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Recunoaterea i remisiunea
simptomelor fizice i emoionale din
depresie
DEPRESIA DIN PERSPECTIV
ISTORIC
scrierile biblice
Iliada i Odissea
tragediile lui Esquil i Sofocle
perioada preclinic - Hipocrate
perioada clinic - Robert Burton "Anatomy of
Melancholy" (1621)
perioada modern i contemporan Kraepelin,
Freud, Schneider, Leonhard, Beck
MDD* este o problem de
sntate public
Principala cauz de disabilitate din SUA
a 4 a cauz de afectare a sntii
a 2 a cauz n 2020
1 din 6 indivizi au experiena unui episod
depresiv major pe parcursul vieii3
MDD este potenial fatal4,5
8% dintre pacieni cu MDD care necesit spitalizare
pot comite suicidul4
Depresia crete riscul general de mortalitate5
*Depresie major.
1. World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2001: Mental Health: New
Understanding, New Hope. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2001.
2. Michaud CM, et al. JAMA. 2001;285:535-539.
3. Kessler RC, et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:8-19.
4. Bostwick JM, Pankratz VS. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1925-1932.
5. Murphy J, et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:473-480.
Date epidemiologice generale
Distimii endoreactive
Unul sau mai multe evenimente Epuizare
stresante de via. Nevroze reactive
ncordare emoional prelungit.
Psihotraume recente i conflicte intrapsihice tensional- nedescr-
cate.
Depresia: O afeciune sistemic
Manifestri emoionale i fizice
cefalee
Dispoziie depresiv
oboseal
Anhedonie
disgripnii
Lips de speran ameeli
autodepreciere Dureri toracice
Dureri articulare
Memorie afectat
Dureri de spate
Dificulti prosexice
Acuze gastroenterale (grea,
Anxietate vrsturi, constipaie, diaree,
flatulen)
Gnduri negre
Disfuncii sexuale
Probleme menstruale
80
Any psychiatric disorder
70
Mood disorder
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 to 1 2 to 3 4 to 5 6 to 8 9
(n=215) (n=225) (n=191) (n=230) (n=139)
Insomnie 95%
Tulburri de 90%
concentrare
Idei autolitice 80%
Fatigabilitate 75%
Inapeten 80%
Disperare 50%
Tristeea normal
Doliul
Anxietatea i panica
Schizofrenia
Tulb somatoform
Tulb legate de stress
DIAGNOSTIC DIFERENIAL
AFECIUNI SOMATICE
Boli neurologice epilepsie, AVC,
Parkinson, scleroza multipl
Boli cardiovasculare
Cancer
Boli endocrine
DIAGNOSTIC DIFERENIAL
depresie mascat
comorbiditatea cu alte boli
vrstnici
alian ntre pacient i medic
mpotriva depresiei (tacit collusion)
Tratamentul depresiei
Rspuns
Simptome
Sindrom
Timp
1. Judd LL, et al. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1501-1504. 7. Lustman PJ, et al. Diabetes Care. 2000; 23:934-942.
2. Paykel ES, et al. Psychol Med. 1995;25:1171-1180. 8. de Groot M, et al. Psychosom Med. 2001;63:619-630.
3. Thase ME, et al. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:1046-1052. 9. Frasure-Smith N, et al. JAMA. 1993;270:1819-1825.
4. Miller IW, et al. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59:608-619. 10. Penninx BWJH, et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:221-227.
5. Murphy JM, et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:473-480. 11. Vaccarino V, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:199-205.
6. Everson SA, et al. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:1133-1138. 12. Ickovics JR, et al. JAMA. 2001;285:1466-1474.
Remisiunea scade riscul
recderii / recurenei
80
70
Patients relapsing (%)
60 Response without
remission (n=19)
50
Remission (n=41)*
40 (HAM-D17 7)
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Months between response/remission and relapse
40
35
next 2 years (%)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
No remission Remission
Outcome at 3 months
*Remission=HAM-D17 7.
Based on odds ratio for DSM-IV major depression at 6-, 9-, 12-, 18-, and/or 24-month
Anxietate
Iritabilitate
Energie
Impulsivitate
Interes
dispoziie, emoii,
funcii cognitive Sex
Apetit
Motivaie
Agresivitate
Instincte
Dopamina
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Clasa de antidepresive Dozare (mg/zi)
Inhibitorii de monoamin-oxidaz (IMAO) 45-90
Phenelzine
Inhibitorii recaptrii monoaminelor 50-150
Clomipramina 100-300
Amitriptilina 100-300
Imipramina
Inhibitorii reversibili ai monoamin-oxidazei tip A (RIMA) 300-600
Moclobemide
Inhibitorii selectivi ai recaptrii serotoninei i noradrenalinei 150-300
(SNRIs)
Venlafaxina
Inhibitorii selectivi ai recaptrii serotoninei (SSRIs) 20-60
Citalopram 20-40
Fluoxetina 50-150
Fluvoxamina 20-50
Paroxetina 50-150
Sertralina
Inhibitorii selectivi ai recaptrii noradrenalinei (NARIs) 4-8
Reboxetina
Modulatorii receptorilor serotoninergici (SRMs) 300-600
Nefazodone 15-45
Mirtazepina
Efecte secundare
Triciclice
efecte anticolinergice - uscciunea gurii, constipaie, retenie
urinar, tulburri de vedere, palpitaii i tahicardie; precauie la
pacieni cu glaucom, retenie urinar, stenoz piloric sau
hipertrofie de prostat
toxicitatea cardiac sever, cu tulburri de conducere sau
aritmii
modificri n greutate
hipotensiune arterial
efect iritativ gastric
reacii alergice cutanate
modificri ale libido-ului, impoten, ginecomastie i galactoree
Contraindicaiile triciclicelor sunt: infarct miocardic acut,
tulburri de ritm i conducere, insuficien coronarian,
hepatopatie sever, manie, graviditate, alptare
Antidepresivele triciclice sunt letale n supradozare
Efecte secundare
SSRIs
No No No No
Symptoms Symptoms
symptoms symptoms symptoms symptoms
return return
return return appear appear
Se atinge remisiunea
Terapia cognitiv-comportamental
Psihanaliza
Hipnoza
Psihoeducaia
altele