
T units of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 49-51 pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 42.2
Tanker Tomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E b Tunney nets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 44.2-45
anchorage area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N 12.5 Ton, tonnage, tonne (weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B 53, m area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 45
CALM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 16 Topmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 9-11, 102.1 Turbine
storage, moored . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 17 Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 20 wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 26.1, L 5.1
Target buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 51 beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 3, Q 110-111 underwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 24
Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 32 church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 10.2 Two-way
Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 51 radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 30.2 route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 27.2, 28.1-28.2
Telegraph radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 29 track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 4, 5.2
line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 27 television. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 29 Tyfon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 13
station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 27 water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 21
121
Index
Types of W under construction, works in progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 32
fog signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 10-16 Wall, training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 5 World Geodetic System (WGS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 50
seabed, intertidal areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J 20-22 Warehouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 51 Wreck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .K 20-30, c
U Water buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q h
Ultra quick light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.8 discolored . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K e emergency wreck marking buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 63, Q 130.6
Uncovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 11, 21, h features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 20-26 mast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 25
Under construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 30-32 intake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L 41.1-41.2 Y
Underwater pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 40.1, 41.1 Yacht
installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 20-25 pipeline area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 40.2, L 41.2 berths without facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 11.2
rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 13-15 tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 21 club . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 11.3
turbine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 24 tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 21 Yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B d
Uneven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J bf Waterfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 22 timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 52
Unexploded ordinance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K p Watermill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E c Yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J aw, P 11.6
Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A b, B 40-54 Wave Z
University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E h actuated fog signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 21-22 Zone
Unsurveyed farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 6 Exclusive Economic (EEZ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 47
coastline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 2 recorder buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 59 VKLQJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 45
depths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 25 Way point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 40.1 LQVKRUHWUDIF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 25.1-25.2
Unwatched, unmanned light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 53, e Weather signal station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 29 seaward, contiguous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 44
Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 7 Weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 13.1-13.2 separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 13, 20.1-20.3, e
Upper light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 22 :HLUVK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K 44.2
Urban area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 1 Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E e
V submerged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L a
Variation, magnetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 60, 68.1-71 suspended . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 21
Varied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J be production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 20
Various limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N 60.1-65 Wellhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L 21.3, 23
Vegetation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C 30-33, i-t West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 12
Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H n cardinal mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 130.3
Vertical Wet dock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 27
clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 20, 23.4, 23.6-28 Wharf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 13
color stripes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q 5 Whistle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 15
lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 15 buoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q c
Vertically disposed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 15 White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J ar, P 11.1
Very quick light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 10.7 Wind
Vessel, light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 6 farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 26.2, L 5.2
Viaduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D f signal station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 29
Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 3.1-3.2 turbine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 26.1, L 5.1
Village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 4 Windmill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E 25.1-25.2
Violet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J at, P 11.5 Withy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 91-92
Virtual AIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S 18.1-18.2 Woodland
Visitors coniferous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C j
berth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F 19.2 deciduous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C i
mooring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 45 Woods, wooded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 30
Volcanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 37 Works
ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J k at sea, (reclamation area). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 31
Volcano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K d on land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 30
122
123
Appendix 1 IALA Maritime Buoyage System
Region A
Lateral Marks
Port Hand Starboard Hand Preferred Channel Preferred Channel

to Starboard to Port
BUOYAGE BUOYAGE
DIRECTION DIRECTION
red Color green red with one green horizontal band Color green with one red horizontal band
cylindrical (can), pillar, spar Buoy conical (nun), pillar, spar cylindrical (can), pillar, spar Buoy conical (nun), pillar, spar
single red cylinder (can) Topmark (if any) single green cone, point upward single red cylinder (can) Topmark (if any) single green cone, point upward
Lights (if any): may have any phase characteristic other than that used for preferred channels /LJKWVLIDQ\DUHFRPSRVLWHJURXSDVKLQJ
Quick Flashing Fl (2+1)
Flashing
Long Flashing
Group Flashing
124
IALA Maritime Buoyage System Appendix 1
Region B
Lateral Marks
Port Hand Starboard Hand Preferred Channel Preferred Channel

to Starboard to Port
BUOYAGE BUOYAGE
DIRECTION DIRECTION
green Color red green with one red horizontal band Color red with one green horizontal band
cylindrical (can), pillar, spar Buoy conical (nun), pillar, spar cylindrical (can), pillar, spar Buoy conical (nun), pillar, spar
single green cylinder (can) Topmark (if any) single red cone, point upward single green cylinder (can) Topmark (if any) single red cone, point upward
Lights (if any): may have any phase characteristic other than that used for preferred channels /LJKWVLIDQ\DUHFRPSRVLWHJURXSDVKLQJ
Quick Flashing Fl (2+1)
Flashing
Long Flashing
Group Flashing
125
Appendix 1 IALA Maritime Buoyage System
Cardinal Marks in Regions A and B

/LJKWVZKHQWWHGDUHZKLWH
E
W
N
VQ
or Q
POINT OF
W INTEREST E
VQ (9) 10s VQ (3) 5s
or Q (9) 15s or Q (3) 10s

SW
SE
VQ (6) + L Fl 10s
or Q (6) + L Fl 15s
126
IALA Maritime Buoyage System Appendix 1
Regions A and B
Isolated Danger Marks Safe Water Marks Special Marks
Color black with one or more red horizontal band(s) Color red and white vertical stripes Color yellow
RSWLRQDOEXWQRWFRQLFWLQJZLWKODWHUDOPDUNV
Buoy Buoy spherical, pillar or spar Buoy RSWLRQDOEXWQRWFRQLFWLQJZLWKODWHUDOPDUNV
pillar or spar preferred
Topmark (if any) DOZD\VWWHGZLWKGRXEOHVSKHUHV Topmark (if any) single red sphere Topmark (if any) single yellow X shape
Lights (if any) Lights (if any) Lights (if any)
Color white Color white Color yellow
Rhythm JURXSDVKLQJ Rhythm Iso Rhythm Fl Y
Oc Fl (4) Y
L Fl 10s May have any rhythm other than those used for
white lights on cardinal, isolated danger or safe
Morse A water marks.
127
128
Record of Corrections
Notice No. Corrected on Corrected by Notice No. Corrected on Corrected by Notice No. Corrected on Corrected by
129
Section Key
INT 500
A &KDUW1XPEHU7LWOHDQG0DUJLQDO1RWHV 412
Mercator Projection
6FDOHDW/DW 7th Ed., Mar. 5/09 DEPTHS IN METERS
B 350
0
0 10
3RVLWLRQV'LVWDQFHV'LUHFWLRQVDQG&RPSDVV LOCAL MAGNETIC ANOMALY
(see note)
C 1DWXUDO)HDWXUHV Marsh
clr 20.0 FIXED BRIDGE
D &XOWXUDO)HDWXUHV Tel HOR CL 25 FT

VERT CL 20 FT
E /DQGPDUNV TANK (202)
F Ports 1
Overhead power
Tide rips 10 11 0 cable
kn 9 1
H 3.
0 2.5 kn Tides and Currents (see Note)
8
7
6 5 4
3
2
Charted vertical
clearance
Safe vertical clearance
(magenta)
15 89 Unsurveyed
I 'HSWKV 30 FEET
APR 2011 10
119 13 12 10
13
17
J Nature of the Seabed Gravel Rock
K Rocks, Wrecks and Obstructions 35 Rk Crib
Name
L Offshore Installations Fl.Y Prod Well Pipe
(cov 24ft) Crib Well
DW
M Tracks and Routes Ra

VHF 80
Disposal Area 92
N $UHDVDQG/LPLWV Log boom

Depths from survey
of 2010 85
RED
P /LJKWV
Fl.WRG.4s
21m 18-12M
GREEN
Bn
Q R
Buoys and Beacons RG Bn
R
Q(6)+LFI 15s
R )RJ6LJQDOV BELL HORN(1) 15s
WHIS
Fl 3s 70m 29M
SIREN Mo(N) 60s
CONSOL Bn
S Radar, Radio and Satellite Navigation Systems 190 kHz

MMF
T Services NWS SIG STA
U 6PDOO&UDIW/HLVXUH)DFLOLWLHV

E
SUB-COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS OF STW 43/3/1

TRAINING AND WATCHKEEPING 4 May 2011
43rd session Original: ENGLISH
Agenda item 3
VALIDATION OF MODEL TRAINING COURSES
Model course Operational use of Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems
(ECDIS)
Note by the Secretariat
SUMMARY
Executive summary: This document provides a revised draft model course on the
operational use of Electronic Chart Display and Information
Systems (ECDIS)
Strategic direction: 5.2
High-level action: 5.2.2
Planned output: 5.2.2.5
Action to be taken: Paragraph 4
Related document: STW 40/14
1 The Sub-Committee, at its fortieth session noted that consequent to the adoption of
the Manila Amendments to the STCW Convention and Code, the model course related to
ECDIS would need to be reviewed and updated. Accordingly, the Sub-Committee instructed
the Secretariat to take the necessary steps to revise and update this existing model course
and to submit it to the Sub-Committee for validation in due course.
2 The preliminary revised draft of this model course reviewed and updated by
Australia and the United States was forwarded to members of the validation panel by the
Secretariat for their comments. Relevant comments on the draft course have been received
from the validation panel and have been incorporated as appropriate.
3 The final revised draft model course is set out in the annex.
Action requested of the Sub-Committee
4 The Sub-Committee is invited to consider the above information and take action as
appropriate.
***
I:\STW\43\3-1.docx
STW 43/3/1
Annex, page 1
Model
Course
Operational use of
Electronic Chart Display and Information
Systems (ECDIS)
(2010 Edition)
IMO
I:\STW\43\3-1.docx
STW 43/3/1
Annex, page 2
Acknowledgements
This 2010 Edition of the IMO Model Course on

the operational use of Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS)
was developed by
the United States Merchant Marine Academy,
Kings Point, New York.
IMO wishes to express its sincere appreciation to

the governments of the United States of America and Australia
for their valuable expert assistance and cooperation.
I:\STW\43\3-1.docx
STW 43/3/1
Annex, page 3
Table of Contents
Page
Introduction 1
Part A: Course Framework 3
Part B: Course Outline and Timetable 9
Part C: Detailed Teaching Syllabus 12
Part D: Instructor Manual 21
Part E: Evaluation and assessment 62
Appendices for the ECDIS instructor 83
Guidance on the implementation of model courses 97
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Introduction to model courses

Purpose of the model courses
The purpose of the IMO model courses is to assist maritime training institutes and their teaching staff in
organizing and introducing new training courses, or in enhancing, updating or supplementing existing
training material where the quality and effectiveness of the training courses may thereby be improved.
It is not the intention of the model course program to present instructors with a rigid teaching package
which they are expected to follow blindly. Nor is it the intention to substitute audio-visual or
programmed material for the instructors presence. As in all training endeavors, the knowledge, skills
and dedication of the instructor are the key components in the transfer of knowledge and skills to those
being trained through IMO model course material.
Because educational systems and the cultural backgrounds of trainees in maritime subjects vary
considerably from country to country, the model course material has been designed to identify the basic
entry requirements and trainee target group for each course in universally applicable terms, and to
specify clearly the technical content and levels of knowledge and skill necessary to meet the intent of IMO
conventions and related recommendations.
Use of the model course
To use the model course the instructor should review the course plan and detailed syllabus, taking into
account the information provided under the entry standards specified in the course framework. The actual
level of knowledge and skills and the prior technical education of the trainees should be kept in mind
during this review, and any areas within the detailed syllabus which may cause difficulties because of
differences between the actual trainee entry level and that assumed by the course designer should be
identified. To compensate for such differences, the instructor is expected to delete from the course, or
reduce the emphasis on, items dealing with knowledge or skills already attained by the trainees. He
should also identify any academic knowledge, skills or technical training which they may not have
acquired.
By analyzing the detailed syllabus and the academic knowledge required to allow training in the technical
area to proceed, the instructor can design an appropriate pre-entry course or, alternatively, insert the
elements of academic knowledge required to support the technical training elements concerned at
appropriate points within the technical course.
Adjustment of the course objectives, scope and content may also be necessary if in your maritime
industry the trainees completing the course are to undertake duties which differ from the course
objectives specified in the model course.
Within the course plan the course designers have indicated their assessment of the time that should be
allotted to each learning area. However, it must be appreciated that these allocations are arbitrary and
assume that the trainees have fully met all entry requirements of the course. The instructor should
therefore review these assessments and may need to re-allocate the time required to achieve each
specific learning objective.
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Lesson Plans
Having adjusted the course content to suit the trainee intake and any revision of the course objectives,
the instructor should draw up lesson plans based on the detailed syllabus. The detailed syllabus contains
specific references to the textbooks or teaching material proposed for use in the course. Where no
adjustment has been found necessary in the learning objectives of the detailed syllabus, the lesson plans
may simply consist of the detailed syllabus with keywords or other reminders added to assist the
instructor in making his presentation of the material.
Presentation
The presentation of concepts and methodologies must be repeated in various ways until the instructor is
satisfied that the trainee has attained each specified learning objective. The syllabus is laid out in
learning-objective format and each objective specifies what the trainee must be able to do as the learning
outcome.
Implementation
For the course to run smoothly and to be effective, considerable attention must be paid to the availability
and use of:
Properly qualified instructors

Support staff
Rooms and other spaces; equipment
Textbooks, technical papers
Other reference material
Through preparation is the key to successful implementation of the course. IMO has produced Guidance
on the Implementation of IMO Model Courses, which deals with this aspect in greater detail and is
included as an attachment to this course.
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Part A: Course Framework

Scope
This model course intends to provide the knowledge, skill and understanding of ECDIS and electronic
charts to the thorough extent needed to safely navigate vessels whose primary means of navigation is
ECDIS. The course emphasizes both the application and learning of ECDIS in a variety of underway
contexts. This is achieved through sophisticated navigation simulation that provides each trainee with
unrestrained access to ownship operations integrated with a complete type-approved ECDIS with
numerous chart formats installed.
The course is designed to meet the STCW requirements in the use of ECDIS, as revised by the 2010
Manila Amendments, specifically as these apply to Tables A-II/1, A-II/2 and A-II/3, and also to revised
guidelines pertaining to training and assessment in the operational use of ECDIS in Table B-I (paragraphs
36 through 66), assessment in navigational watchkeeping, and evaluation of competence, both in Table
B-II.
Objective
Those who successfully complete this course should be able to demonstrate sufficient knowledge, skill
and understanding of ECDIS navigation and electronic charts to undertake the duties of a navigational
watch officer defined by STCW Code, as amended. This knowledge, skill and understanding should
include Column 1 ECDIS competencies of Tables A-II, but is not limited to:
Knowledge of the capability and limitations of ECDIS operations, and all indicated sub-topics
Proficiency in operation, interpretation, and analysis of information obtained from ECDIS, and all
indicated sub-topics
Management of operational procedures, system files and data, and all indicated sub-topics
Entry Standards
It is assumed that trainees undertaking this course have accomplished some formal instruction in
Terrestrial Navigation, have at minimum some familiarization with visual navigation, have accomplished a
period of supervised bridge watch-keeping duties, and have prior completion of basic radar/ARPA (MC
1.07). Trainees should also have considerable familiarization with personal computing operating systems,
keyboards and mice or trackballs.
Course Certificate, diploma or document

Documentary evidence should be issued to those who have successfully completed this course indicating
that the holder has completed training in the navigational use and operation of Electronic Chart Display
and Information Systems (ECDIS) based on this model course.
Course delivery
The outcome of this course may be achieved through various methods, including simulation-based
classroom and laboratory training, or in-service training, or combinations of these methods, such that
each trainee is provided unshared access to a type-approved ECIS with ENC data for all required hours
of practice and assessment in a controlled visual underway navigational environment.
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Methods of distance learning or computer-based training may be used to supplement the familiarization
stages of this course, but should not be substituted for the underway assessment of proficiency
Course intake limitations

The maximum number of trainees should depend on the facilities and equipment available, bearing in
mind the scope and objectives of this course. In particular, class size should be limited to 1 trainee per
ECDIS workstation. For example, where a classroom training environment has 12 ECDIS workstations,
the maximum class size is 12 trainees. Where there is an additional ECDIS-equipped multiple ownship
lab, those ECDIS installations should not be used as substitutions for classroom instruction, nor should it
be used to augment the number of trainees taken into the course.
The ratio for lecturing in an open classroom setting and for practical exercises in an Integrated Navigation
Lab should be limited to 12:1. When a class size exceeds 12 trainees, an assistant instructor is required
in both settings, qualified to the satisfaction of the lead instructor.
Staff requirements
The following are the minimum qualification for an instructor of an ECDIS course that adheres to the
recommendations of this Model Course. The instructor in charge should:
Hold a Master license (certificate of competency, issued by IMO white list flag state) or license at
least one level above trainee(s) enrolled in course
Have underway experience as navigator with, and maintainer or supervisor of, type approved
ECDIS (extent determined by flag state issuing approval of course)
Have successful completion of Train-The-Trainer course, preferably including the application of
simulators in training
Have successful completion of an approved ECDIS training course
It is also recommended that the instructor in charge of the course should:
Be especially skilled in the particular ECDIS employed in the training course

Have knowledge of the requirements of SOLAS Chapters V/2, V/19, and V/27-20, as amended
Have knowledge of the ECDIS Performance Standards currently in force
Have knowledge of the STCW requirements and guidance on ECDIS, as amended
Be familiar with the current ECDIS equipment and installation requirements of the IEC
Be familiar with the current ENC data transfer standards and presentation libraries of the IHO
Be familiar with current methods of ENC data procurement, permitting, and updating
Be familiar with current IMO recommendations on ECDIS software and other issues
Teaching Facilities and equipment

ECDIS Classroom (Open Lab) - Lecturing with practical demonstration is conducted in an ECDIS
classroom (Open Lab) setting, where each trainee has sole use of a PC workstation with a resident
installation of type-approved ECDIS; all workstations should be networked to an Instructor Station running
an integrated navigation simulation application that delivers to each workstation high-fidelity ownship
conning controls, navigational aids including GPS, track control-capable Autopilot, AIS and radar/ARPA,
and a visual scene, all of which are interfaced to the ECDIS. Lecturing without demonstration is
conducted in the same ECDIS classroom with the workstations powered down.
Simulation lab - Trainees develop and demonstrate proficiencies in an Integrated Navigation Lab (INL)
setting, where each trainee has use (either alone or in groups of no more than two) of an ownship in
semi-isolation (Bridge). The Integrated Navigation Lab (INL) should run the same simulation application
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as in the ECDIS classroom, except that each bridge consists of four uniquely dedicated PCs: ECDIS with
trackball and keyboard, conning and control, radar/ARPA, and visualization channel displayed on a large
flat screen. As in the ECDIS classroom, all navigation functions should be integrated and interfaced to the
ECDIS. There should also be a provision in each Bridge for plotting on standard paper charts, as well as
VHF radio, either type-approved and de-amplified, or digitally embedded in the simulation software.
While exposure to a variety of ECDIS brands is encouraged, at a minimum, the particular brand and
software version of the ECDIS used in the classroom (open lab) environment should match that which is
used in the simulation lab. Trainees will benefit from gaining some familiarity with the approaches taken
by different manufacturers to the ECDIS Performance Standards, especially with regards to menu
structures and value-added options. However, the achievement of competency in safe navigation with
ECDIS should occur through prolonged and in-depth practice with one particular ECDIS common to both
training environments.
Materials - Screen projection through PC and document reader, CBT and PC presentations, hard-copy
handouts, and sample ECDIS interfaces on CD
Simulation software - The integrated navigation simulation application installed in the ECDIS classroom
and Integrated Navigation Lab as outlined above should include type-approved ECDIS software to which
the simulation delivers sensor input in an underway context. Assessment and evaluation systems built
into the simulation software offer considerable benefits, especially by unobtrusive and objective measure
of safe navigation parameters; its inclusion and application especially in route monitoring exercises is
encouraged.
Recommended ECDIS simulation performance standards

ECDIS is an integrating device, and its use should be mastered in solo watchstanding. It follows that
ECDIS simulation should suit solo watchstanding training, and this certainly demands the inclusion of the
visual scene at all times. ECDIS simulation equipment should be capable of simulating the operational
capabilities of ECDIS which meet all applicable performance standards adopted by the Organization, and
should optimally incorporate the means to:
1) handle ENC data, licenses and update files

2) interface with the following emulated or OEM equipment:
a) position indicator, including emulation of fix quality and, in the instance of GNSS, satellite
constellation
b) alternative position source
c) heading indicator, true and magnetic, with graphic course recording
d) speed indicator
e) depth indicator
f) ARPA tracked target data
g) AIS, including control of static data and messaging
h) radar data including emulated raw video, cursor, EBL and VRM
i) autopilot capable of control by heading (course), COG, and track, where monitored track may
be provided through both instructor control and alternatively through ECDIS at ownship
3) provide radar overlay, with functions operating independently from ownship radar
4) provide audio for navigation and assessment systems when fitted
5) provide VHF communications between all ownships and instructor
6) permit all ownships to interact with one another, depending on the exercise design
7) provide for viewing visual scene by scrolling in all directions horizontally and vertically, or
horizontally without scrolling where fixed visual channels cover 360 degrees
8) provide for taking accurate visual bearing
9) permit simultaneous navigation on paper charts associated with area databases as appropriate to
ECDIS watchstanding
10) provide adequate and well-lit surface for plotting on paper charts as the required means of back-
up required for single ECDIS installation
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In order to accomplish the goals of training and assessment included in this 2010 edition to the Model
Course, ECDIS simulation should adhere to the foregoing as performance standards.
An optimal ECDIS training environment

It is the intent of this 2010 edition to the Model Course to recognize the growing practice of integrating
ECDIS-supported navigation with the visual scene in simulation-based training. Additionally, since such
detail surpasses the scope of STCW Code and Guidance, it is the intent also of the Framework to the
2010 edition of this Model Course to specify the optimal physical layout for such simulation training.
There is a fundamental difference between an instructor-led demonstration and practice of ECDIS

functionalities, and the unassisted application of ECDIS while faced with navigational decision making.
These are separate learning experiences. The following description of an optimal ECDIS training
environment proposes that these be conducted separately. Nonetheless, all ECDIS workstations should
have the same fully integrated simulation software package. Whether the lesson is being conducted in a
classroom environment or the exercise is being conducted in the semi-isolation of a multiple ownship
navigation lab, each network should be designed to run any combination of interacting ownships.
The following description of the classroom and lab is based on an ideal maximum of 12 trainees in a
given iteration of the ECDIS training course, such that the entire group could be coached and instructed
at once for extended periods in the classroom, and 6 at a time could be assigned solo watchstanding
roles in the navigation lab for extended periods.
Optimal ECDIS classroom - Sit-down workstations for coaching (demonstration and practice of ECDIS
functionalities)
Part Function
Single PC, dual 19 LCD, specified VGA card, Win 7 O.S., ECDIS software and chart
data installed on each, to provide:
ECDIS-integrated ownships in classroom network, with total navigational and
12 sit-down ship control (virtual) functionality in either independent or interactive underway
workstations contexts;
ECDIS is displayed on one monitor, while split-screen visual scene and ship
controls and instruments including radar are displayed (through menu selection)
on the other monitor
1 instructor Single PC, dual 19 LCD, Win 7 O.S., simulator instructor control and monitoring
station software installed, to provide:
Design, execution, and playback debrief of exercises
Single high-end PC with extra RAM, single 19 LCD, Win Server 2003 O.S., gigabit
1 server / network, Cat 5e wiring at a minimum, simulator system software installed, including a
network suitable number of ownship models and training areas, to provide:
Full network control (self-contained within classroom setting)
Site for simulation software and all hydrodynamic modeling
3 projectors, preferably linked to instructor station and both monitors from at least 1
Projection workstation via matrix switching, to provide:
system Means for group demonstration of ECDIS functionality, and ownship control, and
techniques of ECDIS-based navigation
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Optimal ECDIS navigation lab - Semi-isolated ownships for stand-up solo watchstanding (unassisted
application of ECDIS while faced with navigational decision making)
Part Function
Three PCs, three 19 LCDs, ECDIS software and chart data installed on each ECDIS
6 stand-up PC; one PC with specified VGA card and 42 LCD, Win 7 O.S. on all, to provide:
workstations ECDIS-integrated ownships in lab network, with total navigational and ship
(each with control (virtual) functionality in either independent or interactive underway
chart table contexts;
and ECDIS, conning, radar, and visual scene are displayed separately and
partitions) continuously
Inclusion of steering and throttle hardware is a preferred enhancement in
multiple ownship simulation
Single PC, dual 19 LCD, Win 7 O.S., simulator instructor control and monitoring
1 instructor software installed, to provide:
station Design and execution of exercises
Inclusion of remote assessment option is a preferred enhancement in multiple
ownship simulation
Single high-end PC with extra RAM, single 19 LCD, Win Server 2003 O.S., gigabit
1 server / network, Cat 5e wiring at a minimum, simulator system software installed, including a
network suitable number of ownship models and training areas, to provide:
Full network control (self-contained within classroom setting)
Site for simulation software and all hydrodynamic modeling
See Annex 4 of the 2010 edition of the Model Course for a brief example of integrated simulation training
for developing proficiencies in ECDIS navigation.
Teaching Aids (A)

A1 IMO Model Course 1.27 (2010 Edition), Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems
(ECDIS)
A1.1 Course Framework (Part A of the course)
A1.2 Instructor Manual (Part D of the course)
A2 Audiovisual aids: Video/DVD player, visual presentation, document projector, etc.
A3 Simulator providing ownship functionality in a visual underway navigational context
A4 Type-approved ECDIS including ENC data, deriving inputs from simulation or live sensors
A5 Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC) data, various, including permits, and update files
Bibliography (B)
B1 NMEA Interface Standard 0183 v.3.01 (Severna Park, MD, National Marine Electronic
Association, 1/2002)
B2 Facts about electronic charts and carriage requirements, 2nd Ed. (Finnish Maritime
Administration: Primar Stavanger and IC-ENC, 5/2007)
B3 Gale, H. (2009) From Paper Charts to ECDIS. London: Nautical Institute

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B4 Bole, et al. (2005) The Radar/ARPA Manual, 2nd ed., Chapter 10 Ancillary Equipment.
Burlington, MA: Elsevier
B5 American Practical Navigator (Bowditch, Pub. No. 9), 2002 Ed., Chapter 14 Electronic
Charts
B6 Simulator reference manual (Manufacturer, Date)
B7 Users manual accompanying the type-approve ECDIS software utilized during the training
course (Manufacturer, Date)
Electronic media (E)

T1 ECDIS, Seagull CBT, CD #64
T2 AIS, Seagull CBT, CD #109 v.A, 8/2003
T3 ECDIS Training Course, Videotel CBT #871, 5/2008
IMO & regulatory references (R)

R1 Standards of Training, Certification and Watchstanding for Seafarers (STCW Convention), as
amended
R2 1974 SOLAS Convention, Regulations V/19, V/20 and V/27, as amended 2009, IMO Res.
MSC 282(86)
R3 Revised ECDIS Performance Standards, MSC.232(82), IMO, 12/2006
R4 ECDIS Performance Standards, IMO Resolution A.817(19) as adopted 11/1995, including

Appendices 1 5, Appendix 6 as adopted 11/1996 Res. MSC.64(67), and Appendix 7 as
adopted 12/1998 Res. MSC.86(70)
R5 S-52 Specifications for chart content and display aspects of ECDIS, 5th ed., as amended
(IHB, 12/2001)
R6 S-100 Universal Hydrographic Data Model, Ed. 1.0.0 (Monaco: IHB, 1/2010)
R7 Guidelines for Voyage Planning, IMO Res. A.893(21)
R8 COLREGS - International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, as amended
R9 IMO Model Course 1.27, The Operational Use of ECDIS, 2000
Textbooks (T)
T1 Norris, A. (2010) ECDIS and Positioning. London: Nautical Institute
T2 Weintrit, A. (2009) The Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS): An
Operational Handbook. Gydnia: Gydnia Maritime University
T3 Hecht, et al. (2006) The Electronic Chart, 2nd Ed. Lemmer, The Netherlands: GITC bv
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Part B: Course Outline and Timetable

Overview
The following section presents the topics of the 40-hour ECDIS course in a simplified outline format. The
40 topics are organized into 5 general Subject Areas. The total hours are allocated in the following
manner:
Practice & Lecture Solo ECDIS navigation Solo evaluation & Exam
27.5 hrs 9.0 hrs 3.5 hrs
The duration allocated to each topic is presented in the Course Timetables, and is repeated in Part C
Detailed Teaching Syllabus, and in Part D Lesson Plans and Exercises. The Learning Objectives for
each topic are presented generally in Part C, and with full detail in Part D.
As defined in Part A Course Framework, the Classroom (open lab) setting should provide one
workstation for each trainee, and all workstations should be networked to the simulation instructor and
server such that each station offers a visual ownship including ECDIS and radar. The Integrated
Navigation Lab (INL) should consist of a sufficient number of isolated ownships similarly networked such
that all functions run on separate PCs and displays, and is approved by the national authority for ECDIS
instruction.
With an open lab and INL arrangement of teaching facilities, most topics can be very effectively presented
in a combination of demonstration and lecture. Further distinction of these modes is therefore not
required.
Course Outline - Total 40.0 hours minimum
Subject Area and topics Hours
Elements of ECDIS 10.5

1. Course introduction & familiarization plan
2. Purpose of ECDIS
3. Value to navigation
4. Correct & incorrect use
5. Work station start, stop & layout
6. Vessel position
7. Position source
8. Basic navigation
9. Heading & drift vectors
Ex.1 Simulator exercise open sea (basic integrated navigation)
10. Understanding chart data
11. Chart quality & accuracy
12. Chart organization
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Subject Area and topics Hours
Watchstanding with ECDIS 8.0

13. Sensors
14. Ports & data feeds
15. Chart selection
16. Chart information
17. Changing the settings
18. Chart scaling
19. Information layers
Ex.2 Simulator exercise coastal waters (chart display settings)
20. System & position alarms
21. Depth & contour alarms
ECDIS Route Planning 7.0

22. Vessel maneuvering characteristics
23. Route planning by table
24. Route planning by chart
25. Track limits
26. Checking plan for safety
Ex.3 Simulator exercise coastal & confined waters (navigation alarms & route
scheduling)
27. Embedded tide, current & climate almanac
28. Route schedule
29. User charts in route planning
ECDIS Targets, Charts & System 8.5

30. ARPA tracked target overlay
31. AIS functions
32. Radar overlay (RIB) functions
33. Procuring & installing chart data
34. Installing chart corrections
Ex.4 Simulator exercise confined waters (advanced integrated navigation with
ECDIS)
35. System reset & backup
36. Archiving with ECDIS data management utility
37. Data logging and logbook
38. Playback
ECDIS Responsibility & Assessment 6.0

39. Responsibility
40. Effective navigation with ECDIS
Ev.1 Written evaluation
Ev.2 Simulator exercise coastal & confined waters (underway ECDIS navigation assessment)
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Course Timetable 5 days, 40.0 hours minimum
Period
1st Period (2.0 hours) 2nd Period (1.5 hours) 3rd Period (2.0 hours) 4th Period (2.5 hours)
Day
Elements of ECDIS 5. Work station start, stop & 8. Basic navigation Ex.1 Simulator exercise
1. Course introduction & layout 9. Heading & drift vectors open sea (basic integrated
Day 1 familiarization plan 6. Vessel position 10. Understanding chart data navigation)
2. Purpose of ECDIS 7. Position source
3. Value to navigation
4. Correct & incorrect use
11. Chart quality & accuracy 15. Chart selection 17. Changing the settings Ex.2 Simulator exercise
12. Chart organization 16. Chart information 18. Chart scaling coastal waters (chart display
Day 2 Watchstanding with 19. Information layers settings)
ECDIS
13. Sensors
14. Ports & data feeds
20. System & position alarms ECDIS Route Planning 24. Route planning by chart Ex.3 Simulator exercise
21. Depth & contour alarms 22. Vessel maneuvering 25. Track limits coastal & confined waters
Day 3 characteristics 26. Checking plan for safety (navigation alarms & route
23. Route planning by table scheduling)
27. Embedded tide, current & ECDIS Targets, Charts & 33. Procuring & installing Ex.4 Simulator exercise
climate almanac System chart data confined waters (advanced
28. Route schedule 30. ARPA tracked target 34. Installing chart integrated navigation with
Day 4 overlay ECDIS)
29. User charts in route corrections
planning 31. AIS functions
32. Radar overlay (RIB)
functions
35. System reset & backup ECDIS Responsibility & 40. Effective navigation with Ev.2 Simulator exercise
36. Archiving with ECDIS Assessment ECDIS coastal & confined waters
39. Responsibility (underway ECDIS navigation
Day 5 data management utility Ev.1 Written evaluation
37. Data logging and logbook assessment)
38. Playback
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Part C Detailed Teaching Syllabus

The detailed teaching syllabus has been written in learning objective format in which the objective
describes what the trainee should do to demonstrate that knowledge has been transferred. All objectives
are understood to be prefixed by the words, The expected learning outcome is that the trainee
In order to assist the instructor, reference publications are shown against the learning objectives in
addition technical material and teaching aids, which the instructor may wish to use when preparing course
material. The material listed in the course framework has been used to structure the detailed teaching
syllabus; in particular, teaching aids (indicated by A) and references (indicated by B, E, R, or T) will
provide valuable information to instructors.
The abbreviations used are:
add.: Addendum p.: Page

app.: Appendix pa.: Paragraph
art.: Article reg.: Regulation
ch.: Chapter sect.: Section
encl.: Enclosure tab. Table
The following are examples of the use of references:
R1 tab. A-II/2 refers to Table A-II/2 training requirements of STCW 1978, as amended (2010);
Al.2 sect. 1 refers to training section 5 (Elements of ECDIS) in the guidance notes of the instructor
manual (Part D) of the 2010 edition of this Model Course.
T3 ch.1 refers to Chapter 1 of the textbook edition designated as T3
Note
Throughout the course, safe working practices are to be clearly defined and emphasized with reference to
current international requirements and regulations. It is expected that the institution implementing the
course will insert references to national and/or regional requirements and regulations as necessary.
Learning Objectives
Subject Areas and topics have been outlined in Part B. In Part C, the Learning Objectives associated with
each topic are provided, along with teaching aids and references. In Part D, the topics are referred to as
Lesson Plans, and the Learning Objectives are further described in sufficient detail for the development of
an ECDIS Instructors Manual. The Learning Objectives are presented in a verb-based manner to
facilitate outcomes-driven learning and skills development. All Learning Objectives are understood to be
prefixed by the phrase: The expected learning outcome is that the trainee is able to . . . .
Bear in mind that the overarching competencies to be developed throughout the course are the use of
ECDIS to maintain the safety of navigation (STCW, Operational Level) and maintain the safety of
navigation through the use of ECDIS and associated navigation systems to assist command decision
making (STCW, Management Level). The ECDIS instructor should strive to present all of the Learning
Objectives in or as close to the contexts of underway navigation as possible. Through practice and
understanding of these Learning Objectives as tasks to master and apply, the trainee achieves the
desired competence and which the instructor may assess in the scored final underway evaluation.
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Teaching
Learning Objectives Reference
Aid
Elements of ECDIS (10.5 hours)
1. Course introduction & familiarization plan (0.5 hours) A1.1 T3 ch.1

1.1. General introductions A3 B6
1.2. Administration A4 B7
1.3. Familiarization with ECDIS learning environment
2. Purpose of ECDIS (0.5 hours) A1 R3

2.1. Introduce revised IMO Performance Standards for ECDIS (June A1.2 T1 ch.3 &
2006, Resolution MSC.232(82)) A2 10.3
2.2. Differentiate between display options A3 T3 ch.2
2.3. Identify information types and areas on navigation display A4 B4 ch.10.2
2.4. Apply presentation of ECDIS data A5 B5 ch.14
3. Value to navigation (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.6.8

3.1. Recognize factors that characterize and modify chart A2 T1 ch.8.5
presentation A3 T3 ch.11.1 &
3.2. Recognize factors that characterize and modify the data quality A4 11.2
3.3. Manually change scale, area & position of ownship A5 B4 ch.11.2.2
3.4. Evaluate the route monitoring mode of ECDIS operation & 11.2.3 &
3.5. Explain the value of ECDIS to navigation 11.3
4. Correct & incorrect use (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.8.7

4.1. Use ECDIS within the prevailing navigation situation A2 T3 ch.11.3.2
4.2. Recognize ways to avoid over-reliance on ECDIS A3 & 7.5 &
4.3. Proficiency in the use of ECDIS includes assessing the integrity A4 8.1.1
of the system and all data at all times A5 B2
B3
5. Work station start, stop & layout (1.0 hour) A1.2 T1 ch.1
5.1. Perform standard PC start A2 T3 ch.7.3
5.2. Interpret the ECDIS start windows for sensors requested, A3 B7
sensors found, and selected chart data initializing A4
5.3. Examine alarms (if any) and determine initial conditions of A5
ECDIS readiness for navigation
6. Vessel position (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.6.7

6.1. Review user interface methods A2 B7
6.2. Review display of vessels position A3
6.3. Examine position information in the display panels A4
6.4. Determine a position fix on the ECDIS chart display panel A5
7. Position source (1.0 hour) A1.2 T1 ch.2

7.1. Review basics of GPS A2 T3 ch.7.5.5
7.2. Coordinate GPS antenna position settings A3 & 8.1.1
7.3. Select position system A4 B7
7.4. Determine fix quality (status) of GPS A5
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8. Basic navigation (1.0 hour) A1.2 T1 ch.6.2

8.1. Activate display categories and information layers A2 B7
8.2. Monitor vessel safety A3
8.3. Activate route monitoring features A4
A5
9. Heading & drift vectors (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.8.1

9.1. Activate vessels motion vectors A2 R3
9.2. Obtain vessels course and speed from the positioning system A3 R4
9.3. Interpret the movement of the vessel A4 B7
9.4. Recognize the effects of gyro error A5
9.5. Graphically monitor ownships approach to isolated dangers by
means of a guard ring
Ex.1 Simulator exercise open sea (basic integrated navigation) A3, A4,
(2.5 hours) A5
10. Understanding chart data (1.0 hour) A1.2 T1 ch.1 & 4

10.1. Define the relevant terminology of ECDIS A2 T3 ch.4 &
10.2. Describe the differences between electronic chart systems and A3 7.2 & 6
ECDIS A4 B5 ch.14
10.3. Describe the various electronic chart data formats A5 B7
10.4. Explain the relationship between ECDIS data and the
information presented on the display
10.5. Explain that only information stored as objects with
corresponding attributes in the database is available for display
10.6. Describe the chart data selected for display
11. Chart quality & accuracy (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.9

11.1. Explain what the accuracy of chart data is dependent upon A2 T3 ch.5
11.2. Explain the problems in ECDIS associated with variant datums A3 B7
11.3. Assess all errors, inaccuracies and ambiguities caused by A4
improper data management A5
11.4. Explain the need and requirement that electronic chart data
must be systematically updated for safe navigation
11.5. Demonstrate issues pertaining to computer monitor display
resolution
12. Chart organization (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.6.3

12.1. Introduce the organization of chart data distribution A2 T3 ch.10 &
12.2. Demonstrate the loading (retrieval) of ECDIS data A3 7.2.2
A4 B7
A5
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Teaching
Aid
Watchstanding with ECDIS (8 hours)
13. Sensors (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.2.16 &

13.1. Explain the performance limits of devices for position, course A2 6.1 & 6.5.1
over ground, heading, speed, depth, radar, and AIS A3 T3 ch.8
13.2. Explain the need for selecting sensor data displayed in ECDIS A4 B7
that is appropriate, unambiguous and accurate A5
13.3. Evaluate the impairment of ECDIS performance when sensor
performance deteriorates
13.4. Explain and analyze various sensor alarms and indications
14. Ports & data feeds (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.8.2 &
14.1. Select between primary and secondary position source A2 8.3
14.2. Observe automatic change over to secondary position source A3 B4 ch.10.4
14.3. Explain the data reference system of each connected sensor A4 B7
14.4. Identify the data port assigned to each connected sensor A5
14.5. Monitor, identify and to a limited extent decode the data stream
for each attached sensor
14.6. Assess the plausibility of sensor input values to ECDIS
14.7. Assess the impact on displayed information when a sensor port
is improperly selected
15. Chart selection (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.6.4 &

15.1. Demonstrate the variety of methods that chart data can be A2 9.1
loaded and changed (called into display) A3 T3 ch.5.3 &
15.2. Assess the inaccuracies and ambiguities caused by improper A4 7.2
selection of a chart for display A5 B7
15.3. Display updates in order to review content and to establish their
inclusion in the SENC
15.4. Explain and analyze the data and chart alarms resulting from
over-scaling
15.5. Explain and analyze the data and chart alarms resulting from
use of a non-WGS84 datum
16. Chart information (1.0 hour) A1.2 T1 ch.6.4.6

16.1. Select the task panel and apply the functions suitable for A2 T3 ch.7.2
position monitoring, route monitoring, route creation and editing, A3 B7
trial maneuver, creating and accessing user-defined layers A4
16.2. Obtain information on charted objects A5
16.3. Demonstrate how the presentation of navigation marks is
changed according to Own Ship position
16.4. Demonstrate errors of interpretation by the incorrect selection of
display categories
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17. Changing the settings (1.0 hour) A1.2 T1 ch.6.3 &

17.1. Manually test the major functions of hardware, keyboard, mouse A2 8.6
/ trackball, sensor data, and chart data A3 T3 ch.7.6
17.2. Check and / or select preferred operational settings in the A4 B7
primary task panels and on the primary information panel A5
17.3. Evaluate alarm and function status indications
17.4. Demonstrate errors of interpretation by the incorrect selection of
safety values
17.5. Adjust track length and precision
17.6. Evaluate the range of information recorded in the log table
(voyage recording)
18. Chart scaling (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.6.4

18.1. Demonstrate scaling of electronic chart display A2 T3 ch.7.2.4
18.2. Apply the automatic changing of chart scale ratio A3 B7
18.3. Apply additional chart scale information A4
18.4. Recognize interpretation errors due to scaling A5
19. Information layers (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.6.5 &

19.1. Observe effect on information layers and status indications A2 6.9 & 7.3
when chart data is loaded and when chart area is underscaled A3 T3 ch.7.5.6
19.2. Review and apply appropriate day/night palette, display A4 & 7.2.1 &
category, and scale A5 7.3.2
19.3. Select information options in display category of All other B7
information
19.4. Differentiate between information layers, User Chart layers, and
Event graphic
19.5. Respond to the indicators representing the loss of displayed
information
Ex.2 Simulator exercise coastal waters (chart display settings) A3, A4,
(2.0 hours) A5
20. System & position alarms (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.8.3

20.1. Identify and respond to alarms for primary and secondary A2 T3 ch.7.5.3
positioning systems A3 B7
20.2. Identify and respond to chart related alarms A4
20.3. Identify and respond to ECDIS alarms from autopilot in Track A5
Control
21. Depth & contour alarms (1.0 hour) A1.2 T1 ch.8.4 &
21.1. Describe route monitoring alarms A2 6.5
21.2. Identify depth-related information A3 T3 ch.7.5
21.3. Set the safety values for route monitoring A4 B7
21.4. Set the limits pertaining to safe water A5
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Teaching
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ECDIS Route Planning (7.0 hours)
22. Vessel maneuvering characteristics (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.8.5

22.1. Select appropriate turning criteria for efficient and effective use A2 T3 ch.7.5 &
of Autopilot in heading control mode A3 8.3
22.2. Correlate rudder limits in Autopilot with turning radii and rates of A4 B7
turn for curved track planning on ECDIS A5
22.3. Determine methods of alert for wheel over when approaching
waypoints
22.4. The navigator must verify positioning especially when ECDIS is
connected to auto pilot
23. Route planning by table (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.7.1 &

23.1. Retrieve a stored route plan A2 7.5
23.2. Approve an existing route for planning, safety review and A3 T3 ch.7.4
monitoring A4 B7
23.3. Select the sea areas and the required waters for planning the A5
whole passage
23.4. Construct a route plan by inputting waypoint data
alphanumerically into a route-planning table
23.5. Adjust the route plan by editing, adding and deleting waypoints
inside the table
23.6. Adjust curved track planning and wheel over indication
23.7. Establish procedures to name, link, rename, archive, retrieve
and delete route files
24. Route planning by chart (1.0 hour) A1.2 T1 ch.7.2 &

24.1. Select the sea areas and the required waters for planning the A2 7.3
whole passage A3 T3 ch.7.4
24.2. Construct a route by inputting waypoints directly on the ECDIS A4 B7
display A5
24.3. Adjust the route by graphically editing waypoints
24.4. Obtain track courses and distances from the chart
24.5. Obtain relevant route planning information
25. Track limits (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.6.5.3

25.1. Review the alarm settings used as vessel is proceeding along a A2 & 8.3
monitored route A3 T3 ch.7.5
25.2. Modify the setting of XTE in a previously saved route A4 B7
A5
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26. Checking plan for safety (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.7.4 &
26.1. Check a previously created and saved route for crossing A2 7.7
dangers of navigation according to the setting of cross-track A3 T3 ch.7.4
distance A4 B7
26.2. Check the route as it is being created for dangers as listed A5
above
26.3. Assess a route plan based on a safety check
Ex.3 Simulator exercise coastal & confined waters (navigation alarms A3, A4,
& route scheduling) (2.0 hours) A5
27. Embedded tide, current & climate almanac (0.5 hours) A1.2 T3 ch.7.5 &
27.1. Determine the force and direction of the true wind A2 7.7 & 15.1
27.2. Display the ocean climate wind vectors and lines of equal wave A3 B7
height, selected by month A4
27.3. Display the dynamics of surface currents A5
27.4. Determine the tidal rise and tidal currents
27.5. Use Current option in calculating a Route Plan Schedule
27.6. Determine bottom type and assess anchor holding ground from
information obtained on an appropriately scaled chart
28. Route schedule (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.7.5

28.1. Observe any deviation from the route schedule setting in use as A2 T3 ch.7.5 &
vessel is proceeding along a route A3 7.7
28.2. Determine expected passage times A4 B7
28.3. Observe calculations of progress along the planned route A5
28.4. Using the ETA application in ECDIS, calculate time or speed at
a selected waypoint on a monitored route
29. User charts in route planning (1.0 hour) A1.2 T1 ch.7.3

29.1. Review the ECDIS function for creating mariner's notes (User A2 T3 ch.7.3
Chart) A3 B7
29.2. Determine effective policy regarding User Charts A4
29.3. Select User Chart for display A5
29.4. Use the graphic editor for creating and modifying a User Chart
29.5. Create, save and move an anchor circle guard zone as a User
Chart
ECDIS Targets, Charts & System (8.5 hours)
30. ARPA tracked target overlay (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.8.4.3

30.1. Examine sensor setup requirements for ARPA tracked targets A2 T3 ch.8.2.3
30.2. Determine speed and heading inputs used in ARPA tracked A3 & 8.5
target data calculations A4 B7
30.3. Access target info display A5
30.4. Interpret target symbol features
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31. AIS functions (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.8.4.5

31.1. Describe what the connection of an Automatic Identification A2 & 6.9
System (AIS) to ECDIS enables A3 T3 ch.8.4
31.2. Examine sensor setup requirements for AIS targets A4 B4 ch.10.3
31.3. Determine alarms and other settings for AIS targets A5 B7
31.4. Access target info display options
31.5. Interpret AIS target symbol features
32. Radar overlay (RIB) functions (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.8.4.4

32.1. Describe the technical function of the radar integrator board A2 T3 ch.8.2.1
(RIB) hardware A3 & 8.2.2 &
32.2. Examine the main functions of the radar integrator board A4 11.1.5
32.3. Operate the user interface controls for radar overlay A5 B7
32.4. Demonstrate sources of image offset
32.5. Determine source of ECDIS-tracked target data calculations
33. Procuring & installing chart data (1.0 hour) A1.2 T1 ch.4.4
33.1. Review chart data structure, terminology, and installation A2 T3 ch.9.2 &
procedures. A3 9.3 & 9.4
33.2. Review chart format requirements for ECDIS A4 B7
33.3. Examine data distribution sources for ENC A5
33.4. Examine data distribution sources for SENC conversions
33.5. Examine license structure for various formats, and practice
installation
33.6. Examine license structure for various formats, and practice
installation
33.7. Extract information on installation history
34. Installing chart corrections (1.0 hour) A1.2 T1 ch.4.5 &

34.1. Explain why electronic chart data is maintained with up-to-date A2 6.3
corrections A3 T3 ch.10
34.2. Add or modify a chart object using Manual Correction task A4 B7
34.3. Examine production license options for accessibility of automatic A5
updates
34.4. Install various automatic update formats using various methods
34.5. Extract information on update history
Ex.4 Simulator exercise confined waters (advanced integrated A3, A4,

navigation with ECDIS) (2.5 hours) A5
35. System reset & backup (0.5 hours) A1.2 T1 ch.8.7 &
35.1. Explain the intent of regulations on ECDIS back-up A2 8.8
arrangements A3 T3 ch.11.3 &
35.2. Perform back-up procedures in standalone ECDIS failure event A4 11.4
35.3. Perform networked back-up procedures in (Master) ECDIS A5 B7
failure event
35.4. Perform troubleshooting routines in ECDIS
35.5. Recognize consequences to navigation safety while
troubleshooting,
35.6. Recognize consequences to data storage while ECDIS PC is
down
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36. Archiving with ECDIS data management utility (0.5 hours) A2 B7

36.1. Use ECDIS data management utility to work with files A4
associated with ECDIS operations
36.2. Use ECDIS data management utility to transfer select data files
between storage media
37. Data logging and logbook (1.0 hour) A1.2 T1 ch.8.6

37.1. Examine requirements and functions of logbook task in ECDIS A2 T3 ch.7.6 &
37.2. Examine display functions of ownship track and tracks of AIS, A3 13.9
ARPA and RIB targets A4 B7
37.3. Perform various hard copy print outs A5
38. Playback (0.5 hours) A1.2 T3 ch.7.6

38.1. Explain the disruption of ECDIS when operating Playback utility A2 B7
38.2. Explain that no route or route plan is securely associated with A3
any playback A4
38.3. Explain that no chart data is securely associated with any A5
playback
38.4. Perform a playback of an event or passage specified by date
and time
38.5. Closely observe the position and heading update interval in
Playback
38.6. During playback, analyze the logbook for the quality of
navigation
ECDIS Responsibility & Assessment (6.0 hours)
39. Responsibility (1.5 hours) A1.2 R1

39.1. Re-examine COLREGS implicit A2 R3
39.2. Re-examine SOLAS, as amended explicit R5
39.3. Re-examine IMO approval of equipment and installations R6
39.4. Re-examine IMO carriage requirements R7
39.5. Re-examine national ECDIS carriage regulations T1 ch.5
39.6. Re-examine STCW Code, as amended T3 ch.13.4
39.7. Re-examine flag state (maritime) implementation
39.8. Re-examine IMO training Guidance (and providing review of
course)
39.9. Re-examine ISM requirements of ship owners & operators
40. Effective navigation with ECDIS (1.0 hour) A1.2 T1 ch.10.2

40.1. Describe bridge functions incorporating ECDIS A2 T3 ch.7.3 &
40.2. Re-examine sample bridge operating procedures addressing 8.1 & 11.2
ECDIS & 16
40.3. Define safe and practical navigation with ECDIS
40.4. Examine evolving concepts of e-Navigation with regards to
ECDIS
Ev.1 Written evaluation (1.0 hour)
Ev.2 Simulator exercise coastal & confined waters (underway ECDIS A3, A4,
navigation assessment) (2.5 hours) A5
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Part D Instructor Manual
Guidance for instructors

The course outline and timetable (Part B) provide guidance on the time allocation for the course material,
but the instructor is free to modify this if it is deemed necessary. The detailed teaching syllabus (Part C)
must be studied carefully and, where appropriate, lesson plans or lecture notes compiled with Part D
providing the basis from beginning to end of the course. The written and practical exam content and
methods are detailed in Part E.
The lesson plans and exercises of this part are meant to provide the ECDIS navigation instructor with the
material for a course instruction manual. Specifically, the Learning Objectives presented in the previous
parts of the Model Course document are fleshed out in considerable detail in Part D. The details of this
part reflect the views of the course developers with respect to methodology and organization as well as
what they consider relevant and important in light of their experience as instructors and as navigator who
have succeeded in applying ECDIS to bridge watchstanding. Although the lessons, exercises, and
assessment methods should be of value initially, each instructor should develop his/her own methods and
ideas, recognize and refine what is successful, and discard that which does not work satisfactorily. It is
particularly important for the instructor to adapt content to the specific ECDIS being utilized in the training
environment. Despite the ECDIS Performance Standards, there is limited commonality among type-
approved ECDIS units. Adaptation is also advised for review of flag state regulations, as appropriate.
As noted in the foregoing parts, this 40-hour course is comprised of 40 Lesson Plans, 4 practice
exercises, and a final underway assessment exercise. These are divided according to the five primary
stages of the course:
1 Elements of ECDIS (10.5 hours)
2 Watchstanding with ECDIS (8.0 hours)
3 ECDIS Route Planning (7.0 hours)
4 ECDIS Charts, Targets & System (8.5 hours)
5 ECDIS Responsibility (6 hours)
Preparation and planning are the most important criteria in effectively presenting this course. Availability
and proper use of course materials is also essential for maximum efficacy in conveying the subject to
trainees. The capabilities and limitations of the teaching facilities in use may dictate that the learning
objectives be adjusted but it is suggested that this be kept to a minimum.
Due to the considerable challenges and complexities faced by trainees learning to navigate safely using
ECDIS, it is vital for the instructor to recognize that successful underway assessments require as much
hands-on practice as possible. As discussed in the Introduction to the navigational use of ECDIS (2010
Edition), lecturing and demonstration and the opportunity for individual use applies to nearly all learning
objectives in nearly all topics. Whenever an ECDIS unit must be shared amongst trainees, the quality of
learning is critically degraded, and leads to likely failure in the final underway assessment. It will,
therefore, be necessary for instructors to prepare for the presentation of specific learning objective in the
context of underway scenarios for both classroom demonstration and practice, and for the solo navigation
environment. The development of other materials, such as a compilation on a CD of handy reference
material, is also strongly suggested. An index of useful files and documents is provided in the
Appendices for the Instructor part of this course.
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Lesson Plans: Elements of ECDIS (10.5 hours)
1. Introduction & familiarization plan (0.5 hours)

2. Purpose of ECDIS (0.5 hours)
3. Value to navigation (0.5 hours)
4. Correct & incorrect use (0.5 hours)
5. Work station start, stop & layout (1.0 hour)
6. Vessel position (0.5 hours)
7. Position source (1.0 hour)
8. Basic navigation (1.0 hour)
9. Heading & drift vectors (0.5 hours)
10. Understanding chart data (1.0 hour)
Ex.1 Simulator Exercise Open sea (basic integrated navigation) (2.5 hours)
11. Chart quality & accuracy (0.5 hours)
12. Chart organization (0.5 hours)
1. Introduction & familiarization plan (0.5 hrs)

The trainee explains the goals of the 40-hour course; and becomes familiar with the layout of the
ECDIS equipment at the workstations and on the bridge simulator (Refs: T3 ch.1; B6; B7).
1.1. General introductions:

Define the goals of the course and course certification,
Verify that all trainees have basic computer skills (objective assessment)
Explain the course structure and attendance requirements,
Explain the evaluation process
Explain that trainees will achieve an understanding of type-approved ECDIS in general, and
proficiency specifically in the use of system in use in the course
1.2. Administration:
Issue study guides and other reference material,
Review course syllabus
1.3. Familiarization with ECDIS learning environment

Work station power-up and ECDIS software start and stop,
Use the projector to show how you will demonstrate ECDIS functions,
Explain how to get information from the ECDIS User Manuals,
Explain Help structure within ECDIS software package, and
Briefly tour classroom and lab used for ECDIS navigation training to see navigation and control
equipment.
2. Purpose of ECDIS (0.5 hrs)

The trainee explains the main characteristics of ECDIS data display, and recognizes which information
is constantly displayed by ECDIS and which is selectable (Refs: R3; T1 ch.3 & 10.3; T3 ch.2; B4
ch.10.2; B5 ch.14).
2.1. Introduce revised IMO Performance Standards for ECDIS (June 2006, Resolution
MSC.232(82)):
ECDIS definition,
Capability of displaying all chart information necessary for safe and efficient navigation,
Swiftly enables positioning, route monitoring and route planning,
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Provides appropriate alarms and indications.
2.2. Differentiate between display options:

Electronic navigational chart (ENC) and system ENC (SENC),
Standard display and display base,
Display of information other than ENC data.
2.3. Identify information types and areas on navigation display:

Electronic chart area, Information area, Task panels, other menu options,
Automatic displays for monitoring ships safety including position, gyro heading, speed log, time,
and safety values, course over ground and speed over ground.
2.4. Apply presentation of ECDIS data:

Major rules of presentation library,
Automatic presentation, such as scale, display category, day/night, etc.,
Modes, such as true motion and North-up.
3. Value to navigation (0.5 hrs)

The trainee recognizes that safe navigation with ECDIS requires the selection and analysis of displayed
information that is relevant to the prevailing situation (Refs: T1 ch.6.8; T1 ch.8.5; T3 ch.11.1 & 11.2; B4
ch.11.2.2 & 11.2.3 & 11.3).
3.1. Recognize factors that characterize and modify chart presentation:

Projection, colors, symbols,
Assessment of differences.
3.2. Recognize factors that characterize and modify the data quality:
Accuracy, resolution, completeness,
Assessment of differences.
3.3. Manually change scale, area & position of ownship:

Chart (or sea) area and scale,
Position of own hip relative to display edge
3.4. Evaluate the route monitoring mode of ECDIS operation:

Route monitoring mode,
Navigation mode.
3.5. Explain the value of ECDIS to navigation:

Own ship position with respect to route, shipping lanes, acquired targets, depth contours,
soundings, and predicted tides and currents,
Multi-chart loading, scaling, on-chart object info,
Centralized information station for navigational bridge team, including ERBL, user layers, radar
target tracking, SAR, Navtex, AIS, climate, and port info.
4. Correct & incorrect use (0.5 hrs)

The trainee assesses ECDIS as a tool which aids but does not replace proper navigational
watchkeeping (Refs: T1 ch.8.7; T3 ch.11.3.2 & 7.5 & 8.1.1; B2; B3).
4.1. Use ECDIS within the prevailing navigation situation:

Name the principles of navigation and operational guidance for officers in charge of a
navigational watch (STCW, SOLAS),
Review the many areas of bridge operations to which ECDIS may be applied,
Situational awareness includes the functioning of navigational aids and the reliability of sensors,
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ECDIS is only a tool designed to support the mariner performing navigational tasks,
A navigational watch is not to be performed on only one system (mostly unavoidable in this
simulation and proficiency training)
4.2. Recognize ways to avoid over-reliance on ECDIS

A system malfunction and data inaccuracy is always a potential,
The displayed hydrographic data are not more reliable than the survey data they are based on,
The displayed sensor data are not more reliable than the respective originating sensor system,
Errors / inaccuracies in one subsystem may degrade others and can potentially render ECDIS
useless.
4.3. Proficiency in the use of ECDIS includes assessing the integrity of the system and all data at all
times.
However, such use should be integrated into standing a normal watch including a competent
visual lookout, and the continued maintenance of good situational awareness.
One method of accomplishing this it to go to the ECDIS with a single purpose or query within a
strict and brief time limit, rather than to browse or surf menus and information panels. Keeping to
a 7-second glance as a scanning technique helps produce an integrative role for ECDIS.
Another method is to overcome the problem of partial use the less thoroughly the ECDIS is
used and applied, the less willing the users become to apply ECDIS to navigation, resulting less
familiarity and less trust.
5. Work station start, stop & layout (1.0 hr)

The trainee analyzes and assesses the proper functioning of ECDIS during the booting-up process and
normal operation (Refs: T1 ch.1; T3 ch.7.3; B7).
5.1. Perform standard PC start:

Recognize that some sensor feeds may need to be off or disconnected to PC com ports, and that
the PC is subject to all normal limitations of hardware, operating system, and memory
ECDIS is a navigation aid (not a general use PC) and has:
Potential limitations in hard drive storage, RAM size, power supply interruptions, hardware
malfunctions, overall system lockup, etc.,
Operating system (typically Windows) boot-up procedures and internal tests,
A pre-programmed dongle installed in the parallel printer port which enables the
registration and use of the ECDIS manufacturers products
The potential to fail due to incorrect use of OS and ECDIS software.
5.2. Interpret the ECDIS start windows for sensors requested, sensors found, and selected chart data
initializing:
Recognize the significance of the ECDIS Activator Key (dongle) and associated license files
The ECDIS software boots up (loads) with:
A small indicator window against the desktop background, then
A full screen panel indication of initialization, then
The ECDIS basic display with alarm indicators (if any) requiring acknowledgement.
5.3. Examine alarms (if any) and determine initial conditions of ECDIS readiness for navigation
The ECDIS initialization screen indicates on-line tests:
For date/time, position, heading, and speed log,
Displays Received when these inputs match expected protocols (Received status is not a
check on data accuracy),
Displays Aborted when these inputs are missing or corrupt,
Boot-up without inputs will continue, with alarms on ECDIS display,
ENC data will be loaded from the chart files as licensed.
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6. Vessel position (0.5 hrs)

The trainee operates basic navigational functions and settings pertaining to vessel position information
(Refs: T1 ch.6.7; B7).
6.1. Review interface methods:

Mouse / trackball and device buttons,
Keyboard and hotkeys,
Control of standard cursor and free mouse cursor,
Use of cursor and ERBL on the display.
6.2. Review display of vessels position:

Shift the vessel on the display in navigation mode
Vessels symbols
Vessels GPS position information (details reviewed in Lesson 07),
Track of vessels position (details reviewed in Lesson 08),
Vessels motion vectors (details reviewed in Lesson 09).
6.3. Examine position information in the display panels:

System (tidal height, current, sounding, set and drift at position),
Route (vessel position on the route),
Pilot (position relative to next WP as per route schedule data).
6.4. Determine a position fix on the ECDIS chart display panel:

Manually draw and move bearing lines (LOPs),
Manually mark position on the display
7. Position source (1.0 hrs)

The trainee recognizes the principle features of DGPS as the primary vessel position source (Refs: T1
ch.2; T3 ch.7.5.5 & 8.1.1; B7).
7.1. Review basics of GPS:

Satellite constellation, theory, atmospheric interference,
Signal quality indication, HDOP, data age, station ID,
Accuracy (2drms probability),
USCGs beacons for differential corrections (DGPS).
7.2. Coordinate GPS antenna position settings:

Set GPS antenna locations from amidships and off centerline (Consistent Common Reference
Point CCRP)
Switch on primary and secondary position sources by assigning ports for NMEA data feed
7.3. Select position system

Primary or PS1
Secondary or PS2
Auto change (automatic switching to dead reckoning position).
7.4. Determine fix quality (status) of GPS:

Position information
Alarms and indications of disruptions of GPS data feed,
Tracking the discrepancy between PS1 and PS2
Monitoring the GPS data port,
Check ships position by a second independent means.
8. Basic navigation (1.0 hrs)

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The trainee operates many of the basic navigational functions and settings (Refs: T1 ch.6.2; B7).
8.1. Activate display categories and information layers:

Base, Standard, All and Custom
Spot soundings limit (depths <= safe setting are displayed as bold),
Channel limits, fairways, landmarks, special areas, warnings,
Message Layers Lost when any are turned off.
8.2. Monitor vessel safety:

Recognize position, gyro, speed log, COG, SOG, time,
Set a safe depth value from sea level with regards to Isolated Dangers
Set a safe depth contour
Identify contours shown in Base Display,
Identify other Base Display information that cannot be turned off.
8.3. Activate route monitoring features:

Track, log, drift summary, sensor status, target tracks, scale, route information, contours, isolated
dangers, special areas, alarm limits,
Activate day/night color sets, track display, scale bar, vessel symbol,
Set voyage recording (Logbook) track period, precision, color, history, routing info, filters.
9. Heading & drift vectors (0.5 hrs)

The trainee operates basic navigational functions and settings pertaining to ownship's heading vector,
course over ground vector, and guard ring (Refs: T1 ch.8.1; R3; R4; B7).
9.1. Activate vessels motion vectors:

Turn either or both vectors on or off,
Alignment of vessel contour,
Set vector length.
9.2. Obtain vessels course and speed from the positioning system:
COG & SOG may be from position system or from ARPA reference,
HDG is true or undefined (manual entry only when in DR),
LOG may be bottom, water, ARPA, or position system referenced.
9.3. Interpret the movement of the vessel:

The graphical difference between the COG/SOG and the HDG/LOG vectors is the drift angle,
Display of drift angle reveals vessel momentum in a turn,
Drift angle in steady state reveals sum of wind and current on vessel.
9.4. Recognize the effects of gyro error:

Drift angle results from gyro data without any provision for correction,
Gyro precession due to high-speed turns produces an unreliable HDG display on ECDIS.
9.5. Graphically monitor ownships approach to isolated dangers by means of a guard ring
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EX - 1. Simulation exercise open sea (2.5 hours)

The trainee operates specific functions constituting task groups for route monitoring in an open sea
area, and obtains all relevant information for basic safe integrated navigation.
Demonstrate the following task groups on ECDIS while navigating safely in an open sea setting
with non-threatening ARPA targets:
Monitor sea area,
Use pre-defined route,
Check position with pre-defined fix,
Select pre-defined user layers,
Check settings such as vector time, display reset, information layers, alarms, track, sensors,
and ownship configurations.
Check settings such as vector time, display reset, information layers, alarms, track, sensors, and
ownship configurations.
Instructor guidelines
Conduct simulation exercise according to exercise description:
Set simulation parameters,
Brief and debrief trainees.
Assess accomplishment of tasks according to exercise description.
Consider the following options in designing scenarios for Exercise 1 (for descriptions of optimal
simulator arrangements, see Part A - course Framework; also App.4 and App. 5 in Appendices
for the Instructor):
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Option (A) for Exercise 1
Piloting in open waters for 1 ownship

(assign 12 times simultaneously)
Task group:
Safe navigation through skills integration
Outcomes:
Navigate with ECDIS
Monitor SOG & COG
Apply standing orders: > 1 nm off land
Stay in counter current
1-person watch
Visual lookout
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Option (B) for Exercise 1
Piloting in open waters for 1 ownship (assign 12 times

simultaneously)
Task groups:
Adjust heading to maintain track
Outcomes:
Navigate with ECDIS
1-person watch
Cooperative navigation
Visual lookout
Limited maneuvering
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10. Understanding chart data (1.0 hr)

The trainee describes the types of electronic charts, and explains the characteristics of ECDIS data or
system electronic navigational chart (SENC) (Refs: T1 ch.1 & 4; T3 ch.4 & 7.2 & 6; B5 ch.14; B7).
10.1. Define the relevant terminology of ECDIS.
10.2. Name the differences between electronic chart systems and ECDIS:
Different ECDIS systems,
ECDIS and ECS,
Vector and raster charts.
10.3. Describe the various electronic chart data formats:

Vector data,
Raster data.
10.4. Explain the relationship between ECDIS data and the information presented on the display:
ECDIS database and its structure,
ENC data and the SENC,
How manual updates are stored in the database,
Steps and responsibilities during ENC creation.
10.5. Explain that only information stored as objects with corresponding attributes in the database
is available for display.
10.6. Describe the chart data selected for display.
11. Chart quality & accuracy (0.5 hrs)

The trainee assesses all errors, inaccuracies and ambiguities in the SENC caused by improper data
management (Refs: T1 ch.9; T3 ch.5; B7).
11.1. Explain what the accuracy of chart data is dependent upon:

Accuracy of survey and all hydrographic data,
Shifting of buoys,
Coverage and completeness of chart data.
11.2. Explain the problems in ECDIS associated with variant datums:

Different reference systems used for positioning (time, direction, speed),
The effects of datum (horizontal, vertical),
Different geodetic coordinate systems.
11.3. Assess all errors, inaccuracies and ambiguities caused by improper data management.
11.4. Explain the need and requirement that electronic chart data must be systematically updated
for safe navigation.
11.5. Demonstrate issues pertaining to computer monitor display resolution:

Potential distortions in chart scale
The amount of information that appears on the screen
Display adapter and the Desktop Area Setting,
Troubleshooting display problems.
12. Chart organization (0.5 hrs)

The trainee handles ECDIS data at the workstation (this knowledge will be expanded upon and
exercised in Lessons 15, 33 & 34) (Refs: T1 ch.6.3; T3 ch.10 & 7.2.2; B7).
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12.1. Introduce the organization of chart data distribution:

Explain the organization of chart data by the processes of procurement (downloading),
installation (also applies to updates), selection of chart type (format), initialization, and loading
(autoload by position) (reviewed again in Lesson 33)
Demonstrate the chart data manager application associated with the type approved ECDIS,
Describe the chart data file structure associated with the type approved ECDIS
12.2. Demonstrate the loading (retrieval) of ECDIS data:

Automatically from the directory of available chart data for the vessel's position
Automatically from the directory of available chart data for the cursor location
Manually by chart (cell) name from the directory of available data
Lesson Plans: Watchstanding with ECDIS (8.0 hours)
13. Sensors (0.5 hours)

14. Ports & data feeds (0.5 hours)
15. Chart selection (0.5 hours)
16. Chart information (1.0 hour)
17. Changing the settings (1.0 hour)
18. Chart scaling (0.5 hours)
Ex.2 Simulator Exercise Coastal (chart display settings) (2.0 hours)
19. Information layers (0.5 hours)
20. System & position alarms (0.5 hours)
21. Depth & contour alarms (1.0 hour)
13. Sensors (0.5 hrs)

The trainee describes the performance limits of sensors and assesses their impact on the safe use of
ECDIS (Refs: T1 ch.2.16 & 6.1 & 6.5.1; T3 ch.8; B7).
13.1. Explain the performance limits of devices for position, course over ground, heading, speed,
depth, radar, and AIS, especially concerning:
Availability,
Accuracy,
Integrity.
13.2. Explain the need for selecting sensor data displayed in ECDIS that is appropriate and
unambiguous, and accurate.
13.3. Evaluate the impairment of ECDIS when sensor performance deteriorates.
13.4. Explain and analyze various sensor alarms and indications:

Activated when ECDIS receives no data from the external output device,
Displayed in the second line of the Information Area as they occur,
Use Alarm button or free cursor on 2nd-line message to disable the sound and message from
the display,
Alarm submenu function remains orange parameter returns to set limits, or when function is
deliberately turned off,
Correct response is to check the operation and connection of the relevant sensor
14. Ports & data feeds (0.5 hrs)

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The trainee recognizes and selects data ports, and assesses sensor input values (Refs: T1 ch.8.2 &
8.3; B4 ch.10.4; B7).
14.1. Select between primary and secondary position source.
14.2. Observe automatic change over to secondary position source.
14.3. Explain the data reference system of each connected sensor:

Geodetic system,
Antenna position,
Transducer position,
Clock or time source
14.4. Identify the data port assigned to each connected sensor
14.5. Monitor, identify and to a limited extent decode the data stream for each attached sensor:
Select a sensor and monitor the data stream (live or simulated),
Generally recognize the sentence syntax associated with the sensor,
Where possible, associate data with displayed navigational information
14.6. Assess the plausibility of sensor input values to ECDIS.
14.7. Assess the impact on displayed information when a sensor port is improperly selected.
15. Chart selection (0.5 hrs)

The trainee demonstrates manual and automatic selection of charts, and explains the potential error of
the ECDIS display due to improper chart selection (Refs: T1 ch.6.4 & 9.1; T3 ch.5.3 & 7.2; B7).
15.1. Demonstrate the variety of methods that chart data can be loaded and changed (called into
display)
Automatically,
Manually for the presently loaded route,
Manually from the total portfolio,
Manually displayed by the cursor position
During the activity of the operator using the graphics cursor (further detail is provided in Lessons
23 & 24 on Route Planning and in Lesson 29 on User Charts)
15.2. Assess the inaccuracies and ambiguities caused by improper selection of a chart for display:
When ownship position is on display, chart data list is sorted by scale
When ownship position is not on display (viewing elsewhere), chart data list is sorted by name
(alpha)
ECDIS displays largest scale data (smallest area) on the topmost layer, but the user may
prioritize by format, especially ENC to keep ECDIS in the ECDIS mode
Automatic chart loading may be switched on or off or held to a user-selected chart (fixed)
15.3. Display updates in order to review content and to establish their inclusion in the SENC:
Review their contents,
Determine that they have been included in the SENC
15.4. Explain and analyze the data and chart alarms resulting from overscaling (zooming in) and
underscaling (zooming out)
15.5. Explain and analyze the data and chart alarms resulting from use of a non-WGS 84 geodetic
datum
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16. Chart information (1.0 hr)

The trainee matches presentation to situation, and demonstrates how to get the information about the
chart and chart objects (Refs: T1 ch.6.4.6; T3 ch.7.2; B7).
16.1. Select the task panel and apply the functions suitable for position monitoring, route
monitoring, route creation and editing, trial maneuver, creating and accessing user layers:
Continuous positioning while monitoring navigation,
Trial maneuvers,
Route planning and scheduling,
Creating User Charts,
Other functions
16.2. Obtain information on charted objects:

For vector charts, use the Info button and position the acquisition marker box on the object,
Navtex symbol, line, zone, free space, or chart frame corner and cycle through information
window;
For raster charts (ARCS and BSB), information is available only for the same frame size of a
matching vector chart as described above
16.3. Demonstrate how the presentation of navigation marks is changed according to ownship's
position
16.4. Demonstrate errors of interpretation by the incorrect selection of display categories
17. Changing the settings (1.0 hr)

The trainee demonstrates how to verify the operational settings and to assess that the navigational
process is safe (Refs: T1 ch.6.3 & 8.6; T3 ch.7.6; B7).
17.1. Manually test the major functions of hardware, keyboard, mouse / trackball, sensor data, and
chart data.
17.2. Check and / or select preferred operational settings in the primary task panels and on the
primary information panel:
Primary task panels
Primary information panel
Ship, Alarm, Chart, Logbook, ARPA;
Configuration, Add Info (user layers), Route
17.3. Evaluate alarm and function status indications:

Alarms, time, position update, heading and speed log;
Route keeping, heading vectors, chart scale, track, logbook functions
17.4. Demonstrate errors of interpretation by the incorrect selection of safety values:

Safety depth; Safety contour;
Least depth alarm; anti-grounding alarms;
Alarms for sailing along a route
17.5. Adjust track length and precision
17.6. Evaluate the range of information recorded in the log table (voyage recording):
Check navigational conditions (ownship progress, charts displayed, etc.),
Check routing events (including manual notations),
Check system events,
Display additional data groups
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18. Chart scaling (0.5 hrs)

The trainee demonstrates the use of chart scaling and explains and avoids interpretation errors due
scale (Refs: T1 ch.6.4; T3 ch.7.2.4; B7).
18.1. Demonstrate scaling of electronic chart display:

(Scale) and select scale value,
With chart autoload switched on, use <+> to increase scale (zoom closer), and use <> to
decrease scale (zoom out),
(Zoom) and use cursor to draw quadrangle around area to view
18.2. Apply the automatic changing of chart scale ratio:

Use a value from 5 to +5 to reset the scale from larger to smaller respectively from the original
chart scale (0),
Use to display electronic chart on the same scale as the original paper chart
18.3. Apply additional chart scale information:

Horizontal screen span,
Display of chart scale, scale bar, and bold-thin scale angle,
Calculated range (distance) across screen display for scale in use,
Warning messages associated with scale choice
18.4. Recognize interpretation errors due to scaling:

Overscale of the display will spread out chart and user information with the possible loss of
familiar cues for estimating distance
Underscale of the display may cause some information to be hidden
Underscale with SCAMIN off will result in unacceptable clutter due to data density
Verify the selection of the appropriate scale
19. Information layers (0.5 hrs)

The trainee demonstrates understanding and proficient use of information layers (Refs: T1 ch.6.5 & 6.9
& 7.3; T3 ch.7.5.6 & 7.2.1 & 7.3.2; B7)
19.1. Observe effect on information layers and status indications when chart data is loaded and
when chart area is underscaled:
Determine native scale of chart data as it is loaded,
Observe function of SCAMIN on and off when a chart area is underscaled (zoomed too far out)
Observe indication of scale value
19.2. Review and apply appropriate display mode:

Day or night presentation,
Scale,
Display category
19.3. Practice selecting information options in display category of All other information.
19.4. Differentiate between information layers, User Chart layers, and Event graphic:
Information layers (chart display categories) and User Chart layers,
The addition and removal of own chart entries such as manual corrections and voyage planning
notes,
The addition of Event on the display and notations made in Logbook
19.5. Respond to the indicators representing the loss of displayed information:

Layers Lost,
Position Dropped
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EX - 2. Simulation exercise open sea (2.0 hours)

Demonstrate the following task groups on ECDIS while navigating safely in an open sea setting
with non-threatening ARPA targets:
Monitor sea area,
Use pre-defined route,
Check position with pre-defined fix,
Select pre-defined user layers,
Set simulation parameters
Introduce ECDIS underway score sheet for familiarization (see Part E Evaluation and
Assessment)
Practice remote monitoring of trainees ECDIS use
Brief and debrief trainees
Assess accomplishment of tasks according to exercise description
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Piloting in open waters for 12 ownships
Task groups:
Outcomes:
Navigate with ECDIS
1-person watch
Visual lookout
Maneuvering
Familiarization with underway scoring
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(assign 2 times simultaneously)
Task groups:
Create and apply route
Outcomes:
Navigate with ECDIS
1-person watch
Visual lookout
Maneuvering
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Option (C) for Exercise 2
Task groups:
Observe TSS rules
Alarm zones
Outcomes:
Navigate with ECDIS
1-person watch
Visual lookout
Maneuvering
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20. System & position alarms (0.5 hrs)

The trainee explains the status indications and alarms pertaining to system and position, and
demonstrates the proper responses (Refs: T1 ch.8.3; T3 ch.7.5.3; B7)
20.1. Identify and respond to alarms for primary and secondary positioning systems, such as:
Primary (Secondary) Failure
Prim. (Sec.) Diff. Mode Loss,
Prim/Sec Pos Diverge,
Echo Ref. Loss,
Primary (Secondary) Data not WGS84,
Primary (Secondary) Unreliable Position
20.2. Identify and respond to chart related alarms, such as:

Off Chart,
No Official Data,
Datum Unknown,
AG (Anti-grounding) Monitoring Off
20.3. Identify and respond to ECDIS alarms from autopilot in Track Control, such as:
Autochange,
Autochange restore
21. Depth & contour alarms (1.0 hr)

The trainee explains the status indications and alarms pertaining to depth and contours in route
planning and monitoring, and demonstrates the proper responses (Refs: T1 ch.8.4 & 6.5; T3 ch.7.5; B7)
21.1. Describe route monitoring alarms, such as:

Crossing a safety contour
Prohibited or other area
Track error allowance (XTE)
Waypoint arrival circle
Safety Contour changed,
See Sounder Reading
21.2. Identify depth-related information, such as:

Safe water depth,
Charted obstruction,
Depth sounder related alarms
Depth from sounder
Depth value of Safety Contour
21.3. Set the safety values for route monitoring:

Safety Contour will only utilize an existing depth contour in the chart data
Set the value for a Safety Contour to represent preferred underkeel clearance
Set the value for Safety Depth
Set the value for spot sounding display category
21.4. Set the limits pertaining to safe water, such as:

Apply the ENC option of four shades
Shallow Contour should be set to represent nothing less than ownship's deep draft
Nav. Danger
Depth sounder limit
Set an advance time for approaching the set safety contour,
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Lesson Plans: ECDIS Route Planning (7.0 hours)
22. Vessel maneuvering characteristics (0.5 hours)

23. Route planning by table (0.5 hours)
24. Route planning by chart (1.0 hour)
25. Track limits (0.5 hours)
26. Checking plan for safety (0.5 hours)
27. Embedded tide, current, wind & climate almanac (0.5 hours)
28. Route schedule (0.5 hours)
29. User charts in route planning (1.0 hour)
Ex.3 Simulator Exercise Coastal waters (2.0 hours)
22. Vessel maneuvering characteristics (0.5 hrs)

The trainee demonstrates the use of ships particulars in the display of route planning and maneuvering
information, and explains the possible errors of interpretation (Refs: T1 ch.8.5; T3 ch.7.5 & 8.3; B7)
22.1. Select appropriate turning criteria for efficient and effective use of Autopilot in heading control
mode:
Autopilot parameters for turn radius and for turn rate govern the movement of the vessel with
results viewable on ECDIS
Maneuvers measured on ECDIS may require adjustments in the Autopilot
22.2. Correlate rudder limits in Autopilot with turning radii and rates of turn for curved track
planning on ECDIS
Turning radius for curved track planning (all waypoints),
Maneuver data for steering to next route segment when underway using safe speed and wheel
over point settings
22.3. Determine methods of alert for wheel over when approaching waypoints, such as:
Turn radius maneuvering characteristics of ownship apply to curved track in ECDIS route
planning.
Arrival circle centered on waypoint with circumference intersecting wheel over point on ECDIS
route
22.4. The navigator must verify positioning especially when ECDIS is connected to auto pilot
Generally, only the observed position is controlled
An ECDIS curved predictor may only project a momentary rate of turn, rather than sophisticated
hydrodynamic calculations, and therefore have limited accuracy
23. Route planning by table (0.5 hrs)

The trainee operates all specific functions and obtains all relevant information for route planning by
table (Refs: T1 ch.7.1 & 7.5; T3 ch.7.4; B7)
23.1. Retrieve a stored route plan:

For use in route monitoring,
For planning and review.
Rename as working route to allow ad hoc changes while underway
Obtain track courses and distances from list of waypoints as displayed in the table.
23.2. Approve an existing route for planning, safety review and monitoring
Apply systematic methods of examination
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Utilize appropriate chart data intended for use along the route
Set alarm parameters,
Adjust cross track zones
Scale in on charts for safety check analysis
23.3. Select the sea areas and the required waters for planning the whole passage.
23.4. Construct a route plan by inputting waypoint data alphanumerically into a route-planning
table.
23.5. Adjust the route plan by editing, adding and deleting waypoints inside the table.
23.6. Review curved track planning and wheel over indication:

Ownship maneuvering characteristics,
Requirements of planning a safe passage including waypoint spacing
23.7. Establish procedures to name, link, rename, archive, retrieve and delete route files:
Naming, linking and re-naming techniques for Route files
Archiving route plans
Deleting route plans
24. Route planning by chart (1.0 hr)

The trainee operates all specific functions and obtains all relevant information for route planning
graphically by chart (Refs: T1 ch.7.2 & 7.3; T3 ch.7.4; B7)
24.1. Select the sea areas and the required waters for planning the whole passage.
24.2. Construct a route by inputting waypoints directly on the ECDIS display.

It is advisable to rough-in the route legs at first
Fine-tune the waypoint positions, track zones and turn radii using practical navigation
considerations, such as for radar and visual navigation, traffic patterns, and ENC data quality
indicators (Zone of Confidence)
24.3. Adjust the route by graphically editing waypoints.
24.4. Obtain track courses and distances from the chart:

Cursor position,
Selection of route segment
24.5. Obtain relevant route planning information, such as:

Ocean wind, wave and surface current information,
Tidal heights and currents,
Sailing directions (port information),
For special situations (anchoring, chart data quality, special areas, pilotage, quarantine, etc.)
25. Track limits (0.5 hrs)

The trainee operates all specific functions and obtains all relevant information for setting track limits in
route planning (Refs: T1 ch.6.5.3 & 8.3; T3 ch.7.5; B7)
25.1. Review the alarm settings used as vessel is proceeding along a monitored route:
Deviation of the current course angle as set in the planned route,
XTE (cross track error) exceeds the value set in the route data table
Guard vector for crossing safety contour,
Guard vector for entering special purpose areas,
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Guard ring for crossing an isolated danger.
25.2. Modify the setting of XTE in a previously saved route:

Re-check the route for crossing dangers of navigation according to the setting of XTE zones,
Observe the alarm triggering while proceeding along the modified route leg
Examine results graphically on appropriate scale chart data.
26. Checking plan for safety (0.5 hrs)

The trainee operates all specific functions and obtains all relevant information for checking a route for
the presence of dangers to navigation (Refs: T1 ch.7.4 & 7.7; T3 ch.7.4; B7)
26.1. Check a previously created and saved route for crossing dangers of navigation according to
the setting of cross-track distance:
Safety contours,
Isolated dangers,
Limits of Special Purpose Areas.
26.2. Check the route as it is being created for dangers as listed above
Use Safety Check while adding a waypoint and leg along a route
Use Safety Check while modifying an existing leg or waypoint
26.3. Assess a route plan based on a safety check:

Consider all predictable hazards along the track and assess if it is reliably safe,
Assess which route should finally be taken,
Assess which areas and points of the passage are critical.
27. Embedded tide, current & climate almanac (0.5 hrs)

The trainee operates specific functions pertaining tidal height, currents, and wind and wave calculations
pertinent to specific situations such as route selection, anchoring and drifting (Refs: T3 ch.7.5 & 7.7 &
15.1; B7)
27.1. Determine the force and direction of the true wind:

Observe relative wind speed and direction and ownships heading and SOG,
Enable display of wind vector and assess its graphic validity
27.2. Display the ocean climate wind vectors and lines of equal wave height, selected by month.
27.3. Display the dynamics of surface currents:

Zoom out to large area view to locate surface current reference points
Load by month.
27.4. Determine the tidal rise and tidal currents:

At the reference station nearest to ownship position (up to 30 nm),
At a reference station selected by name or by cursor,
Use chart display features to predict values.
27.5. Use Current option in calculating a Route Plan Schedule.
27.6. Determine bottom type and assess anchor holding ground from information obtained on an
appropriately scaled chart.
28. Route schedule (0.5 hrs)
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The trainee operates all specific functions and obtains all relevant information for route scheduling
(Refs: T1 ch.7.5; T3 ch.7.5 & 7.7; B7)
28.1. Observe any deviation from the route schedule setting in use as vessel is proceeding along a
route
28.2. Determine expected passage times:

Use route schedule table for proceeding along a route,
Apply effects of surface and tidal currents in calculations,
Calculate schedule from starting ETD and ETAs for waypoints,
Calculate schedule from starting ETD and Log speeds for waypoints,
Edit input data as required
28.3. Observe calculations of progress along the planned route:

Load a route and the route schedule created for that route,
Monitor the route
Display route monitoring data on ECDIS information panel
Display schedule information on ECDIS information panel
28.4. Using the ETA application in ECDIS, calculate time or speed at a selected waypoint on a
monitored route:
Speed to make good (STG) for the indicated waypoint (and display),
Estimated time of arrival (ETA) at any waypoint
29. User charts in route planning (1.0 hr)

The trainee operates all navigational functions pertaining to own (user) chart entries and the use of
planning notes (Refs: T1 ch.7.3; T3 ch.7.3; B7)
29.1. Review the ECDIS function for creating mariner's notes (User Chart)
A User Chart is vector editor for creating added graphic and textual layers with specified
attributes in the SENC
Display of User Chart objects is superimposed (layered) on any chart data without changing it,
There can be many User Charts maintained in the system directory, but usually only one or two
displayed at a time,
Voyage planning notes and objects called into one layer may be merged into a file called into the
other layer, and resaved with or without a new name, to construct a composite file
A User Chart may also consist of a symbol providing a link to extensive notes and hyperlinked
files including photos and documents
29.2. Determine effective policy regarding User Charts:

Purpose of particular file or chart or layer (correction, note, reference, etc.)
Content with regard to visible data and links to data files,
Naming with regard to purpose and geographic location,
Value for using one or both layers (A/B) separately or simultaneously
29.3. Select User Chart for display:

Load and unload various user charts already stored in the appropriate directory,
Select specific information layers for display,
Save, re-save, and re-name user charts (observe naming techniques)
29.4. Use the graphic editor for creating and modifying a User Chart:
Add the many various types of new objects in the required position with care as pertains to use
of scale,
Edit objects and information,
Shift objects,
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Merge user charts
29.5. Create, save and move an anchor circle guard zone as a User Chart.
An anchor circle can include a "danger" attribute triggered by the ECDIS Consistent Common
Reference Point (CCRP)
The diameter should represent the maximum swing circle of the vessel
The User Chart anchor circle should be positioned on the vessel's hawse pipe at the moment the
anchor is let go
Anchor Guard Zone functions provided on ECDIS (as on GPS units) generally do not reference
the position of the vessel's anchor or the vessel's swing circle
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EX - 3. Simulation exercise coastal waters (2.0 hours)

Demonstrate the following task groups on ECDIS while navigating safely in coastal setting with
non-threatening ARPA targets:
Monitor sea area,
Use route created by trainee including route schedule,
Select user layers created by trainee
Validate own ship's position by alternate means,
Assess environmental conditions such as tide, current, wind, waves,
Modify the selected route as instructed, check for safety, adjust route schedule.
Introduce ECDIS underway score sheet for familiarization (see Part E Evaluation and
Assessment)
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Piloting in semi-confined waters for 12 ownships
Task groups:
Adapt instruments to conditions
Adapt track-keeping to workload
Outcomes:
Navigate with ECDIS
1-person watch
Visual lookout
Maneuvering
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Anchoring in semi-confined waters for 6 ownships (assign 2 times simultaneously for 12 OS)
Task groups:
Observe anchorage rules
Apply ECDIS user layer for anchoring
Outcomes:
Navigate with ECDIS
1-person watch
Visual lookout
Maneuvering
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Lesson Plans: ECDIS Targets, Charts & System (8.5 hours)
30. ARPA tracked target overlay (0.5 hours)

31. AIS functions (0.5 hours)
32. Radar overlay functions (0.5 hours)
33. Procuring & installing chart data (1.0 hour)
34. Installing charts data (1.0 hour)
Ex.4 Simulator Exercise Coastal & Confined (advanced integrated navigation with ECDIS)
(2.5 hours)
35. System reset & backup (0.5 hours)
36. Archiving with ECDIS data management utility (0.5 hours)
37. Data logging and logbook (voyage recording) (1.0 hour)
38. Playback (0.5 hours)
30. ARPA tracked target overlay (0.5 hrs)

The trainee demonstrates the use of ARPA operations in ECDIS (Refs: T1 ch.8.4.3; T3 ch.8.2.3 & 8.5;
B7)
30.1. Examine sensor setup requirements for ARPA tracked targets:

The identity of associated com port(s) and baud rate matched to ARPA output
Correct location of sensor reference (Consistent Common Reference Point)
30.2. Determine speed and heading inputs used in ARPA tracked target data calculations
30.3. Access target info display:

Cursor (mouse over)
Target table, with sorting options for data fields
Target name field in table may provide direct display link on chart
30.4. Interpret target symbol features:

Identify by number from ARPA-A or ARPA-B, or by writing an alias into target table
Vector and green circle at radar-determined position
Alarm can be set when both CPA and TCPA approach limitations are exceeded
Vector length the same as set for ownship
Target tracks are saved in daily files, and selectable for viewing on display
31. AIS functions (0.5 hrs)

The trainee demonstrates the use of Automatic Identification Systems in ECDIS (Refs: T1 ch.8.4.5 &
6.9; T3 ch.8.4; B4 ch.10.3; B7)
31.1. Describe what the connection of an Automatic Identification System (AIS) to ECDIS enables:
Receiving identification and navigation information on other targets transmitting on AIS,
Analysis of targets motion over ground
Potential control from ECDIS of ownship's Static and Voyage data
Data string consists of considerable amount of encapsulated data,
Data string is transmitted by VHF data link (VDL) with typical line of sight range limitations
31.2. Examine sensor setup requirements for AIS targets:

Identity of associated com port(s) and baud rate matched to AIS interface
Correct location of sensor reference (Consistent Common Reference Point)
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31.3. Determine alarms and other settings for AIS targets:

Alarms and other settings for AIS targets are set in ECDIS target panel
CPA & TCPA calculations on AIS targets are derived from ECDIS speed and heading inputs
31.4. Access target info display options:

Cursor (mouse over)
Target table, with sorting options for data fields
Target name field in table may provide direct display link on chart
31.5. Interpret AIS target symbol features:

Position of symbol represents the target's transmitted (D)GPS antenna position
An AIS target is displayed graphically as a green isosceles triangle with heading of vessel (if
transmitted), including flag showing direction of turn
Additional vector from ECDIS calculation of COG, with length the same as set for ownship
Divergence of COG/SOG vector from heading indicator represents target's drift angle
Target is processed for collision avoidance by the ECDIS on the same principles as tracked
targets
Identifier is MMSI number until static info is established then name and call sign can be
displayed (by writing an Alias into Table)
ARPA tracking on ECDIS can be correlated with an existing AIS target
Alarm can be set when both CPA and TCPA approach limitations are exceeded
Target tracks are saved in daily files, and selectable for viewing on display
32. Radar overlay (RIB) functions (0.5 hrs)

The trainee explains the display of radar signal input, and demonstrates the use of radar image in
ECDIS (Refs: T1 ch.8.4.4; T3 ch.8.2.1 & 8.2.2 & 11.1.5; B7)
32.1. Describe the technical function of the radar integrator board (RIB) hardware
The RIB functions by means of a hardware module which receives from radar an analog video
signal and the digital processing of that signal,
RIB gain, filters, scaling, and target tracking function independently of the radar transceiver
delivering the raw video and trigger
Is displayed in the SENC as a layer over chart data
RIB functions on ECDIS permit the continuous recording in the ECDIS PC of the radar picture
and motion of tracked targets
32.2. Examine the main functions of the radar integrator board

Require sensor setups and involve numerous interfaces on the ECDIS task panel
Radar signal input,
Radar target selection,
Formation of a radar image,
Target functions
Radar operation functions independent from radar transceiver
32.3. Operate the user interface controls for radar overlay

Target tracking
Image recording
The overlay image can be removed from the display by a single interface option
32.4. Demonstrate sources of image offset

A mismatch can develop between chart and radar data
Sensor position setup,
Input of radar data (such as from transceiver problems)heading misalignment,
Position sensor error,
Uncharted and/or incorrectly charted objects, and chart datum error
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32.5. Determine source of ECDIS-tracked target data calculations

ECDIS speed and heading inputs are used in ECDIS-tracked target data calculations
Radar motion vector may be through the water rather than over ground
CPA & TCPA are derived from the ECDIS independently from the radar
33. Procuring & installing chart data (1.0 hr)

The trainee installs chart license software and chart data of various formats (Refs: T1 ch.4.4; T3 ch.9.2
& 9.3 & 9.4; B7)
33.1. Review chart data structure, terminology, and installation procedures:

SENC, and various formats
DNC format corresponds with American MIL-STD-2407 standards, which are based on the
Feature/Attribute Coding Catalogue (FACC) normative document.
The operator procures, installs / updates, selects; the ECDIS unit initializes, loads (introduced in
Lesson 12)
33.2. Review chart format requirements for ECDIS:

ECDIS requires the use of charts in official formats issued by the properly authorized
government hydrographic offices.
These are currently S 57 specified ENCs (manufactured by the respective regional Hydrographic
Offices); S-101 ENC product specification is currently being developed; S-100 IHO universal
hydrographic data model has been developed recently to enable the easier integration of
hydrographic data and applications into geospatial solutions, and will eventually replace S-57
33.3. Examine data distribution sources for ENC

Regional/global coordinating centers (RENC) such as Primar (hosted by the Norwegian HO) and
IC-ENC (hosted by the UKHO) are engaged in the distribution of ENC data.
These centers accumulate chart databases from participating hydrographic offices, ensure
quality standards are met, and provide the data to distributers for procurement by end users.
33.4. Examine data distribution sources for SENC conversions

The S 57/ENCs distributed by a SENC service from ENC providers Primar, IC-ENC and NOAA
have been converted to CD8 SENC format for simplified installation and updating.
The process of converting S-57 (ENC) format charts to SENC format is subject to DNV and IHO
requirements.
33.5. Examine license structure for various formats, and practice installation
License / permit structure depends on the chart data format
License / permit installation generally occurs through the chart data management utility
associated with the ECDIS:
Proprietary / private vector format may install directly from data file
ENC chart data in DX-90 format installs from ENC_ROOT folder using chart management
utility
BSB raster chart data installs from BSB_ROOT folder using chart management utility
US military data in VPF format (DNC) requires chart management utility
Admiralty Raster Chart format (ARCS) requires chart management utility
33.6. Extract information on installation history

Installation history is retained during installation
History includes the addition and deletion of individual charts/cells
History file is generally accessible through the chart data management utility associated with the
ECDIS
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34. Installing chart corrections (1.0 hr)

The trainee applies manual and automatic updates (corrections) to electronic charts, and assesses the
importance of updating (Refs: T1 ch.4.5 & 6.3; T3 ch.10; B7)
34.1. Explain why electronic chart data is maintained with up-to-date corrections:
The safety of navigation requires data that is maintained with up-to-date corrections
The responsibility of seaworthiness as defined by SOLAS requires charts for the intended
voyage that are up to date
34.2. Add or modify a chart object using Manual Correction task:

Using the Manual Correction task in ECDIS, a chart object layer may be added or modified
The manual correction may include attributes and links, may be concealed, may be made time-
active, and may be deleted
34.3. Examine production license options for accessibility of automatic updates:

Chart data licensing options may include services for automatic updating
Sometimes referred to as maintenance in reference to proprietary chart data
34.4. Install various automatic update formats using various methods

Using chart managing utility associated with the ECDIS program, install the following depending
on availability:
Procured or downloaded update files for proprietary chart data
Procured or downloaded ENC updates
Downloaded DNC update patch files
Procured or downloaded BSB and NDI raster update patch files
Procured or downloaded ARCS update patch files
34.5. Extract information on update history

Installation history is retained during updating
History includes the addition and deletion of individual charts/cells
History file is generally accessible through the chart data management utility associated with the
ECDIS
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EX 4. Simulation exercise confined waters (2.0 hours)

The trainee obtains all relevant information for safe navigation and operates specific functions for
collision avoidance while route monitoring in confined waters
Demonstrate the following task groups on ECDIS while navigating safely in a confined waters
setting with threatening targets in specified waters:
Monitor sea area,
Use ECDIS features to assess target threats and execute course and/or speed alterations to
avoid collision (or advise conn if working in 2-person team in SAR exercise, where ECDIS
operator is advising the conn)
Comply with COLREGS
Comply with bridge procedures established by trainee and/or instructor
In SAR exercise (Option A), consider assigning 2 trainees per ownship, where one is the
ECDIS operator and the other makes conning decisions
Sharing of ECDIS route can be accomplished copying a route file into the source folder on
the other ECDIS units
Conduct practice grading on ECDIS underway score sheet for (see Part E Evaluation and
Assessment)
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Piloting in open but congested waters for 6

ownships
Task groups:
Adapt ECDIS route to SAR (on-scene
command vessel creates route, other vessels
retrieve and apply that route)
Find MOB
Outcomes:
Share ECDIS route
1 or 2-person watch
Team & communications
Visual lookout
Maneuvering
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Piloting in confined waters for 13 ownships
Task groups:
Outcomes:
Navigate with ECDIS
1-person watch
Visual lookout
Maneuvering
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Option (C) for Exercise 4
Piloting in confined waters for 8 ownships
Task groups:
Observe TSS rules
Alarm zones
Outcomes:
Navigate with ECDIS
1-person watch
Visual lookout
Maneuvering
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35. System reset & backup (0.5 hrs)

The trainee performs basic troubleshooting and uses the back-up system in the case of ECDIS failure
(Refs: T1 ch.8.7 & 8.8; T3 ch.11.3 & 11.4; B7)
35.1. Explain the intent of regulations on ECDIS back-up arrangements

The regulations on ECDIS back-up arrangements intend that backup is ensured through
electronic and/or paper chart options
The installation of a duplicate set of ECDIS equipment combined in a single computer network
where each ECDIS PC is connected to the navigational sensors and assigned Master or
Slave status, guarantees interchangeability without loss of data in case of failure of one of the
systems
The availability of an updated paper chart collection is required where a single set of ECDIS
equipment is installed (standalone), or when ENC coverage for the intended route is unavailable,
such as when raster or proprietary chart data is provided instead of ENC data
The purpose of the backup arrangement is to preserve the safety of navigation in the event of
degradation or loss of the ECDIS as the primary means of navigation
35.2. Perform back-up procedures in standalone ECDIS failure event:

Charts include the planned route
Regular plotting of ships position when navigating within restricted waters
35.3. Perform networked back-up procedures in (Master) ECDIS failure event:

Includes prior equalizing of route, chart data and user data
35.4. Perform troubleshooting routines in ECDIS, such as for:

Damaged initialization and configuration files,
Integrity of cables and com ports integrity,
Sensor assignment and configuration
35.5. Recognize consequences to navigation safety while troubleshooting:

Includes track display, autopilot functions and other systems deriving data feed from ECDIS
35.6. Recognize consequences to data storage while ECDIS PC is down:

Despite continuous functioning of sensors, the consequence while ECDIS PC is down is that all
data storage ceases.
There will be a gap graphically on the display upon restoration of ECDIS PC and a
corresponding gap in electronic logbook data
36. Archiving with ECDIS data management utility (0.5 hrs)

The trainee stores and retrieves files on the same workstation and transfers certain files between
workstations (Refs: B7)
36.1. Use ECDIS data management utility to work with files associated with ECDIS operations:
Select many groups of navigational data files (logbook, ownship tracks, target tracks, user
charts, routes, ship model, system log, S57 log)
Convert from binary to text (can be subsequently opened in word processing programs for
formatting, printing or archiving)
Convert formats
View and print various converted data files directly within utility
36.2. Use ECDIS data management utility to transfer select data files between storage media:
Recognize ECDIS directory structure for file retrieval and storage
Recognize which files can be copied or moved to other directories or drives
Copying files into the ECDIS program via Data Tool
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Would normally be done only for user layer files and route plan files created in another
ECDIS installation (such as on another vessel),
Requires familiarity with the directory structure in ECDIS,
Copying and moving files is easily done with standard PC methods, but conversions in and
out of binary or text requires the ECDIS data management utility
37. Data logging and logbook(1.0 hr)

The trainee explains the meaning of voyage recording (Refs: T1 ch.8.6; T3 ch.7.6 & 13.9; B7)
37.1. Examine requirements and functions of logbook task in ECDIS, such as:
Voyage recording consists of 24-hour data files, changing dates at GMT midnight
A complete status check of all alarm functions and many setup conditions upon date change
Collection of all fields upon:
Waypoint and Watch change (basic),
Manually triggered Event,
Screen coordinates change due to display reset (true and relative motion) and scale change
Change in chart data displayed
Change in alarm status and condition
Chart data field includes displayed chart number (if ENC, also source, edition, date and cell)
Does not include Route or Route Schedule used in monitoring
37.2. Examine display functions of ownship track and tracks of AIS, ARPA and RIB targets:
Includes position and heading data up to every second, but possibly less frequent depending on
the ECDIS and its settings
Ownship track history from alternate date may be displayed instead of current date - creating
ambiguity if unintentional
No matter what track date is displayed, current track for six minutes will be displayed
Targets tracked on ARPA, radar overlay and AIS (as connected sensors) will be included in track
file
37.3. Perform various hard copy print outs, such as:

Direct from ECDIS logbook task
Direct from ECDIS route planning and route schedule task
Screen capture of display, including chart area and information panels
38. Playback (0.5 hrs)

The trainee operates the functions pertaining to voyage recording, specifically the reconstruction and
playback of selected situations (Refs: T3 ch.7.6; B7)
38.1. Explain the disruption of ECDIS when operating Playback utility

Operating Playback utility runs all normal ECDIS functions but also bypasses all inputs,
Results in the complete disruption of all route monitoring and data logging
38.2. Explain that no route or route plan is securely associated with any playback
No route or route plan is securely associated with any playback; there will be no indication of any
route plan(s) in the track files
However, during playback, normal recording of Waypoint approaches in logbook can aid in
determining the route in use
38.3. Explain that no chart data is securely associated with any playback
No chart data is securely associated with any playback; there may be no record of chart formats
enable or disabled in system setup
However, during playback, the chart data displayed is captured in logbook with every entry
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Chart data available at the time of the selected track file can only be deduced by reviewing chart
installation and update history file
38.4. Perform a playback of an event or passage specified by date and time

Select a previous exercise or real vessel track file for review
In Playback utility, select date for file to observe, start then pause, then advance to desired time
by moving cursor
Observe the construction of the past track, including tracked target data through targets task
38.5. Closely observe the position and heading update interval in Playback
During playback, analyze the updating interval for position and heading
38.6. During playback, analyze the logbook for the quality of navigation:
Alarms and responses
Chart data in use
Operational settings in use
Lesson Plans: ECDIS Responsibility & Assessment (6.0 hours)
39. Responsibility (1.5 hours)

40. Effective navigation with ECDIS (1.0 hour)
Ev. - 1 Written evaluation (1.0 hour)
Ev. 2 Simulation evaluation coastal & confined waters (2.5 hrs)
39. Responsibility (1.5 hrs)

The trainee describes the essential legal aspects and responsibilities in the use of ECDIS (Refs: R1;
R3; R5; R6; R7; T1 ch.5; T3 ch.13.4)
39.1. Re-examine COLREGS implicit

There is no specific mention of ECDIS (or position fixing or AIS) in the COLREGS, yet.
However, ECDIS use is implied in the phrase all available means (Lookout (5), Risk of Collision
(7)) occurring in Conduct of Vessels in Any Condition of Visibility - Rules 4-10
39.2. Re-examine SOLAS, as amended explicit

Operating ECS and ECDIS without complete or updated chart data has been considered a
contributing factor in several recent casualties. SOLAS V/2, V/19 & V/27 regulations address:
The carriage of charts
The equivalency of ENC format vector charts and paper charts
The non-equivalency of any other format
SOLAS V/19 was amended in 6/09 to require ECDIS (see MSC.282(86))
39.3. Re-examine IMO approval of equipment and installations

Equipment and installations are specified in IEC 61174 ed. 3.0, ECDIS operational and
performance requirements, methods of testing and required test results [for purchase];
Other references to installations include:
IMO's revised ECDIS Performance Standards, MSC.232(82);
See also SN.1/Circ.266/Rev.1 (12/ 2010) on ECDIS software maintenance;
See also SN.1/Circ.265 (10/2007) on bridge design
39.4. Re-examine IMO carriage requirements

SOLAS ch. V Reg. 19.2.10 and 19.2.11 as amended by resolution Annex 1 of MSC 86/26),
adopted 6/2009, (also MSC.282(86)) makes the carriage of ECDIS mandatory in a phase-in
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schedule from 7/2012 through7/2018. See also details from the recent International ECDIS
Conference, (Singapore, 10/09).
For the run-up to this development, the following are explanatory. The NAV subcommittee 53rd
session (7/07) extensively debated the pros and cons of an ECDIS carriage requirement; see
also DNV article advocating carriage (5/07) and DNV Technical Report No. 2008-0048
39.5. Re-examine national ECDIS carriage regulations

For US regulations for charts carriage, and permissibility of ECDIS on SOLAS vessels (on
international voyages) see 33CFR164.33(a)(1) & 67 FR 53383, 8/15/02 [USCG-2002-13057], as
extended 69 FR 42192, 7/14/04
39.6. Re-examine STCW Code, as amended

International ECDIS training requirements are now included in STCW 2010 Part A (Code)
through the Manila Amendments of 6/2010, effective 1/2012 with a 5-year grace period.
The basic STCW competence requires maintaining the safety of navigation using ECDIS, with
differences in application between junior and senior deck officers:
Table A-II/1, Navigation at the operational level, 500 GT
Table A-II/2, Navigation at the management level, 500 GT
Table A-II/3, Navigation at the operational level, <500 GT
39.7. Re-examine flag state (maritime) implementation

In the U.S., NVIC 02-03 Carriage of Navigation Equipment by Ships on International Voyages
outlines the interim acceptance for meeting SOLAS carriage requirements regarding the use of
ECDIS for primary means of navigation on board foreign vessels in U.S. waters.
NVIC 02-03 is considered temporary guidance until U.S. navigation regulations are formally
amended to also include U.S registered vessels. (See also IEC doc on ECDIS, Section 2.12.)
39.8. Re-examine IMO training Guidance (and providing review of course)

A detailed outline for training and assessment in the operational use of ECDIS is now included in
the STCW 2010 Manila Amendments, Part B: Guidance, but is not to be regarded as required or
enforceable;
See also SN.1/Circ.207/Rev.1 Differences between RCDS and ECDIS;
This Revised Model Course 1.27 (2010 edition), will provide national authorities with a detailed
training course for guidance in assessment and certification in the primary STCW competence
regarding ECDIS: Maintain the safety of navigation through the use of ECDIS
39.9. Re-examine ISM requirements of ship owners & operators

Under the terms of the ISM Code (International Ship Management Code), the ship owner or
operator has a responsibility to ensure that personnel are given proper familiarization with their
duties.
If a ship is equipped with a compliant ECDIS as the primary means of navigation at sea, the ship
owner has to provide ECDIS training to ensure that ECDIS users are both properly trained and
familiar with the shipboard equipment before it is used. Future impacts on insurance and liability
are possible. (See also IEC doc on ECDIS, Section 3.3)
40. Effective navigation with ECDIS (1.0 hr)

The trainee describes how ECDIS is used effectively in navigation (Refs: T1 ch.10.2; T3 ch.7.3 & 8.1 &
11.2 & 16)
40.1. Describe bridge functions incorporating ECDIS

ECDIS can be used in support of many important bridge functions, but such support requires its
own skill and knowledge facility, and constitutes an additional bridge function:
Visual monitoring effective lookout, verify visual contact
Planning charts, updates, routes, weather forecasts, weather routing
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Piloting course changes, dead reckoning, vessel position, radar overlay, position history,
alarm history
Maneuvers conditions (wind, tide, current, ice, climate data), vessel characteristics,
docking, anchoring, lightering, canal transit
Traffic collision threat analysis, target data (ARPA, AIS, overlay tracking), verify ARPA
target presentation, trial maneuver, COLREGS application, track history
At anchor monitor position, monitor other traffic, tidal current trends
40.2. Re-examine sample bridge operating procedures addressing ECDIS

Simplified bridge operating procedures addressing ECDIS should include (but should not be
limited to) the following:
Maintain visual lookout supplemented by ARPA & ECDIS
Validate correct functioning of electronic instruments at regular intervals
Manage chart database and updates
Maintain voyage plans & files (consistent with approved and filed copies)
40.3. Define safe and practical navigation with ECDIS

Safe and practical navigation with ECDIS should include (but should not be limited to) the
following:
Use of ECDIS unit itself:
Make setup choices for specific conditions
Recognize that bridge team members may be viewing the ECDIS for widely differing
purposes, therefore setups should be accommodating
Perform visual scanning techniques applied to ECDIS pages/screens
Use of instruments integrated with the ECDIS (centralization of information):
Cross check (trust but verify) displayed information by all other available means
Verify settings and functions of sensors connected to ECDIS
Acknowledgement of the Problem of Partial Use (unfamiliarity with the unit and/or
procedures may lead to distracting problem solving attempts at inopportune times, or to a
disuse of the unit altogether, neither of which improves the safety of navigation). Therefore,
navigators should:
Know what can and cannot be accomplished before the need arises
Know that limited or restricted use results in unverified and unintended settings
Perform on ECDIS anything done on a paper chart
Perform on ECDIS things that cannot be otherwise done as effectively or efficiently
40.4. Examine evolving concepts of e-navigation with regards to ECDIS

With regards to ECDIS, the evolving concepts of e-navigation appear to be leading toward a
thorough and uniform level of competence, reliability and usage of ECDIS in all aspects of
navigation. The e-navigation strategy implementation also depends upon ENC availability,
coverage, consistency and quality (NAV 56/8/7).
Comprehensive practice with ECDIS is essential for achieving one of the stated purposes of e-
navigation, namely, to prevent the overburdening and distraction of the seafarer.
The vision behind the e-navigation strategy is to integrate existing and new navigational
tools, in particular electronic tools, in an all-embracing transparent, user-friendly, cost-effective
and compatible system that will contribute to enhanced navigational safety while
simultaneously reducing the burden on the navigator. NAV 56 summary (7/2010)
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EV 1 Written evaluation (1.0 hr)

The trainee shows knowledge and comprehension in the learning areas of ECDIS that could not be
otherwise demonstrated by workstation tasks or in simulation exercises
Correctly answer questions:

Each written evaluation will consist of at least 25 questions (see ECDIS Theory Test -
Sample in Part E, below)
The selection of questions cover all segments of the course requiring assessment in leaning
dimensions of knowledge and comprehension,
Each evaluation will reflect a similar distribution of questions drawn from the learning
objectives listed above.
Administer written evaluation according to defined procedures
Score performance according to standards and measures as defined
While grading exam, trainees should be offered a course critique to complete
Passing score should be set at 70%
Ev. 2 Simulation evaluation coastal & confined waters (2.5 hrs)

The trainee operates specific functions for route monitoring in coastal and confined waters, and obtains
all relevant information for safe navigation
Demonstrate the following task groups on ECDIS while navigating safely in coastal & confined
setting with potentially threatening targets in specified waters:
Monitor sea area,
Use ECDIS features to assess target threats and execute course and/or speed alterations to
avoid collision
Modify route as instructed, checking for safety and adjusting schedule,
Assess tide and current, adjust ETA for timed arrival at waypoint as instructed,
Comply with COLREGS
Comply with bridge procedures established by trainee and/or instructor
Define unsafe navigation as that involving a clear violation of minimum under keel clearance
or CPA, where such a violation will require a retake of the underway evaluation
Conduct grading on ECDIS underway score sheet for (see Part E Evaluation and
Assessment)
Remotely monitoring of trainees ECDIS use for grading of all tasks listed on the score sheet
Brief trainees
Passing score should be set at 70%
Debrief each trainee who experiences a violation of safe navigation to ensure understanding
prior to attempting a second evaluation
Consider the following options in designing scenarios for Underway Evaluation (for descriptions
of optimal simulator arrangements, see Part A - course Framework; also App.4 and App. 5 in
Appendices for the Instructor):
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Option for Underway Evaluation
Piloting in semi-confined waters for 6 ownships
Task groups:
Create route (from prior lesson) and apply route; modify route underway
Comply with VTS and TSS rules
Outcomes:
Navigate with ECDIS
1-person watch
Visual lookout
Maneuvering
ECDIS Competency Assessment
(use of all ECDIS functions is observed
and scored)
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Part E Evaluation and Assessment
Introduction
Consistent with the inclusion of detailed training objectives for ECDIS into the 2010 Manila Amendments
to STCW, the evaluation plan that follows addresses instrument-related competencies along with
proficiencies on integration of ECDIS with navigational practices. It is consistent with the intent of STCW
that demonstration of skills and practical understanding is determined by direct observation, while
knowledge and theoretical understand is determined through written examination in a variety of question
styles.
Proficiency checklists and score sheet
Where proficiencies are specified for a specific make and model of ECDIS, the instructional designer
adapting the Model Course should apply the task or concept to the specific ECDIS available in training.
This will be particularly appropriate for the Proficiency Checklist that follows in this Part. The specific tasks
of that document should, in fact, be used as a method to validate the transference and transferability of
skills between one specific ECDIS unit and another. It is well suited to the classroom or open lab training
environment. The Simulation Checklist, on the other hand, provides a less specific method, but no less
focused, more suitable for evaluating and scoring underway skill sets during solo navigation exercises.
For a more specific approach to scoring ECDIS proficiencies, a sample score sheet and associated tally
sheet are provided. These rely on the grouping of tasks introduced through the Simulation Checklist.
This Part contains the following evaluation and assessment tools:

Proficiency Checklist for type approved ECDIS
Simulation Evaluation Proficiency Checklist
Sample ECDIS underway score sheet
Sample ECDIS evaluation tally
ECDIS Mid-course Exam - Open reference
ECDIS Theory Test - Sample
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Proficiency Checklist for type approved ECDIS

These tasks are most effectively mastered by:
Following a developmental sequence, and
Practicing them in navigational contexts (in other words, when underway).
References: Type approved ECDIS User Manual
Other ECDIS docs: Technical; Operating Principles; Software Description
User
Basic Tasks
Manual
1 Identify all Control panels, Task panels, Operational panel buttons, Multi-panel
2 Enable / disable auto-hide (Show) of Control panel; move Control panel windows
3 Set screen color palette Day / night / etc.;
4 Open all Tasks leave open and become familiar with Tabs for each Task panel
5 Set orientation of Main display N / H / C
6 Set mode of Main display TM / RM
7 Select Dual display alignment / mode / orientation / scale choice
8 Drop and return ownship symbol View, then Ahead, F8, icon, Position Dropped
9 Reposition ownship in Relative Motion
10 Use ERBL offset; info window; from ownship for CPA & TCPA; VRM options
11 Select vector length fixed / variable
12 Select chart by position & when position is dropped active list / table
13 Find / load chart anywhere View (Review) & Enter repeatedly
14 Select Chart Autoload options on / fix / off
15 Set Chart Autoscale on / off; manual scaling in Chart Area window
16 Select correct scale to show chart layers Zoom, use + & -, scale, zoom box
17 Select chart display categories Shift-F7 / Shift-F8 [hot keys]
18 Obtain chart object information vector chart, user chart (Add Info)
19 Set Antigrounding Safety Contour / Depth
20 Set Area approach category selection, time before approach
21 Set Navigational danger approach distance
Overall Presentation of Display
22 Select position & time from best available source
23 Cancel / verify / modify position offset
24 Select chart & scale appropriate to location
25 Create uncluttered display, depending upon context and conditions
26 Choose Main or Dual display in best mode & orientation to view ownship
27 Load a pre-checked and approved Route for monitoring; load existing schedule
28 Select Safety Parameters appropriate to location, route monitored and traffic
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User
Intermediate Tasks
Manual
29 Create route plan rough draft, save, WP editor, scaling with + & -
30 Edit route plan Focus on Route, fine tune, data entry, link, delete
31 Adjust distance calculations in route planning
32 Perform safety check in route planning Function Panel / Check Editor
Create & modify Route Schedule ETD, ETA, speeds Function Panel /
33
Schedule
34 Select Route Data in Multi-panel
35 Use waypoint selection auto / manual
36 Set / select Route Monitoring alarms Monitoring / Navigational Alarms
37 Select Route Monitoring features to show Monitoring / Route Monitoring
38 Select Navigation Alarm features to show Monitoring / Navigational Alarms
39 Observe alarm condition (Alarm panel) active /general / area
40 Set Time Zone for ships time
41 Select time icon to display UTC / ships time
Observe & assess target information display buttons, Target Table, tracks,
42
View
43 Sort targets in table name, alias, CPA, TCPA
44 Select AIS target identifier; set AIS voyage data; manage AIS messages
45 Search for targets listed in table
46 Set & select target alarm CPA & TCPA
47 Assess dangerous target(s) graphically
48 Set anchor watch guard ring & alarm
49 Select tidal information (Task / Tides) Diagram, table, find place
50 Observe tide & current information Multi-panel Environment Data
51 View Logbook Select date & event groups (filter); go to logbook entry on chart
52 Make manual entry in the Ship Log Event button, enter remarks
53 Unload & load existing Add Info charts Info panel A & B, Task panel
54 Select Add Info features to show / hide
55 Create Add Info with attributes name & save, view hidden / danger
56 Edit existing Add Info chart resave, delete, restore, merge, object search
57 Select Manual Correction features to show / hide
58 Manual Correction show all / hide all / go to / shift / delete objects
59 Create Manual Corrections with attributes view / hidden / timing / attached file
60 Activate Man Overboard function interpret course-to-steer to return
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User
Navigator Tasks
Manual
61 Install / delete chart data Chart manager
62 Install chart updates proprietary chart format (TX-97, for example)
63 Install chart updates ENC chart format (S-57)
64 Create & modify User Graphic configuration
65 Select chart data formats for initialization Advanced Databases
66 Modify sensor attachments ports, rate
67 Modify ownship setup
68 Select System Time by GPS
69 Select Entry timing for automatic log entry configure watch cycle
70 Copy files using Data tool between hard drive and external media
71 Convert (.txt) & View Logbook files using Data Tool; Print log selection
72 Import ECDIS Add Info files using Data Tool - .cra copied as .ai
73 Import ECDIS Route files using Data Tool .rte copied as .rt3
74 Convert (.cvt) & View Route to Text files using Data Tool; Print route plan
75 Create SAR date load as Route to monitor
76 Copy route plan to external media from route planning
77 View and copy route plan as Excel table from route planning
78 Delete route plan(s) Route panel, Windows Explorer, Data Tool
79 View track history graphically from Route Monitoring
80 Playback select date, start position. Cursor data entry
81 Set up network configuration Master & Slave (Slave in Backup mode)
82 Equalize route files from Master to Slave station
83 Equalize Add Info files from Master to Slave station
84 Equalize manual updates from Master to Slave station
85 Connect AIS Pilot Plug configure for positional information
86 Set DR for AIS targets
87 Set & delete training targets
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Simulation Evaluation Proficiency Checklist
Trainee: A. B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5 F. G. H. 8 I. 9 J. 0 K. L. 2
Bridge :
Simulation Evaluation
Task (see following pages for details)
Use all nav systems interfaced with
1.
ECDIS
2. Verify settings of interfaced sensors
Check that settings conform to
3.
procedures
Monitor info on ECDIS for safe
4.
navigation
5. Verify position by alternate means
6. Adjust settings to suit conditions

Use ECDIS-managed track control
7.
autopilot
Maneuver using accepted navigation
8.
practice
Manage contacts by AIS & radar
9.
interface*
10. Assess environmental factors*
Score each task 3, 2, or 1 according to Evaluation Methods listed below. Max score = 30 pts. Minimum passing score = 21 pts (70%).
Trainee name/ID & score

A G
B H
C I
D J
E K
F L
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NOTES: Methods for evaluating competence: Assessment of evidence obtained from approved ECDIS simulator training in underway scenarios utilizing ship control,
visual scene and sensors providing integrated input to ECDIS including radar, target tracking, positioning, and AIS. (See also STCW B-I/12, Guidance regarding the
use of simulators, and B-II/1 and BII/2, Guidance regarding the certification of officers.) Criteria for evaluating competence: Information obtained from ECDIS is
correctly interpreted and analyzed taking into account the limitations of the equipment and prevailing circumstances and conditions.
Use all navigation systems interfaced with ECDIS [Uses most/all = 3; uses some = 2; uses none = 1]
.1 Determine what ECDIS functions are integrated with other navigation systems in the particular installation
Examples: Position from AIS-DGPS; time from GPS; radar overlay (RIB); radar tracked targets; autopilot track control; compasses;
Verify settings of interfaced sensors [Verifies most/all = 3; verifies some = 2; verifies none = 1]
.2 Routinely inspect sensors interfaced to ECDIS for correct settings and functioning
Examples: GPS allowable fix quality; depth mode for echo sounder (DBK, DBS); ECDIS route display enabled on radar;
Check that settings conform to procedures [Checks most/all = 3; checks some = 2; checks none = 1]
.3 Check the following settings on ECDIS in an efficient manner and ensure they conform to established procedures:
a. Alarm parameters for areas, anti-grounding, contacts, time functions
b. Completeness of chart data, chart licensing status, and chart update status
c. Navigation system backup arrangements
Monitor ECDIS information for safe navigation [Monitors most/all = 3; monitors some = 2; monitors none = 1]
.4 Monitor the following information on ECDIS in a manner that contributes to safe navigation:
a. Sea area
b. Position
c. Navigation information
d. Route monitoring
e. Chart information
f. Contact information
g. Status of alarms and indicators
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Verify position by alternate means [Confirms by two alternates = 3; confirms by one alternate = 2; confirms by no alternates = 1]
.5 Confirm the accuracy of vessel position on ECDIS by alternate means
Examples: Radar overlay; radar cursor (or VRM/EBL); secondary position source (PS2) by alternate GPS, Loran, etc.); visual LOPs;
Adjust settings to suit conditions [Adjusts most/all = 3; adjusts some = 2; adjusts none = 1]
.6 Adjust the following settings and values on ECDIS to suit the present conditions:
a. Sea area display, mode and orientation
b. Chart display categories
c. Chart selection, scale, and automatic functions
d. Route plan and/or route schedule
e. User-created information layers
f. AIS interface functions
g. Radar overlay
Use ECDIS-managed track control autopilot [Effective use of track control = 3; some use of track control = 2; no use of track control = 1]
.7 Adjustments made to ECDIS-controlled track keeping functions to maintain safety of navigation
Examples: Adjust autopilot parameters; re-align route plan intended for track control & perform safety check prior to Monitoring; verify track control;
Maneuver using accepted navigation practice [Effective maneuvers = 3; some inefficiencies in maneuvers = 2; unsafe maneuvers = 1]
.8 Decisions to amend course and/or speed are both timely and in accordance with accepted navigation practice
Examples: Use ECDIS trial maneuver for maneuver planning; use CPA/TCPA alarms on ECDIS; apply COLREGS; observe transit restrictions for given port;
Manage contacts by AIS & radar interface* Effective contact management = 3; some inefficiencies in contact management = 2; unsafe/no contact
management = 1]
.9 Identify contacts repeated on ECDIS from AIS and/or radar, and communicate with contacts by text messaging through ECDIS-AIS interface
(* Interfacing is recommended but not required.)
Assess environmental factors* Effective use of available functionality = 3; some sue of available functionality = 2; no use of available
functionality = 1]
.10 In addition to onboard environmental sensors interfaced with ECDIS, access port-supported binary messaging, and real-time tidal gauge data
(*Functionality is optional through ECDIS licensing and by regional availability.)
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Sample ECDIS underway score sheet

Task groups The task groups shown below provide organization and flexibility to scoring underway
proficiencies in ECDIS. These are meant to isolate significant skill sets directly related to effective ECDIS
navigation. The groups that focus on ECDIS account for using critical interfaces on ECDIS (1), procedural
setups (3), relevant info (4), all position options (5), and making adjustments (6). The other groups
account for externals critical to effective ECDIS navigation.
No. Task Group Focus
1 Use all navigation systems interfaced with ECDIS On ECDIS
2 Verify settings of interfaced sensors Other sensors
3 Check that setting conform to procedures (briefing) On ECDIS
4 Monitor information on ECDIS for safe navigation On ECDIS
5 Verify position by alternate means On ECDIS
Adjust settings to suit conditions and adapt to changing

6 On ECDIS
conditions
7 Use ECDIS-managed track control autopilot On autopilot
Maneuver according to accepted navigational practice and Conning & situational

8
with regard to COLREGS awareness
Situational awareness
9 Responses to role play with regards to ECDIS use
with VTS on ECDIS
10 Manage AIS and assess environmental conditions On ECDIS (optional)
The last group (On ECDIS: manage AIS and assess environmental conditions) is considered optional for
two reasons: First, AIS messaging and environmental factors such as tidal current cycles may not suit all
evaluation exercise scenarios, and second, not all Integrated Multiple Ownship Simulators can be
expected to include this functionality, although they should since these are commonly a vital and integral
aspect of navigation in confined and semi-confined waters.
Sample score sheet The sample score sheet shown below is meant for each trainee in the underway
evaluation. Instructions are to: Score 3 (all), 2 (some), or 1 (not enough), or leave blank if n/a. Scoring 0
on [*] (in Task group 8) represents a Critical Fault. In that instance, the trainee should retake the
evaluation because it is always plausible that better use of ECDIS would have mitigated the dangers
related to close quarters and proximity to shoal water. An important consideration used in this scoring
scheme is to avoid a penalty for un-scored tasks, unless the entire Task Group is un-scored.
The scoring could be kept simple with the use of integers, or decimal values could be used for finer
differentiation. Consistency in either case is essential. The values recorded in the underway score sheet
are applied in the evaluation tally with weighted averages for each Task Group.
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ECDIS Underway Score Sheet

1.10000 = Average of weights
Scoring: Leave blank if n/a; Enter: 3 (all), 2 (some), 1 (not enough);
Entering 0 on [*] (in Task group 8) triggers Critical Fault (retake evaluation)
Task groups: score comment
Use all navigation systems interfaced with ECDIS on ECDIS
1 Tag targets 1
1.5 Acquire radar targets 2
DGPS on PS1 3
Verify settings of interfaced sensor other sensors
2 GPS HDOP recorded 4
1.0 Sounder set to DBK 5
Speed log set to BT 6
PS2 unit on & initialized 7
Radar displaying route 8
AP settings adjusted for Track Control 9
Check that setting conform to procedures (briefing) on ECDIS
3 Anti-grounding parameters set 10
1.5 Vector length set 11
Route monitored 12
Route waypoints named & displayed 13
Route XTE zones set for passage 14
Ship Time Zone set 15
Paper chart backup: route, DR, notes 16
Monitor information on ECDIS for safe navigation on ECDIS
4 EC look ahead - occasional 17
1.5 EC scale adjusted - occasional 18
EC chart choice 19
Route Data panel displayed 20
Query tracked targets, chart objects 21
Acknowledge alarms 22
Verify position by alternate mean on ECDIS
5 Cursor from radar on EC 23
1.0 PS2 input into EC (if on) 24
Radar overlay - occasional 25
Paper chart: plot visual & radar fixes 26
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Adjust settings to suit conditions and adapt to changing conditions on ECDIS

6 Set day/night palette 27
1.5 Custom layers set for low clutter 28
Dual panel - full screen + MultiPanel 29
Route plan schedule set for ETAs 30
ETA + speed made good on
MultiPanel displayed 31
CU/HU/NU mode, RM/TM 32
Revise route as needed 33
Add Info layers used & revised 34
Radar overlay adjusted 35
Use ECDIS-managed track control autopilot on autopilot
7 Track Control - occasional 36
0.5 TC turns follow safe radius on EC 37
Maneuver according to accepted navigational practice and with regard to COLREGS conn & situational awareness
8 VHF contact made 38
1.0 Proactive passing arranged 39
[*] Safe CPA at all times 40
Safe turns executed 41
Safe speed at all times 42
[*] Safe DBK at all times 43
Nav lights on 44
Fog signals on 45
Rough Log completeness 46
Responses to role play with regards to ECDIS use situational awareness with VTS on ECDIS
9 Provide ETA on request 47
1.0 Provide revised plan on request 48
Provide environmental info on request 49
Call in to VTS on request 50
Manage AIS and assess environmental conditions on ECDIS (optional)
10 AIS messaging managed from EC 51
0.5 RIB targets tracked on EC 52
Display tide & current info on EC 53
Query tide & port info on EC 54
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Sample ECDIS evaluation tally

Evaluation tally For each trainee, a score is delivered to each Task Group on the evaluation tally
directly from the underway score sheet:
[1] Task Group = Avg of tasks*Weight
As noted above, blank entries for specific tasks in the underway score sheet are disregarded in this initial
averaging per Task Group. The intent is to provide a flexible scoring system in the event that certain
devices are not included in the integrated simulation. On the other hand, simply entering a zero value in
place of a blank will cause that entry to be included in the average, significantly penalizing omitted
behaviors, and rendering the scoring system far more rigorous. Such a choice should be left to the
training course developer, and should not be directly dictated by a scoring system. The formulation here
yields to the scorer (0 or blank).
Each trainees total score is represented by the average of non-zero values:
[2] Avg = Task Group scores / Weights [excluding #10 if blank]
The achievement of each trainee by percentile is determined by utilizing 3 as the maximum possible
score for any given task in the score sheet:
[3] Score % = Avg [non-zero] / 3
There is considerable value in tracking the average scores by Task Groups over a succession of
underway evaluation exercises, in particular to aid in assessing and validating the outcomes of the ECDIS
navigation training overall. For example, certain Task Groups may show under-performance over several
iterations, indicating the need for revised emphasis of certain tasks in the underway context. Likewise, the
overall score for the evaluation exercise can be determined and tracked.
For each Task Group across all trainees:
[4] Max score = Task Group Weight / 3
For the non-zero values of each Task Group:
[5] Task Group Avg = Avg [formula 2]
For the tally of each Task Group by percentile:
[6] Task Group % = Task Group Avg / [formula 4]
For the overall evaluation score:
[7] Score = [formula 5] / Weights [excluding #10 if blank]
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ECDIS evaluation tally
Trainee:
Session:
A B C D E F
Bridge:
Date:
Simulation Evaluation
Task (see underway score sheet for details) Avg.
[4]
1 Use all nav systems
interfaced with ECDIS [1]
2 Verify settings of [5]
interfaced sensors
3 Check that settings
conform to procedures [6]
4 Monitor info on ECDIS
for safe navigation
5 Verify position by
alternate means
6 Adjust settings to suit
conditions
7 Use ECDIS-managed
track control autopilot
Maneuver using
8 accepted navigation
practice
9 Manage contacts by
AIS & radar interface* [2]
[7]
10 Assess environmental
factors* [3]
Average (non-zero):
Score (%):
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ECDIS Mid-course Exam - Open reference
Multiple choice: Select the best answer and cite Revised P.S. (MSC.232(82))
1. The primary function of ECDIS is to:

a. Eliminate the need to use paper charts.
b. Reduce the number of persons on the bridge.
c. Contribute to safe navigation
d. Computerize shipboard navigation
C PS 1.1
2. An important benefit of ECDIS is:

a. Simple and reliable updating of the ENC
b. Reducing navigational workload
c. Providing appropriate alarms or indications
d. All of the above.
D a) PS 1.4, b) PS 1.5, c) PS 1.8
3. Which of the following is mandatory equipment that must be connected to ECDIS?

a. Radar/ARPA
b. Positional navigation sensors (e.g., GPS)
c. Track control (autopilot)
d. AIS
B PS 2.1, 10.5.7, 12.2
4. Aside from the requirements for the Display Base and Standard Display, who selects the
display categories of the All other information display level?
a. The hydrographic office issuing the ENC data
b. The ECDIS manufacturer
c. The mariner
d. All of the above
C PS 2.1, Appx. 2 Item 2.3
5. Which of the following is equivalent to an up-to-date paper chart.?

a. The ENC
b. The SENC
c. The ECDIS display
d. Official updates in digital format
D PS 2.3
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Short-answer: Write a brief explanation (2-lines) and cite the relevant P.S. paragraph
6. What is the difference between an ENC and the SENC?
ENC database issued by hydrographic office that contains all chart info needed for safe
navigation; may contain supplemental info [PS 2.2]
SENC database transformed by ECDIS; equivalent to up-to-date paper chart; may contain
info from other sources [PS 2.3]
7. What is the difference between Standard Display and a Display Base?
Standard Display level of SENC info shown when ECDIS first turned on; used for route
planning; can be modified by mariner depending on needs [PS 2.4]
Display Base level in info that cannot be removed from display; required at all times; not
intended for safe navigation [PS 2.5]
8. What is meant by the term single operator action?
Note: Mentioned in IMO PS but not adequately defined!
Examples: Standard Display [PS 3.3], Remove radar info [PS 6.2]
Also: shown on demand [PS 9.5], displayed on demand [PS Appx.2 Item 3]
manually on demand (or Event) [PS 10.5.12.1]
9. In regard to the scale of the display, what are two important indications that an ECDIS
must show?
1. Info that is displayed at larger scale than ENC [PS 5.1]

2. Ships own position covered by ENC at larger scale [PS 5.2]
10. What is the difference between an Indication and an Alarm?
Alarm announced by audible and/or audible & visual means; a condition that requires
attention
[PS Appx. 5]
Indicator a visual indication about condition of system or equipment

[PS Appx. 5]
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11. In the Route Planning Mode, what are the four primary ways to adjust a planned route?
1. Adding waypoints
2. Deleting waypoints
3. Changing the position of waypoints
4. Alphanumerically & graphically [all PS 10.4.2]
12. During Route Monitoring, what are the two primary things that should always appear on the
ECDIS display?
1. Selected route
2. Own ships position [both PS 10.5.1]
13. In terms of voyage recording, what are two major types of data that must be recorded at
one-minute intervals during the previous 12 hours?
1. Record of own ships track; time, position, heading, speed [PS 10.6.1.1]
2. Record of official data used (e.g., ENC) [PS 10.6.1.2]
14. What are the two primary reasons for backup arrangements in case of ECDIS failure?
1. Safe take-over of ECDIS functions; avoid critical condition [PS 14.1]

2. Safe navigation for remaining part of voyage [PS 14.2]
15. What is meant by ships safety contour?
Selected from depth contours provided; more emphasis shown (bold) than other contours
[PS 3.8]
Indication provided during route planning [PS 10.4.4]
Alarm given if approaching within a specified time period [PS 10.5.3]
Default safety contour: 30m or next deeper [PS 3.8.1]
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Multiple choice: (Questions 16-35 are typical of those presented on certificate examinations.)
16. If the electronic chart is part of an ECDIS, it must display the minimum data required by
IMO/IHO, to include all of the following EXCEPT __________.
a. Hydrography
b. aids to navigation
c. tidal currents
d. regulatory boundaries
17. Which of the following must the electronic chart of an ECDIS display, as required by
IMO/IHO?
a. Hydrography
b. Ferry routes
c. Regulatory boundaries
d. All of the above
18. ECDIS units incorporate Digital Chart Data Formats, which include __________.
a. vector only
b. raster only
c. vector and raster
d. imposed viewing
19. Which of the following are data layer categories to be displayed on ECDIS?
a. ECDIS warnings and messages
b. Hydrographic Office data
c. Notice to Mariners information
d. All of the above
20. Which of the following data layer categories is NOT displayed on ECDIS?
a. Notice to Mariners information
b. ECDIS warnings and messages
c. Ship hydrodynamic information
d. Hydrographic Office data
21. The database resulting from (1) the transformation of the electronic navigational chart (ENC)
by ECDIS for appropriate use, (2) the updates to the ENC by appropriate means, and (3) the
additional data added by the mariner, is called the __________.
a. Display base information
b. Standard display information
c. System electronic navigational chart
d. Chart display information
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22. The database information that should be shown when a chart is first displayed on ECDIS is
the __________.
c. System electronic nautical chart
23. The level of database information which cannot be removed from the ECDIS display and
consists of information which is required at all times in all geographic areas and under all
circumstances is the __________.
c. System electronic nautical chart
24. ECDIS must give an alarm for which of the following cases?
a. When the specified limit for deviation from the planned route is exceeded
b. If the ship, within a specified time set by the watch officer, is going to cross a safety
contour
c. If the ship, within a specified time set by the watch officer, is going to cross the boundary
of a prohibited area
d. All of the above
a. If the ship is going to reach a critical point on the planned route
b. When the speed of a dangerous target exceeds a set limit
c. If the ship's ETA has changed beyond the set limit
d. All of the above
a. When the speed of a dangerous target exceeds a set limit
b. When the specified limit for deviation from the planned route is exceeded
c. If the ship's ETA has changed beyond the set limit
d. None of the above
27. Chart information details to be used in ECDIS should be the latest edition of information
originated by a government-authorized hydrographic office and conform to the standards of
(the) __________.
a. International Maritime Organization
b. International Hydrographic Organization
c. NASA
d. US Coast Guard
28. An ECDIS is required to display which information?

a. Radar targets
b. ARPA vectors
c. Hydrographic data
d. All of the above
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29. ECDIS must have the capability to preserve the record of the voyage track for the previous
__________.
a. 4 hours
b. 6 hours
c. 12 hours
d. 24 hours
30. Which data must ECDIS be able to record at one-minute intervals?

a. Position
b. Electronic navigational chart source
c. Course made good history
d. All of the above

a. Soundings
b. Waypoints
c. Meteorological data
d. Radar targets

a. Water temperature
b. Climatology data
c. Speed of advance
d. Depth contours
33. Which data must ECDIS be able to record at one-minute intervals?

a. Course made good history
b. Estimated time of arrival
c. Speed through the water
d. Shaft RPM
34. ECDIS must be able to perform all of the following EXCEPT __________.
a. Determine true bearing and distance between two geographical points
b. Determine magnetic compass deviation
c. Transform a local datum to the WGS-'84 datum
d. Convert "graphical coordinates" to "display coordinates"
35. Which of the following must an ECDIS system be able to perform?

a. Conversion of "graphical coordinates" to "display coordinates"
b. Transformation of local datum to WGS-'84 datum
c. Calculation of true azimuth and distance between two geographical points
d. All of the above
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ECDIS Theory Test - Sample
Name: Date:
Read the question carefully, and then select the best answer. Mark the test. Each question = 4
points.
1. A faulty GPS position presents (a great risk / no risk) to navigation with ECDIS.
2. ECS is not intended to comply with the up-to-date chart requirements of SOLAS:
True / False.
3. RCDS is a mode of operation using raster data, whereas the ECDIS mode uses official
vector data: True / False.
4. When zooming out (underscaling) on an ECDIS using vector chart data, all information
layers remain on the display: True / False.
5. ENC data and official updates are transformed into the SENC database:
True / False.
6. Except for Display Base, the operator selects chart data for display that is relevant to the
current passage: True / False.
7. GPS position information is not correlated to any particular geodetic datum:

True / False.
8. The position of own ship on ECDIS is unreliable if the position sensor and the displayed
chart information have different geodetic coordinate systems:
True / False.
9. Vector chart data is organized according to points, lines and polygons that are geo-
referenced and have coded attributes: True / False.
10. Match all of the following conditions to the resulting alarm or indication:
Position system failure 1 a Indication only (visual only)

Route planning across the safety contour 2 b Alarm (audible or audible & visual)
Larger scale ENC available 3
Actually crossing the safety contour 4
1 a or b 2 a or b 3 a or b 4 a or b
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11. a) Zooming in very close on an ECDIS is called overscaling: True / False
b) When zooming in very close on an ECDIS displaying a vector chart, some chart objects
may be dropped from the display as lost layers: True / False.
12. Automatic updates are transformed into the SENC in a manner invisible to the user:
True / False.
13. ENC updates may be viewed on the ECDIS display: True / False
14. a) Manual corrections are transformed into the SENC as a user-added information layer:
True / False
b) The user cannot alter the contents of manual corrections: True / False
15. Vessels subject to SOLAS requirements must carry charts for the intended voyage that are
issued by an official hydrographic office and that are up-to-date: True / False.
16. Chart data used by an ECDIS meeting SOLAS requirements is produced according to IHO
S-57 edition 3 specifications: True / False.
17. Which of the following is a performance standard for the display of SENC information?
a. Information contained in the Display Base can be easily removed from the display.
b. The selected safety depth is always displayed, even with spot soundings turned off.
c. The selected safety contour is displayed with greater emphasis than other
contours.
d. When a chart is first displayed, the Standard Display at the smallest scale is presented.
18. Identify the orientation and mode of display required by the Performance Standards.
a. Ships draft plus under keel clearance.
b. North-up orientation and true motion mode.
c. Overwriting of the track file every 24 hours.
d. Any orientation in either true or relative mode.
19. Which of the following reflects the statement that ECDIS only supports the mariner in
performing navigational tasks?
a. Without official updated ENC data for the intended voyage, ECDIS does not replace
paper charts.
b. ARPA targets do not show up on ECDIS unless they are acquired and tracked.
c. ECDIS does not take the place of a proper lookout.
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20. Which of the following statements best describes manual chart corrections for ECDIS?
a. Manual corrections constitute user information layers, added by the mariner, with
no automatic record of installation.
b. Manual corrections are included in the CD that vessels receive periodically from NGA
(formerly NIMA).
c. When U.S. Notice to Mariners are downloaded from the NGA website, the .pdf and .jpg
files are automatically installed into the ECDIS chart database.
21. What error may occur in the ECDIS if hydrographic or chart survey data is inaccurate?
a. The vessels geographic position may not match the charted display.
b. Own ship may not be navigating in safe water, despite the information on the ECDIS
display.
c. Radar overlay and chart data may appear to be mismatched.
22. If it is thought or known that floating aids to navigation (buoys) have shifted, how should this
be interpreted on ECDIS?
a. Charted buoy locations are always more reliable than own ships GPS position
information.
b. ECDIS always shows the actual location of buoys.
c. Physical buoy positions may differ from charted locations on ECDIS, as with any
type of chart information.
d. Buoy position changes are never included in ENC updates.
23. If the ECDIS monitors resolution is poor or improperly set, what may be affected on ECDIS?
a. Chart scale may be misrepresented.
b. Chart features may not be shown in the intended color.
c. Fineness of detail may be lost.
24. Which of the following reference systems affect the information on ECDIS?
a. Draft of vessel entered into sounder that is connected to ECDIS.
b. Physical location of scanner for ARPA connected to ECDIS.
c. Geodetic system used in the creation of the chart data.
25. With radar overlay on ECDIS, what can be the cause(s) of radar echoes not matching the
charted position of a fixed object?
a. Incorrect input of ships position fixing device (GPS).
b. Improper coordinate setting of radar antenna, conning station or ships dimensions.
c. Either the Chart Display Category is in Base Display or the scale is so small that it is
showing Layers Lost.
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Appendices for the ECDIS Instructor

This Part of the Model Course includes the following appendices:
Appendix 1: Introduction of Operational use of ECDIS
Appendix 2: ECDIS Performance Standard references
Appendix 3: ECDIS Carriage Requirements
Appendix 4: STCW Manila Amendments on ECDIS
Appendix 5: Training scenario types and scenario success
Appendix 6: Integrated navigation training example
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Appendix 1
Introduction to the operational use of ECDIS

This document is the first revision to the original ECDIS Model Course 1.27 published by the IMO in 2000.
In the intervening decade, several considerable advances have occurred:
Comprehensive improvements in type-approved ECDIS, including software, chart data, PC

hardware, and integration with critical ship functions
Widespread experience in effective navigation with ECDIS aboard vessels
Publication of textbooks, articles and information booklets on ECDIS
Development of simulation that makes available to each trainee a certified ECDIS in an underway
context with vessel controls and full visualization
Amendments to STCW requiring competency in the use of ECDIS for all Watch Officers wherever
type-approved units are installed
The advent of track control autopilots deriving control information from ECDIS
The advent of paperless bridges where a new generation of apprentice mates gain little or no
practice in backup skills such as paper plotting of LOPs
The purpose of this Introduction is to explain in some detail:
The importance of revising the ECDIS Model Course to establish specific minimal performance
standards in the a use of ECDIS,
How the lessons and practice can be effectively structured to produce the ECDIS proficiencies
specified in the 2010 STCW Manila amendments
Optimal simulation classroom and lab arrangements to achieve these outcomes
ECDIS-centered navigation training

The mastery of ECDIS can only really occur in the context of navigation. The primary objective of ECDIS
training should be the effective integration of ECDIS-based digital and graphical information into the
ongoing navigational situation. An important outcome of ECDIS training should be that ECDIS-based
information is not the source of navigation, but a collecting point of navigational information, some
repeated, some unique.
To train on ECDIS as if its information were the source of navigation is to risk the disintegration of
navigational awareness, analysis and decision-making. Although this may seem self-evident to maritime
trainers and educators who have stood navigational watches using ECDIS, such loss of integration is
often the de facto outcome of training that is not properly conducted.
Seafarers who developed their navigational skills in the 20th Century may be able to keep ECDIS-
centered training in the context of visual navigation. They may be able to regard the risks to safe
navigation that are posed by exclusive focus on ECDIS for prolonged periods of time. However, seafarers
developing their navigational skills in the 21st Century are likely to misapprehend the supportive role
intended for ECDIS unless they are specifically trained and individually assessed in integrative skills.
ECDIS can be a very effective tool for introducing and illustrating general concepts of navigation, i.e.,
cartography, projections, direction, distance, depth, position fixing, plotting, sailings, deduced reckoning,
buoyage, tides and currents, ocean currents. ECDIS is, by definition, an integrative tool. The attempt to
present it outside the context of navigation results inevitably in its use as a substitution for navigation. On
the other hand, when a navigation training program is centered on ECDIS, navigation training remains the
focus and ECDIS remains a supportive tool.
ECDIS practice & training
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Following a decade of ECDIS use onboard and of certified ECDIS training around the world, several
shortcomings in practice and training have become evident. The correction of these items is a primary
goal of this revised edition of the ECDIS Model Course:
ECDIS training cannot presume the existence of skills in visual navigational

ECDIS training will eventually serve to introduce cartography and other basics of terrestrial
navigation
ECDIS use demands efficient interaction with all source sensors
ECDIS functions and documentation are typically not designed by seafarers and therefore should
not be expected to describe system use in a navigational context or priority of importance to
navigation
Improvements in ECDIS are impeded by the type-approval process; the fact that this has not
been the case with ECS should be incorporated into ECDIS training
The single-query approach to ECDIS must be emphasized and practiced when underway to the
point of habit (this is referred to as the "7-second glance" method in Lesson 4)
All ECDIS functions must be explored to overcome the common situation where the user is
trapped by an unfamiliar page or menu (this is referred to as the "Problem of Partial Use" in
Lesson 4)
The trainee must learn to regard ECDIS as if it were controlling the vessel's rudder, as eventually
this integration with track control autopilot will become commonplace and reliable
Even where Track Control integration with ECDIS is not enabled, ECDIS presentations may
nonetheless include a "predictor" vector that is highly accurate when based on vessel particulars;
in such instances, the ECDIS presents maneuvering information that is new in form, unique to the
ECDIS, and immediately vital to the watch team, and so should be incorporated into the training
when possible
ECDIS in its present stage of type-approval is likely to be the final 2-D presentation in the
evolution of navigation; its ongoing successful integration of vessel control and live chart data
updates and real-time depth display is leading the way toward Augmented Reality for seafarers
where navigation displays will be visualized in 3-D presentations; in other words, now is the time
to learn how to reliably navigate with ECDIS
All electronic chart data, in the near term, has not been created equal, and specification details
will continue to evolve, such as Zones of Confidence
ECDIS will always be about chart data, from user choices of cells and formats, to online updates
and real-time licensing, to trustworthy indications of survey validity
ECDIS training is most effective at establishing safe navigational practices when it is taken as the
opportunity to teach new seafarers how to navigate by repeatedly integrating their scans of the
horizon, vessel environment, instrument data and graphics
ECDIS must be taught as a tool meant to enhance rather than impede safe decision making
Reliable ECDIS installations by definition promote the deterioration of plotting skills on paper
charts, such as of LOPs derived from radar and visual bearings; even with enhanced user tools
on new ECDIS units, such plotting is likely to be applied as the occasional double check, at most;
one countermeasure to this is the constant rehearsal of paper and electronic chart navigation
during every aspect of ECDIS training (see Exercises 1-4 & Underway Evaluation)
ECDIS users must be trained in seeking and swiftly resolving ambiguities in sensor data and its
presentations, especially as it applies to visually derived information; the visual scene must
therefore be included in the ECDIS training environment, and critically applied whenever possible,
e.g., variable visibility, aids to navigation, prominent points, tidal conditions, contact aspect,
contact data, unreliable data for position and heading and speed, etc.
Trainees must repeatedly rehearse the setup and adaptation of ECDIS and its connected sensors
as underway conditions change
ECDIS operators should realize that all members of a watch should have something meaningful
to look at, including remote displays provided for the Master and for the engineering watch; in
other words, the operator should be able to adapt the ECDIS to not only the navigational purpose
at the moment, but also to changing navigational points of view without suffering any loss of
situational awareness
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Dividing a training course into "generic" ECDIS training (any aspect not requiring an actual
ECDIS) and "type-specific" training (some selected functionality of a particular ECDIS) has
produced regrettable outcomes:
The course is not taught as navigation using ECDIS
The course divests itself of responsibility for teaching and assessing the underway use of
ECDIS,
The 3 or 4 day course making little or no use of one ECDIS unit per trainee in an
integrated visual navigation setting cannot be effective in achieving the minimum
objectives of the Model Course, original or revised
Competency by the letter and the spirit of STCW means unequivocally that the trainee must be
assessed individually during the course on one or another type-approved ECDIS, (the same issue
was settled long ago with regards to radar, ARPA and GMDSS training)
The issue of ECDIS competency is especially relevant under the Manila Amendments to the
STCW Convention and Code through:
Details of expected outcomes,
Application to all deck watch officers sailing where ECDIS is fitted,
Through reference to this Model Course as presently revised
As best practices evolve regarding ECDIS use, discussion and practice involving applicable
COLREGS must be included in ECDIS training, especially where AIS and radar information can
be combined in the ECDIS display (see Lessons: 3, 13, 31, 32, 36, 37, 39, 40, Proficiency
Checklist, and Evaluation Checklist)
In e-Navigation, a role is envisioned for ECDIS that is quite ubiquitous, and implies a thorough
and uniform level of competence, reliability and usage. One purpose of e-Navigation aims to
prevent the overburdening and distraction of the seafarer; as such, principles and practices of e-
navigation must be included in ECDIS training (see Lesson 40)
Reliance on ECDIS
Past ECDIS training has focused on ECDIS functionality and the importance of training users to avoid
over-reliance on a computer-based navigation system.
These are somewhat valid considerations, when properly qualified, but they are counter effective
approaches to training. The over-arching goal of ECDIS training should be, in fact, to enable a very high
degree of reliance on ECDIS as a supportive tool. This presumes an approach to the limitations inherent
in every aspect of navigation, to include all instruments and sensors and visual assessments. This also
presumes that ECDIS functionalities are presented for their value and priority to navigational tasks. In its
most mature implementation, becoming more prevalent with most newly built ships, ECDIS is installed
with the intent of effectively applying rudder through Track Control.
With this in mind, there are three crucial and related points to remember when learning and teaching
ECDIS:
At the end of the day, it is not ECDIS you are learning or teaching, but navigation using ECDIS
What navigation actually is varies widely across the spectrum of ECDIS users, their vessels, and
their waterways
No one ECDIS setting can possibly suit all circumstances; this means that it is paramount to
emphasize and practice the adjustment of settings appropriate to changing conditions, such as
when changing between open and confined waters, changes in ambient light, monitoring and
changing route information, etc.
All of these points require that the ECDIS trainee becomes skilled in adapting the ECDIS to a wide variety
of conditions and to changes in conditions while navigating in a visual environment. In fact, the
fundamental desired outcome should be that the use of ECDIS enhances rather than interferes with the
safety of navigation.
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ECDIS training provides nothing short of comprehensive practice in safe navigation. ECDIS training
should therefore focus on the supportive tasks ECDIS has proven to perform, including:
Positioning, route monitoring, passage planning and route making

Contact management
Monitoring of environmental and sensor conditions
Integration with radar, AIS and autopilot
Without being methodically assimilated into the training, these capabilities quickly become overwhelming
to the ECDIS user. Without practice in a comprehensive course, the ECDIS user will develop partial skills
even over the long term, and relegate the ECDIS to a secondary role in navigation. Thus the admonition
to avoid over-reliance is perpetuated.
The fallacy in this all-too-common circumstance is that ECDIS itself is unreliable. However, in a
comprehensive training approach to ECDIS such as this revised Model Course proposes, trainees can
discover for themselves the great extent to which ECDIS can be relied upon to improve the safety of
navigation.
Keeping ECDIS training in the context of navigation means that the various functions of the device should
be introduced in their order of priority to the overall project of navigation, rather than for their appeal as
presented by the manufacturer. Broadly speaking, the training should approach three stages in fairly strict
succession:
1 Basic (display presentation for the watch) - [Lessons 1 through 20]

2 Intermediate (adjustment of settings & data for passage) - [Lessons 21 through 31]
3 Navigator (tasks for person in charge of ECDIS) - [Lessons 32 through 35]
The Proficiency Checklist that has been developed for inclusion in this 2010 edition to the Model Course
aims to keep this developmental process clearly in focus throughout the training on ECDIS. With its more
than 80 items, the Checklist, in fact, firmly establishes the importance of learning ECDIS with an ECDIS
unit running in simulation where there is no dire consequence to standing an inattentive watch while
experimenting with ECDIS.
ECDIS competency
There are two significant changes with regards to ECDIS in the Manila Amendments to the STCW Code:
The Officer of the Watch at both management and operational levels serving aboard vessels
larger and smaller than 500 GT fitted with ECDIS must be certified in the operational use of
ECDIS
Competence in ECDIS is defined in its use to maintain the safety of navigation, while the
knowledge, understanding and proficiency in the various tables is defined as:
Table A-II/1: "Navigation using ECDIS: Knowledge of the capability and limitations of
ECDIS" and "Proficiency in operation, interpretation, and analysis of information obtained
from ECDIS"
Table A-II/2: "Management of operational procedures, system files and data"
Table A-II/3: "Thorough knowledge of and ability to use ECDIS"
(Tables A-II/1, A-II/2, and A-II/3, as amended, are included as Appendix 3 in the Annex to the
Instructor Manual.)
The intent and specific criteria of the amended STCW Code on ECDIS is plain to see. Any Officer in
Charge of a Navigational Watch (OIC) must be able to monitor information on ECDIS in a manner that
contributes to safe navigation, while any Chief Mate or Master must be able to also establish, apply and
monitor operational procedures for using ECDIS.
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Where these skills are acquired and assessed using approved ECDIS simulator training, or its equivalent,
the simulator and the associated ECDIS course of instruction must be able to produce a navigational
environment where unsafe events will occur when ECDIS information is incorrectly monitored and when
ECDIS operating procedures are inadequately applied.
In other words, it is the unsafe navigational events in a given scenario, where preventable by proper
operation of ECDIS, which should determine the baseline competency. Interwoven with this is the
opportunity to practice and apply the very many specific ECDIS functions that add up to proper operation,
and which will help avoid distractions resulting from unfamiliarity with ECDIS.
The methods for demonstrating this competence require either ECDIS simulator training or its equivalent
in underway experience. One purpose of this revised Model Course is to establish the high importance of
replicating that underway navigational experience with ECDIS in simulator training, or its equivalent. It is
fair to state that ECDIS simulator training that does not meet the "underway standard" cannot possibly
satisfy the letter or intent of the revised STCW Code. It is therefore appropriate that the learning and
assessment objectives of this revised Model Course and its Framework should deliver a practical
demonstration of this underway standard. (See Evaluation Checklist in the Evaluation Plan of the
proposed Revised Model Course, as it is applicable to some degree in every exercise.)
Perhaps the most significant challenge facing instructional design for ECDIS use is the recognition that
the mastery of navigational functionality of the device does not equate to skillful and safe navigation with
ECDIS. Because ECDIS is an integrative device by its structure and purpose and placement in integrated
bridge systems, the use of it and its use in the various acts of navigation cannot be separated for very
long.
The consequence of training on ECDIS outside of its navigational context is to develop skills that depend
upon not having any other navigational distractions. This may be the most undesirable outcome
imaginable for training in the use of ECDIS. Regrettably, this particular approach, common to part-task
training everywhere, has taken hold in most instances of ECDIS certified training worldwide.
The STCW Manila Amendments, however, now define the fundamental competence in ECDIS as a
navigation function at both levels: Maintain the safety of navigation through the use of ECDIS (See
Appendix 3 in the Appendices for the Instructor). As with many other STCW navigational competencies,
this desired outcome of ECDIS use must be demonstrated as a solo act, and that fact demands that safe
navigation with ECDIS is practiced, and ultimately evaluated, in a solo navigational environment.
Many general aspects of navigation must be evaluated when ECDIS competence is kept in its integrated
context, as well as the use of specific ECDIS functions at the right time and place. Indirectly, the behavior
that is being assessed is the trainees ability to divide attention evenly amongst all navigational aids and
systems, not least being the visual scene.
When considering the STCW criteria for evaluating ECDIS competence as desired outcomes, Table A-II/1
requires:
Monitoring appropriate information

Interpreting that information correctly
Controlling the vessels speed and autopilot
Utilizing effective communications,
Likewise, Table A-II/2 requires (in the same evaluation):
Making and using operational procedures

Making navigation safe by minimizing risk
Such training should encourage the application of judgment and the development of situational
awareness.
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Simulation in STCW
As given under Section A-I/12, Standards governing the use of simulators, the STCW Code requires that
any simulator used for mandatory simulator-based training "be capable of simulating the operating
capabilities of shipboard equipment concerned, to a level of physical realism appropriate to training
objectives and assessment objectives." The content of this section of the Code has not been altered in
the Manila Amendments.
As given under Section B-I/12, Guidance regarding the use of simulators, as amended, performance
standards for non-mandatory simulation equipment used for training and/or assessment of competence or
demonstration of skills in navigation and watchkeeping and in ship handling and maneuvering should
"provide a realistic visual scenario by day or by night ..." This is in addition to meeting all applicable
performance standards set out in section A-I/12. Here also, the content has not been altered from STCW-
95.
However, as given under Section B-I/12, Guidance regarding the use of simulators, significant details
regarding training and assessment in the operational use of the ECDIS has been added in the Manila
Amendments. The source of this section of STCW is STCW.7/Circ.10, June 2001 (STW 32 and MSC 74).
The Guidance section recognizes the necessity gaining practical skills on individual ECDIS simulators.
Although this guidance as STCW.7/Circ.10 predates the cost-effective technology now available for
individual ownship workstations integrated with the visual scene and all instrumentation including type-
approved ECDIS, the intent to promote navigational understanding and skill with ECDIS is fully relevant.
"The main objective of simulator exercises is to ensure that trainees understand their responsibilities in
the operational use of ECDIS in all safety-relevant aspects and are thoroughly familiar with the system
and equipment used" (Section B-I/12, paragraph 47, as amended).
Effective ECDIS simulation

ECDIS is unlike any other navigational aid in its ability to capture the user's attention for extended periods
of time. Absorption in menus, functional tasks, and potential ambiguities in information can swiftly
undermine the safety of navigation even where the user has the best intentions of standing a vigilant
watch. ECDIS is an encyclopedia of live information both graphic and textual, in the medium of a PC
display whose near total capture of the digital age has evolved on the basis of surfing, browsing,
interacting, storing, retrieving - in general, of being captivating.
Effective ECDIS training demands that each user develops the practical discipline of approaching the
ECDIS with a single question to resolve at any one time - confirm position, present track tendency,
confirm progress in a critical turn, next course to steer, ETA to upcoming waypoint, chart information,
contact data, adjustment to display, adapting the route to changes in plans, etc. Developing this single-
point query approach helps ensure that the ECDIS serves as an aid to navigation, such that its reliability
can be efficiently verified.
For this form of training, each trainee in an ECDIS course adhering to this edition of the Model Course
should optimally be provided with their own live ECDIS to operate and their own vessel to operate
through simulation, the navigational functions of which are fully integrated.
This approach is necessary for the progressive development of skills and for the assessment of their
achievement in the underway context of navigation. There is, in this optimal approach to the training, no
place for multiple users on one ECDIS, or an ECDIS that is not receiving underway sensor input, or an
underway environment devoid of an integrated visualization of the scene.
For all of the foregoing reasons, ECDIS simulation performance standards and the description of an
optimal ECDIS training environment have been included in the Part A - Course Framework of this 2010
edition of Model Course 1.27.
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Appendix 2
ECDIS Performance Standard references

The current electronic chart display and information system performance standards adopted by the
Organization are:
Resolution MSC.232(82), revision to the previous Performance Standards:

Applying to new ECDIS equipment installations on or after 1 January 2009
Resolution A.817(19), Performance Standards for Electronic Chart Display and Information
System (ECDIS); resolution MSC.64(67), annex 5, amending resolution A.817(19); resolution
MSC.86(70), annex 4, amending resolution A.817(19):
Applying to ECDIS equipment installations between 1 January 1996 and 1 October 2009;
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Appendix 3
ECDIS Carriage Requirements

ANNEX 1
RESOLUTION MSC.282(86)
(adopted on 5 June 2009)
ADOPTION OF AMENDMENTS TO THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR

THE SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA, 1974, AS AMENDED
THE MARITIME SAFETY COMMITTEE,
RECALLING Article 28(b) of the Convention on the International Maritime Organization

concerning the functions of the Committee,
RECALLING FURTHER article VIII(b) of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
(SOLAS), 1974 (hereinafter referred to as the Convention), concerning the amendment procedure
applicable to the Annex to the Convention, other than to the provisions of chapter I thereof,
HAVING CONSIDERED, at its eighty-sixth session, amendments to the Convention, proposed

and circulated in accordance with article VIII(b)(i) thereof,
1. ADOPTS, in accordance with article VIII(b)(iv) of the Convention, amendments to the Convention,
the text of which is set out in the Annex to the present resolution;
2. DETERMINES, in accordance with article VIII(b)(vi)(2)(bb) of the Convention, that the said
amendments shall be deemed to have been accepted on 1 July 2010, unless, prior to that date, more
than one third of the Contracting Governments to the Convention or Contracting Governments the
combined merchant fleets of which constitute not less than 50% of the gross tonnage of the world's
merchant fleet, have notified their objections to the amendments;
3. INVITES SOLAS Contracting Governments to note that, in accordance with article VIII(b)(vii)(2) of
the Convention, the amendments shall enter into force on 1 January 2011 upon their acceptance in
accordance with paragraph 2 above;
4. REQUESTS the Secretary-General, in conformity with article VIII(b)(v) of the Convention, to

transmit certified copies of the present resolution and the text of the amendments contained in the Annex
to all Contracting Governments to the Convention;
5. FURTHER REQUESTS the Secretary-General to transmit copies of this resolution and its Annex
to Members of the Organization, which are not Contracting Governments to the Convention.
ANNEX
AMENDMENTS TO THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SAFETY OF

LIFE AT SEA, 1974, AS AMENDED
[. . .]
CHAPTER V
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SAFETY OF NAVIGATION
Regulation 19 Carriage requirements for shipborne navigational systems and equipment
3 In paragraph 2.1, the existing subparagraph .4 is replaced by the following:
.4 nautical charts and nautical publications to plan and display the ships route for the
intended voyage and to plot and monitor positions throughout the voyage. An electronic chart
display and information system (ECDIS) is also accepted as meeting the chart carriage
requirements of this subparagraph. Ships to which paragraph 2.10 applies shall comply with the
carriage requirements for ECDIS detailed therein;.
[. . .]
5 After the existing paragraph 2.9, the new paragraphs 2.10 and 2.11 are added as follows:
2.10 Ships engaged on international voyages shall be fitted with an Electronic Chart Display
and Information System (ECDIS) as follows:
.1 passenger ships of 500 gross tonnage and upwards constructed on or after 1 July
2012;
.2 tankers of 3,000 gross tonnage and upwards constructed on or after 1 July 2012;
.3 cargo ships, other than tankers, of 10,000 gross tonnage and upwards constructed
on or after 1 July 2013;
.4 cargo ships, other than tankers, of 3,000 gross tonnage and upwards but less than
10,000 gross tonnage constructed on or after 1 July 2014;
.5 passenger ships of 500 gross tonnage and upwards constructed before 1 July
2012, not later than the first survey* on or after 1 July 2014;
.6 tankers of 3,000 gross tonnage and upwards constructed before 1 July 2012, not
later than the first survey* on or after 1 July 2015;
.7 cargo ships, other than tankers, of 50,000 gross tonnage and upwards constructed
before 1 July 2013, not later than the first survey* on or after 1 July 2016;
.8 cargo ships, other than tankers, of 20,000 gross tonnage and upwards but less
than 50,000 gross tonnage constructed before 1 July 2013, not later than the first
survey* on or after 1 July 2017; and
.9 cargo ships, other than tankers, of 10,000 gross tonnage and upwards but less
than 20,000 gross tonnage constructed before 1 July 2013, not later than the first
survey* on or after 1 July 2018.
2.11 Administrations may exempt ships from the application of the requirements of
paragraph 2.10 when such ships will be taken permanently out of service within two years after
the implementation date specified in subparagraphs .5 to .9 of paragraph 2.10.
_________________________
* Refer to the Unified interpretation of the term first survey referred to in SOLAS regulations
(MSC.1/Circ.1290).
[. . .]
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Appendix 4
STCW Manila Amendments on ECDIS
Table A-II/1 Function: Navigation at the operational level

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4
Competence Knowledge, understanding and proficiency Methods for Criteria for
demonstrating evaluating
competence competence
Use of ECDIS to Navigation using ECDIS Examination and Monitors information
maintain the safety assessment of on ECDIS in a
Knowledge of the capability and limitations of
of navigation evidence obtained manner that
ECDIS operations, including:
from one or more of contributes to safe
Note: Training and .1 a thorough understanding of Electronic the following: navigation
assessment in the Navigational Chart (ENC) data, data
use of ECDIS is not accuracy, presentation rules, display .1 approved Information obtained
required for those options and other chart data formats training ship from ECDIS
who serve .2 the dangers of over-reliance experience (including radar
exclusively on ships overlay and/or radar
not fitted with ECDIS .3 familiarity with the functions of ECDIS .2 approved tracking functions,
required by performance standards in force ECDIS simulator when fitted) is
These Limitations Proficiency in operation, interpretation, and training correctly interpreted
shall be reflected in analysis of information obtained from ECDIS, and analysed, taking
the endorsements including: into account the
issued to the limitations of the
seafarer concerned .1 use of functions that are integrated with equipment, all
other navigation systems in various connected sensors
installations, including proper functioning (including radar and
and adjustment to desired settings AIS where
.2 safe monitoring and adjustment of interfaced), and
information, including own position, sea prevailing
area display, mode and orientation, chart circumstances and
data displayed, route monitoring, user- conditions
created information layers, contacts (when
interfaced with AIS and/or radar tracking) Safety of navigation
and radar overlay functions (when is maintained
interfaced) through adjustments
made to the ships
.3 confirmation of vessel position by
course and speed
alternative means
through ECDIS-
.4 efficient use of settings to ensure controlled track-
conformance to operational procedures, keeping functions
including alarm parameters for anti- (when fitted)
grounding, proximity to contacts and Communication is
special areas, completeness of chart data clear, concise and
and chart update status, and backup acknowledged at all
arrangements times in a
seamanlike manner
.5 adjustment of settings and values to suit
the present conditions
.6 situational awareness while using ECDIS
including safe water and proximity of
hazards, set and drift, chart data and scale
selection, suitability of route, contact
detection and management, and integrity of
sensors
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Table A-II/2 Function: Navigation at the management level

Maintain the safety Management of operational procedures, Assessment of Operational
of navigation through system files and data, including: evidence obtained procedures for using
the use of ECDIS from one of the ECDIS are
.1 manage procurement, licensing and
and associated following: established, applied,
updating of chart data and system software
navigation systems and monitored
to conform to established procedures .1 approved in-
to assist command
service
decision making .2 system and information updating, including Actions taken to
experience
the ability to update ECDIS system version minimize risk to
Note: Training and in accordance with vendors product .2 approved safety of navigation
assessment in the development training ship
use of ECDIS is not experience
.3 create and maintain system configuration
required for those and backup files .3 approved
who serve ECDIS simulator
exclusively on ships .4 create and maintain log files in accordance
training
not fitted with with established procedures
ECDIS. .5 create and maintain route plan files in
accordance with established procedures
This limitation shall
be reflected in the .6 use ECDIS log-book and track history
endorsement issued functions for inspection of system functions,
to the seafarer alarm settings and user responses
concerned .7 use ECDIS playback functionality for
passage review, route planning and review
of system functions
Table A-II/3 Function: Navigation at the operational level

Plan and conduct a Navigation Examination and
coastal passage and assessment of
determine position Thorough knowledge of and ability to use evidence obtained
ECDIS from one or more of
Note: Training and the following:
assessment in the
use of ECDIS is not .1 approved
required for those training ship
who serve experience
exclusively on ships .2 approved
not fitted with ECDIS simulator
ECDIS. These training
limitations shall be
reflected in the
endorsement issued
to the seafarer
concerned
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Annex, page 99
Appendix 5
Training scenario types and scenario success

Training Scenario types with various ship types and various geographic and environmental settings
include:
Some or all ownships operating in a large port area,

Some or all ownships operating in open or coastal waters with converging traffic patterns
Smaller groups transiting narrow passages in converging or opposing patterns,
Group SAR operations that are visually demanding and ECDIS-dependent
Simple dynamics requiring effective use of ECDIS can include changes in passage requirements,
environmental conditions, vessel types, task emphasis through procedural orders, etc.
Scenarios can vary between 15 minutes and more than 100 minutes depending on the number and depth
of task elements involved
For example, six ships approach an anchorage at about the same time (an additional group can be run in
parallel):
All practice ship handling, visual navigation, communications, contact management

All practice specific tasks on ECDIS
For example, two ships each with one assist tug (four ownships) entering a basin or channel is
exponentially more complex than one ownship with an instructor controlling a tug and numerous target
ships (additional groups of four can be run in parallel, depending on simulator capability):
Two trainees conn ships, two trainees conn tugs

All practice visual navigation, communications, maneuvering, lines, etc.
All of the foregoing scenario types apply ECDIS in a wide variety of navigational tasks
The following concerns are crucial to the success of such scenarios:
Limit number ownships involved to preserve event realism and plausibility

Embedding automatic assessment of selected variables
Clearly established desired outcomes provided per ownship, especially through assessed value
of actions taken & not taken
Suiting workload to size of conning team (one or two)
Responsibility of conn to keep detailed record of events and actions
Provisions for backup means alternate position and traffic plotting, etc.
Opportunity to plan passage
Opportunity to check instrument configuration
Exercise debrief in classroom setting, to include playback with ownships re-assigned, systematic
self-review of critical events per ownship
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Annex, page 100
Appendix 6
Integrated navigation training example

The following description of integrated navigation training provides an example of how proficiencies in
ECDIS may be developed with proven success.
In order to accommodate 150 trainees per year, 2 integrated navigation labs (INL) are configured, each
with 16 isolated ownships (32 total). Additionally, a classroom (open lab) with 24 workstations, and
another classroom with 18-workstations are also configured. All four labs have the same fully integrated
simulation software package installed. Each lab is designed to run any combination of interacting
ownships, depending on the exercise design.
The coaching on equipment and exercise review are conducted in the classrooms (open lab, Figure 1,
below). Although each trainee sits at a dual-display desktop configuration, all of the same conning
capabilities are present, including full visualization. In this environment, familiarization with tasks and
functionalities are accomplished in a group manner that assures all trainees are developing the required
skills.
Each ownship in the integrated navigation labs (INL) consists of the visual scene on a 42 display,
conning including autopilot with track control and other navigation instruments, ECDIS and radar, VHF,
and chart table (Figure 2, below). Sound is also integrated. Each ownship is in a 9ft x 5ft cubicle, where
the conning officer stands. Space in each cubicle is sufficient for a team of two. The optimal training in the
labs is in solo watchstanding with ECDIS, paper chart backup, and all other navigational aids.
The real learning for each trainee, however, takes place in the semi-isolated multiple ownships of the INL.
The integration means there is always a visual scene for the underway context. The multiple ownships
allow for a wide variety of scenarios, from single ownship exercises run simultaneously in parallel, to a
single exercise with all ownships interacting as well as with target vessels from the instructor. In any case,
specific learning objectives can be achieved by clustering task elements that support the overarching goal
of safe navigation.
Figure 1 24-workstation integrated navigation classroom Figure 2 16-workstation Integrated Navigation Lab
for coaching in ECDIS functionalities and navigation (INL) for solo ECDIS navigation and assessment
___
I:\STW\43\3-1.docx
1. Care su t o diiile pe tru a u e hipa e t ECDIS s poat fi
o siderat a depli i spe ifi aiile COLREG Cap V, Regula 9. . .4?
E hipa e tul ECDIS tre uie s respe te spe ifi aiile prevzute IMO ECDIS
Performance Standards, IMO Resolutions A.817 (19), MSC.64 (67) and MSC.86
. Pe tru a depli i spe ifi aiile SOLAS Regula . . . e hipa e tul ECDIS
tre uie s dei ertifi at de type approved.
2. Care su t o diiile pe tru a u e hipa e t ECDIS s poat fi folosit
pe tru avigaie?
Nu toate siste ele de hri ele tro i e ECS su t ECDIS. Dup u este
specificat mai sus, doar un sistem ECDIS aprobat poate fi folosit pentru
asigurarea avigaiei. Si tetiz d, pute spu e u e hipa e t ECDIS poate
fi folosit pe tu avigaie da su t depli ite si ulta ur toarele o diii:
este folosit u hri orespu ztoare ENC S /SENC ; siste ul are ertifi at de
type approved; este apro at de ad i istraia statului de pavilio ; are u
sistem de back-up aprobat.
3. Ce sea siste de Back-up pentru echipamentul ECDIS?
ECDIS Perfor a e sta dards spe ifi eri ele pe tru siste ul de a k-up
s u i di e siste e depli es a ele eri e. Cu toate a estea, SOLAS
Regula V prevede pot fi folosite hri de hrtie orespu ztoare.
Posibilitatea de a folosi alte sisteme de back-up, u e epia elor de hrtie,
tre uie s fie sta ilit de orga izaiile ariti e di do e iu.
4. Ce o diii tre uie s depli eas siste ul de a k-up?
Da ava este e hipat u u al doilea siste ECDIS, ca sistem de back-up
pe tru pri ul ECDIS, a est al doilea siste poate fi a eptat o alter ativ a
utilizrii hrilor de hrtie orespu ztoare.
A estea tre uie s depli eas ur toarele eri e:
- A ele siste e de ECDIS, pri ar i se u dar, tre uie s fie total
i depe de te i s dei ertifi ate de type approved, conform
sta dardelor vigoare Rezoluia A , u a e da e tele,
standardele IEC 61162- i IEC , Rezoluia ;
ECDIS
6
- Sursa de electricitate pentru ambele siste e ECDIS tre uie s fie
e hivale te eri elor pe tru alte siste e de avigaie spe ifi ate
SOLAS Regula V . A ele siste e tre uie s fie o e tate la sursele
de ele tri itate pri ipale i de urge . Shi area sursei de
electricitate nu trebuie s e esite repor irea e hipa e tului ECDIS.
Pe tru a satisfa e a este eri e e hipa e tul ECDIS tre uie s fie
o e tat la o surs ele tri itate de rezerv odul UPS , u o
apa itate de el pui i ute.
- C d sursa de ele tri itate de rezerv UPS este folosit, a est fapt
tre uie i di at pe pu tea de o a d pri se al audio i vizual.
- Hrile folosite tre uie s fie ofi iale ENC sau RNC, aa u su t
defi ite de Regula v/ . a o ve iei SOLAS i a sta dardelor apli a ile.
- Updatarea infor aiilor di hri tre uie s se fa la a eleai i tervale
cum sunt n prezent realizate prin intermediul NTM (avizelor pentru
navigatori), furnizate de un Hydrographic Office autorizat.
- C d se aviga ape pe tru are e ist ENC i RNC, avigaia trebuie
s se efe tueze utiliz d ENC. situaia are u su t dispo i ile la
ord hri ENC sau RNC up-date-ate, tre uie folosite hri de hrtie update-
ate.
. Ce tip de hri de avigaie este preferat a fi folosite o te tul
ECDIS?
Sistemul ECDIS tre uie s foloseas Hri Ele tro i e de Navigaie - Electronic
Navigaio al Charts ENC , are orespu d sta dardelor defi ite de Orga izaia
Hirdografi a I ter aio al - I ter aio al H drographi Orga izatio IHO .
Acestea sunt cunoscute sub denumirea official ENC.
1. Ce este ENC?
O reprodu ere fa si il a u ei hri de hrtie reat de, sau distri uit su
autoritatea unui birou hidrografic guvernamental autorizat. RNC este termenul
utilizat ..., pe tru a defi i fie o si gur hart, fie o ole ie de hri.Care su t
o diiile pe tru a u e hipa e t ECDIS s poat fi folosit pe tru avigaie?
. Caresu t pri ipalele siste e de hri ele tro i e?
RCDS Raster Chart Displa S ste Ce o diii tre uie s depli eas siste ul
de back-up?
. Siste ul ECS depli ete eri ele SOLAA?
Nu. Sistemul ECS - de hri ele tro i e, este de u irea utilizat pe tru u
siste o er ial de hri ele tro i e, e u este o eput astfel t s
depli eas eri ele o ve iei SOLAS. A esta este u i stru e t e poate
Hrile ele tro i e de avigaie
8
servi asigurrii avigaiei pe avele supuse o ve iei SOLAS s doar
preu u hrile de hrtie.
. Hrile raster pot lo ui hrile de hrtie?
Nu. Hrile raster u pot lo ui hrile de hrtie di auza e depli irii
caracteristicilor specificate de IMO. n concluzie, atunci cnd un sistem ECDIS
folosete hri for at raster el este o siderat a fi utilizat modul ECS.
. Hrile raster su t e hivale tul fotografiilor digitale?
Nu. Difere a di tre o hart ele tro i for at raster i o fotografie digital
este a eea hrile raster per it a fie are pi el s fie defi it a i poziie
fu ie de latitudi e i lo gitudi e.
2. Care dintre urmatoarele date sunt categorii de layer-e pentru a fi

afisate pe display-ul ECDIS?
a. Avertizari ECDIS
b. Informatii NTM
c. Ambele
a. Nave tinta de pe Radar
b. Vectori ARPA
c. Date hidrografice
a. Tinte radar
b. Date meteorologice
c. Adancimi
. afar de eri ele pe tru Base Displa i Sta dard Displa , i e
sele teaz ategoriile de displa di tipul de displa "All other
information"?
a. Biroul hidrografic
b. Producatorul de echipament ECDIS
c. Navigatorul
d. Toti cei de mai sus
6. Care este diferenta dintre Standard Display si Display Base?
a. Standard dispaly nivelul de informatii SENC afisat cand
ECDIS-ul este pornit prima data, utilizat pentru planificarea rutei, poate
fi modificat de navigator in functie de necesitati;
b. Display base nivelul de informatii care nu poate fi inlaturat
de pe dispaly, necesar tot timpul, nu este suficient pentru siguranta
navigatiei.
Modul de prezentare a datelor ECDIS
12
. Care su t etodele sta dard de evide iere a ad i ilor dispo i ile
pe care utilizatorul le poate folosi?
a. Co turul de sigura
. Ad i i de sigura t
. I di area ariilor ad i i ai pui ad i
d. Toate cele de mai sus
1. Care dintre urmatoarele informatii trebuie sa poata fi inregistrate de
a. Timpul estimate de sosire
b. Viteza medie estimata
c. Istoricul drumului navei
2. Care dintre urmatoarele informatii trebuie sa poata fi inregistrata de
a. Pozitia navei
b. Sursa hartii de navigatie
c. Ambele
. Nu iti pri ipalele i de ajustare a u ei rute pla ifi ate, di Route

Planning Mode.
Adaugare WP, Stergere WP, Modificarea pozitiei WP, operare alfanumerica si
grafica
4. Referitor la inregistrarile voiajului, care sunt principalele tipuri de date
care trebuie sa fie inregistrate la intervale de un minut, pe perioada
ultimelor 12 ore?
a. Inregistrari referitoare la ruta parcursa de nava proprie (timp,
pozitie, heading, viteza)
b. Inregistrarea datelor oficiale utilizate (ENC)
c. Ambele
5. Dati exemple de echipamente de navigatie cu care poate fi
interconectat echipamentul ECDIS.
DGPS, GPS, Radar, Compass, etc
6. In cazul interconectarii ECDIS cu alte echipamente de navigatie,
exemplificati ce functii ECDIS sunt integrate cu acestea.
Pozitia de la AIS-DGPS, timpul de la GPS, radar overlay (RIB), urmarirea tintelor
radar, verificarea drumului tinut pa autopilot, drumul Compas,
Intrebri i rspunsuri
. Care su t odalitile de efe tuare a ore iilor hrilor ele tro i e pe
care utilizatorul le are la dispoziie?
a. Core tarea auto at
. A tualizare a ual
c. Ambele
. Care su t datele pe are tre uie s le poat registra i afia
e hipa e tul ECDIS referitor la ore tarea hrilor ENC?
a. Nu rul de ide tifi are al ore iei, dat de iroul hidrografic
relevant;
. Data i ora apli rii sau respi gerii ore iei;
. Erorile aprute pe ti pul derulrii pro edurii de ore tare;
d. Modalitatea de apli are a ore iei a ual sau auto at .
e. Toate cele de mai sus
. Core iile a uale su t stocate de echipamentul ECDIS?
Da. Core iile efe tuate a ual su t de ase e ea sto ate, s fiiere
separate de ore iile ofi iale, iar fu iile de afiare la erere, a de altfel i de
tergere a a estora tre uie s fie dispo i il. E hipa e tul ECDIS tre uie s
per it sto area pe tru o perioad de el pui trei lu i a ore iilor a uale
are au fost terse.
Core tarea hrilor ele tro i e
12
. Care di tre ur toarele erori pot afe ta sigura a avigaiei o te t
ECDIS.
a. Erori ale datelor afiate pe displa -ul ECDIS
b. Erori n interpretarea datelor furnizate de ECDIS
c. Ambele
1. Care este diferenta dintre Indicatie si Alarma in contextul ECDIS?
Alarma anuntata prin semnale audio si/sau audio si vizuale. Ceea ce necesita
atentie
Indicatie o indicatie vizuala despre conditiile sistemului sau echipamnetului.
este i for at de faptul Ruta pla ifi at i terse teaz o zo
spe ifi at?
a. Alar ;
Alar e i avertizri
4
b. Indicaie;
c. Ambele.
este informat despre Intrarea ntr-o zo av d o diii spe iale?
a. Alar ;
. I di aie;
c. Ambele.
este informat despre I terse tarea o turului de sigura ?
a. Alarm;
. I di aie;
c. Ambele.
este informat despre Cedarea siste ului de poziio are?
a. Alar ;
b. Indicaie;
c. Ambele.

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Unitatea de nvare nr. 1 1. Ce nseamn ECDIS?

2.1 Toate navele indiferent de dimensiunile acestora trebuie s aib:

2.1.4 Hri de navigaie i publicaii nautice pentru

2.1.5 Un sistem de Back-up care s ndeplineasc cerinele

nelegerea noiunii de ECDIS

Not: Navele pot fi exceptate a ndeplini cerinele conform graficului dac

Acestea trebuie s ndeplineasc urmtoarele cerine:

- Ambele sisteme de ECDIS, primar i secundar, trebuie s fie total

Applied Research International, 2009. Electronic Chart Display & Information

Unitatea de nvare nr. 2 1. Clasificarea hrilor electronice?

RNC este definit de IMO astfel:

O reproducere facsimil a unei hri de hrtie creat de, sau

OBIECTIVELE unitii de nvare nr. 2

Diferena dintre o hart electronic n format raster i o fotografie digital este

Hrile oficiale RNC sunt meninute prin update-uri regulate de ctre

2 General 1:150 000 to 1:400 000 caracteristicile hrilor

2. Caresunt principalele sisteme de hri electronice?

ECDIS Electronic Chart Display and Information System

ECS Electronic Chart System

RCDS Raster Chart Display SystemCe condiii trebuie s ndeplineasc sistemul

3. Sistemul ECS ndeplinete cerinele SOLAA?

Nu. Sistemul ECS - de hri electronice, este denumirea utilizat pentru un

Applied Research International, 2009. Electronic Chart Display & Information

Unitatea de nvare nr. 3 1. Modul de prezentare a datelor ECDIS

Modalitatea de prezentare a culorilor i de asemenea a simbolurilor utilizate n

- Avnd n vedere dimensiunile reduse ale echipamentului ECDIS, display-ul

- Elimin necesitatea ca utilizatorul s verifice datumul fiecrei hri i s

- Toate informaiile din displayul de baz

Pentru a evidenia adncimile disponibile utilizatorul poate folosi trei metode

Deoarece valoarea exact a pescajului navei depinde de etapa voiajului, iar

Aceast opiune Safety depth furnizeaz utilizatorului informaii despre

3. Care dintre urmatoarele categorii de informatii este necesar sa poate fi

4. Care dintre urmatoarele categorii de informatii este necesar sa poate fi

Applied Research International, 2009. Electronic Chart Display & Information

Unitatea de nvare nr. 4 1. Setri de navigaie n contextul ECDIS

- Ora navei: setarea orei, schimbarea orei la bordul navei, GMT.

- Selectarea tipului sistemului de poziionare: setarea sistemului principal i al

- ER (echo reference) raportarea poziiei navei n funcie de un obiect sau

a) semnalul sistemului de poziionare este slab;

c) semnalul echo generat de o int selectat ca punct de

- Corectarea poziiei navei folosind informaii oferite de ARPA

- O diferen ntre cele dou imagini afiate, cauzat de eroarea

- Deplasarea obiectelor individuale; ex. balize ce nu sunt afiate n

- O nepotrivire a vectorilor (Vectorul vitezei deasupra fundului i

Pentru a asigura monitorizarea voiajului, echipamentul ECDIS trebuie s afieze

Echipamentul ECDIS trebuie s avertizeze pe parcursul monitorizrii rutei prin

- Unei rute alternative, care s poat fi folosit complementar rutei selectate

a. Timpul estimate de sosire

2. Care dintre urmatoarele informatii trebuie sa poata fi inregistrata de

Applied Research International, 2009. Electronic Chart Display & Information

Unitatea de nvare nr. 5 1. Modaliti de efectuare a coreciilor

Cercetrile i ncercrile din ultima perioad pentru a facilita corectarea on-line

O alt modalitate de efectuare a coreciilor este reprezentat de actualizarea de

Procedura pentru actualizarea manual a hrilor electronice const n

3. Erori n contextul ECDIS

Alarm o alarm sau un sistem de avertizare care anun prin

Indicaie indicaie vizual furniznd informaii despre condiiile unui

OBIECTIVELE unitii de nvare nr. 6

Alarm Devierea de la rut b. Indicaie;

Please send any recommendations or corrections to:

Document Sections and ECDIS Pages Symbol Sections

NAVIGATION AIDS AND SERVICES

INFORMATION ON SELECTED CHART FEATURES