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Hyperparatiroidismul Primar Si Secundar
Hyperparatiroidismul Primar Si Secundar
Etiologie
Hiperpratirodismul primar
80% adenom paratiroidian (unic sau multiplu)
12% hiperplazie (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia)
1-3% carcinomul paratiroidian
Hiperparatiroidism secundar
Producie excesiv de PTH reactiv la o anomalie renal.
n cele mai multe cazuri insuficiena renal cronic determin exces de fosfai
cu sau fr creterea calciului i stimularea gandei paratiroide
Hiperpatiroidismul teriar
Secreie excesiv autonoma de PTh prin autonomizarea unui hiperparatiroidism
secundar. Uneori dup transplant cauza hiperparatirodiei este eliminat dar
paratirodele s-au atuonomizat i continu s secrete
Semnele hipercalcemiei :
Litiaz renal, nephrocalcinoz
Polirie i polidipsie
Complicaii osoase
Clasic: osteitis fibrosa cystica: osteoporoz, tumori brune (zone
de osteoliz la nivelul oaselor lungi, fracturi patologice,
osteomalacie, artrit
Simptome gastrointestinale: constipaie, greutri, vrsturi, ulcer
peptic, pancreatit.
Complicaii SNC: letargie, astenie, depresie, tulburri de
memorie, psihoz, ataxie, delir, com ., ataxia, delirium, and
coma
Adenom PTH
Fractur pe os patologic
Dup tratament
Eroziuni subperiostale in
HPTH primar
PARATIROIDA
ADENOM
PARATIROIDIAN
PARATIROIDA
ADENOM PARATIROIDIAN
PARATIROIDA
ADENOM PARATIROIDIAN
+ADENOM TIROIDIAN
PARATIROIDA
CARCINOM
PARATIROIDIAN
Imaginile obinute prin MIBI sau PET cu metionin pot fi false, CT cu energie
dual (ultima imagine ) localizeaz adenomul ventral fa de jugulara intern
stng, fapt verificat intraoperator. Gimm et al., pages 30923093
Utilitatea investigaiilor
2.
3.
We do not have optimal reference intervals for PTH values based on coexisting 25OHD levels. Further studies are
required to establish reference intervals for second- and third-generation PTH assays using large population cohorts
that are comprised of vitamin D-replete subjects and also to stratify according to age, sex, race, GFR, and possibly
body mass index.
There is no overall difference between second- and third-generation assays for the diagnostic evaluation of
PHPT;
however, both of these newer generation assays represent an improvement over the first-generation PTH assay.
DNA sequence testing for mutations of CASR, MEN1, and HRPT2 genes can provide clinically useful information,
particularly in known or suspected cases of familial hyperparathyroidism. These studies are not recommended on a
routine basis. Mutations in the RET gene are of particular value in the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma
in MEN2A.
4.
5
6.
Vitamin D deficiency is common in patients with PHPT, and measurement of serum 25-OHD levels is recommended
routinely. Vitamin D deficiency should be treated before making any medical or surgical management decisions. It is
recommended that serum 25-OHD be maintained above 50 nmol/liter.
It is recommended that renal imaging be performed if kidney stones are suspected. Ultrasound is the recommended
imaging modality of choice, followed by CT scan if addition imaging is required.
We recommend the use of a GFR of 60 ml/min 1.73 m2 as the threshold of chronic kidney disease for making
decisions about surgery in patients with PHPT. Thus, we recommend the use of the MDRD equation because it is
more accurate for estimating GFR than the Cockcroft-Gault equation
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2009, Vol. 94, No. 2 335-339
SUMMARY STATEMENTGuidelines for the Management of Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism:
Summary Statement from the Third International WorkshopJohn P. Bilezikian, Aliya A. Khan, John T. Potts, Jr on
behalf of the Third International Workshop on the Management of Asymptomatic Primary Hyperthyroidism1
Comparison of new and old guidelines for parathyroid surgery in asymptomatic PHPT 1
Measurement
1990
2002
2008
1.0 mg/dl
(0.25
mmol/liter)
Not
indicated2
Reduced by 30%
Reduced by 30%
Reduced to
<60 ml/min
BMD
T-score <
2.5 at any
site3 and/or
previous
fracture
fragility4
Age (yr)
<50
<50
<50
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2009, Vol. 94, No. 2 335-339
SUMMARY STATEMENTGuidelines for the Management of Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism:
Summary Statement from the Third International WorkshopJohn P. Bilezikian, Aliya A. Khan, John T. Potts, Jr on
behalf of the Third International Workshop on the Management of Asymptomatic Primary Hyperthyroidism1
Comparison of new and old management guidelines for patients with asymptomatic
primary hyperparathyroidism who do not undergo parathyroid surgery
Measurement
1990
2002
2008
Serum calcium
Biannually
Biannually
Annually
24-h urinary
calcium
Annually
Not recommended
Not recommended
Creatinine
clearance (24h urine
collections)
Annually
Not recommended
Not recommended
Serum
creatinine
Annually
Annually
Annually
Bone density
Annually (forearm)
Annually (3 sites)
Every 12 yr (3 sites)1
Abdominal xray
(ultrasound)
Annually
Not recommended
Not recommended
1.
2.
3.
4.
PROCEEDINGS
HIPERPARATIROIDISMUL
SECUNDAR
HIPERPARATIROIDISMUL SECUNDAR
HIPERPARATIROIDISMUL SECUNDAR
CALCIUL: deficitul determin stimularea secreiei i hiperplaziei paratiroidiene la
nivel posttranscripional
HIPERFOSFATEMIA
Hiperfosfatemia crete produsul fosfo-calcic direct legat de mortalitatea
dializailor
Administrarea de chelatori de fosfat cu aluminiu determin prin acumularede
aluminiu anemie microcitar, osteomalacie i encefalopatie
Fosforul induce reglarea joas a 25 hidroxialzei hepatice
Fosforul stimuleaz la nivel post transcriional sinteza i eliberarea de PTH i
stabilitatea moleculei de PTH
Vitamina D
Scderea i reglarea joas a receptorilor de vitamina D determin rezistena la
vitamina D
Reducerea nivelului vitaminei D i excesul de fosfat determin proliferarea
celulelor paratiroidiene cu aciune la nivel transcripional
Ali factori: acidoza metabolic, aluminiul, estrogenii i catecolaminele
HIPERPARATIROIDISMUL SECUNDAR
Stimularea hiperplaziei paratiroidiene:
Hiperplazie policlonal
Hiperplazie monoclonal care determin hiperparatirodismul teriar
Managementul hiperparatirodismului secundar boli renale cronice trebie s
nceap nainte de aplicarea dializei
Reducerea aportului de fosfai cnd celarence-ul de creatinin ajunge la 30-40
ml
Instruirea asupra reducerii aportului de proteine i fosfor din diet
Reducerea aportului de proteine i fosfai completeaz anorexia caracteristic
bolii, reduc aportul de vitamine i complinaa bolnavilor la diet este modest
Creterea aportului de fosfat si a produsului fosfo-calcic determin calcinoza cu
formarea de depozite de calciu pe peretele vascular, piele, tesuturile moi, valve
cardiace, periarticular
Calcinoza este factor independent de mortalitate cardio-vascular independent de
ali factori
HIPERPARATIROIDISMUL SECUNDAR
Administrarea chelatorilor pe baz sruri de calciu 10-15 g pe zi ntre prnzuri este util,
dar preul este apariia calcificrilor ectopice
Riscul de calcificare este legat de administrarea carbonatului de calciu a crui
administrare este legat de rigiditatea arterial. Ischemia miocardic este de 2 ori mai
frecvent la subiectii care iau chelatori pe baz de calciu fa de ceilali chelatori
Sevelamer hidroclorid (RenoGel), un polimer fr calciu sau fosfor controleaz cu succes
hiperfosforemia i reduce spitalizrile prin comorbiditi
Lantum carbonat
Intesificarea ritumului dializelor i a flucxului sanguin in timpul dializei
Maxicalcitol
Falecalcitriol
Paricalcitol
Doxercalcoferol
Tratamentul se intrerupe in caz de hipercalcemie si hiperfosforemie important
Administrarea intravenoas in bolusuri intermitente realizeaz efecte superioare administrrii
zilnice
HIPERPARATIROIDISMUL SECUNDAR
ROLUL DIALIZEI
Reducerea coninutului de calciu din lichidul de dializ 1,25 M accentueaz
hieprparatiroidia
Excesul de calciu din lichidul de dializ perturb relaxarea ventricului stng
CALCIMIMETICELE
Cinacalcetul este indicat n supresia parial a PTH in hiprparatiroidismul usor
sau mediu
Este indicat la cei care rspund la vitamina D dar au produs fosfo-caclic crescut
Reduce rata de proliferare a celulelor paratiroidiene
PARATIROIDECTOMIA
Subtotal sau total cu autotransplatarea de 200-300 mg tesut paratiroidian sub
sternoceidomastoidian
Paratirodiectomia total fr transplant n calcinoza fulminant metastatic
Necrozarea paratiroidelor cu alcool
HIPERPARATIROIDISMUL SECUNDAR