PROIECT DIN DINAMICA AUTOVEHICULELOR

1. CALCULUL DINAMIC AL AUTOVEHICULULUI

1.1. PARAMETRII GEOMTERICI AI AUTOVEHICULULUI:
Ampatamentul (mm)
Ecartamentul fa (mm)
Ecartamentul spate (mm)
Lungime total (mm)
Lime total (mm)
nalime total (mm)
Greutate utila (N)
Greutate proprie (N)
Greutatea total (N)
Numr de persoane

6570
2145
1880
10190
2550
3930
113000
75000
188000
2

1.2. STABILIREA I REPARTIZAREA GREUTII PE PUNI:

Distribuia greutaii pe puni:
Puntea fa (N)
62667
Puntea spate (N)
125333
Distribuia greutaii pe roi:
Roata punte fa (N)
31333,5
Roata punte spate (N) 31333,25
1.3. ALEGEREA PNEURILOR SI DETERMINAREA RAZEI DINAMICE:
Pneuri: 295/80 R 22.5
Raza dinamic:

1.4. CALCULUL CARACTERISTICII EXTERNE ALE MOTORULUI

Calitatile dinamice si de tractiune ale autovehiculului sunt determinate de
caracteristica externa a motorului si anume de parametrii principali ai caracteristicii
externe, care sunt:
-

puterea maxima Pm [W]

momentul maxim Mm [Nm]
turatia corespunzatoare puterii maxime nM [rot/min]
turatia corespunzatoare momentului maxim nm [rot/min]
1

consumul specific c [g/kWh]

consumul orar C [kg/h]
3 4c
2c
1
; 2
; 3
;
2(1 c)
2(1 c)
2(1 c)

1, 2, 3 parametrii dependenti de coeficientul de elasticitate al motorului

2
3
n
n
n
Pe Pm 1
2 3
nm
nm
nm
Momentul maxim: 176kW

n
n
M e M m 1 2
3
nm

nm

Turaia maxim: 2850 rpm

n (rpm)
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1710
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2850
3000

Pe (kW)
69,3145
77,62587
85,96005
94,26002
102,4688
110,5292
118,3844
125,9773
126,72
133,2509
140,1481
146,612
152,5855
158,0116
162,8332
166,9934
170,4352
173,1014
174,9351
175,8793
176
0

Me (Nm)
661,9036
673,883
684,0473
692,3965
698,9307
703,6498
706,5539
707,6429
707,652
706,9169
704,3758
700,0197
693,8485
685,8623
676,061
664,4447
651,0133
635,7669
618,7054
599,8289
589,71
0

c (g/kWh)
249,4605
245,0259
241,3851
238,4743
236,2449
234,6605
233,696
233,3363
233,3333
233,576
234,4186
235,8774
237,9753
240,7463
244,2365
248,5065
253,6335
259,7159
266,8779
275,2765
280
550

C (kg/h)
17,29123
19,02035
20,74947
22,4786
24,20772
25,93684
27,66596
29,39509
29,568
31,12421
32,85333
34,58246
36,31158
38,0407
39,76982
41,49895
43,22807
44,95719
46,68632
48,41544
49,28
30

c=
nm=
Mn=
1=
2=
3=

0,6
1710
589,71
0,75
1,5
-1,25

800

200

700
600
500
400

100

300
200
100

Me (Nm)

c (g/kWh)

Pe (kW)

3200

3100

3000

2900

2800

2700

2600

2500

2400

2300

2200

2100

2000

1900

1800

1700

1600

1500

1400

1300

1200

1100

1000

0
900

C (kg/h)

1.5. STABILIREA VITEZEI MAXIME

Viteza maxima se determina din conditia functionarii motorului dupa caracteristica externa
(sarcina maxima).

Vitea maxima

m/s
28

Km/h
100,8

Ga - greutatea totala a autocamionului

f

- coeficientul de rezistenta la rulare

K - coeficient aerodinamic
S

- suprafata frontala maxima

KS - forta rezistenta a aerului

tr - randamentul transmisiei
Pvmax - puterea corespunzatoare vitezei maxime
1.6. DETERMINAREA RAPORTULUI DE TRANSMITEERE AL TRANSMISIEI
Valoarea raportului de transmitere al transmisiei principale a autocamionului (io) se
determina din conditia realizarii vitezei maxime in priza directa a cutiei de viteze, pe drum
orizontal de calitate foarte buna.
Raportul de transmitere al transmisiei principale

rd - raza dinamica
nvmax - turatia vitezei maxime
ikvmax - raportul din CV pentru viteza maxima
iCDN - raportul din reductor
vmax - viteza maxima
Coeficientul rezistneei totale:

1.7. DETERMINAREA REAPOARTELOR DE TRANSMITERE DIN CUTIA DE

VITEZE
-presupunem c valorile rapoartelor de transmitere ale cutiei de viteze, formeaz o
progresie geometric.
1.7.1. Calculul raportului de transmitere din treapa I
Raportul de transmitere n prima treapt din cutia de viteze se calculeaz din condia
nvingerii pantei maxime (max), neglijnd fora de rezistent a aerului care este nensemnat
4

din cauza vitezei reduse. Urcarea pantei maxime are loc la valoarea maxima a momentului
motor.

raportul de transmitere pentru treapta I

1.7.2. Determinarea celorlalte rapoarte de transmitere din cutia de viteze
Cunoscnd rapoartele de transmitere din prima treapt ikI si la ultima treapt in priza
direct ikVI se trece la determinarea rapoartelor de transmitere intermediare. Pentru aceasta se
consider c motorul lucreaz tot timpul pe caracteristica externa, adic la admisie total.
Numrul de trepte din cutia de viteze: i=6;
Raia geometric:

Treapta de vitez
1
2
3
4
5
6

Raportul de transmitere
8,35
5,464
3,576
2,341
1,531
1,000

1.7.3. Determinarea vitezelor corespunztoare treptelor de viteze

Turaia limit inferioar de schimbare a treptei:

Se adopt turatia limit inferioar de schimbare a treptelor de viteze

;
Vitez minim a treptei de vitez:

Viteza maxima a treptei de vitez:

rd=
n1=
n=
i0=
ik1=
ik2=
ik3=
ik4=
ik5=
ik6=

Treapta I
Treapta II
Treapta III
Treapta IV
Treapta V
Treapta VI

n
1865
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800

0,521
1865
2850
5,56
8,35
5,464
3,575
2,341
1,531
1

Vmin [m/s] Vmax [m/s] Viteza [m/s] Viteza [km/h]

2,192
3,349
2,770
9,974
3,349
5,118
4,234
15,242
5,119
7,823
6,471
23,295
7,818
11,946
9,882
35,575
11,954
18,267
15,110
54,396
18,301
27,966
23,134
83,281

v1
2,192
2,233
2,350
2,468
2,585
2,703
2,820
2,938
3,055
3,173
3,291

v2
3,349
3,412
3,592
3,771
3,951
4,131
4,310
4,490
4,669
4,849
5,029

v3
5,118
5,214
5,488
5,763
6,037
6,311
6,586
6,860
7,135
7,409
7,683

v4
7,818
7,964
8,383
8,803
9,222
9,641
10,060
10,479
10,898
11,318
11,737
6

v5
11,972
12,197
12,838
13,480
14,122
14,764
15,406
16,048
16,690
17,332
17,974

v6
18,301
18,644
19,626
20,607
21,588
22,569
23,551
24,532
25,513
26,494
27,476

2850

3,349

5,118

7,821

11,946

18,295

27,966

30

25

20
v1
v2

15

v3
v4
v5
10

v6

n
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1710
1800
1865
1900

3000

2900

2800

2700

2600

2500

2400

2300

2200

2100

2000

1900

1800

Pe
Me
v1
v2
v3
v4
v5
v6
69,314 661,904
77,626 673,883
85,960 684,047
94,260 692,396
102,469 698,931
110,529 703,650
118,384 706,554
125,977 707,643
126,720 707,652
133,251 706,917
137,780 705,472
2,192
3,349
5,118
7,818
11,954
18,301
140,148 704,376
2,233
3,412
5,214
7,964
12,178
18,644
7

2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2850

146,612
152,586
158,012
162,833
166,993
170,435
173,101
174,935
175,879
176,000

700,020
693,849
685,862
676,061
664,445
651,013
635,767
618,705
599,829
589,710

2,350
2,468
2,585
2,703
2,820
2,938
3,055
3,173
3,291
3,349

3,592
3,771
3,951
4,131
4,310
4,490
4,669
4,849
5,029
5,118

5,488
5,763
6,037
6,311
6,586
6,860
7,135
7,409
7,683
7,821

8,383
8,803
9,222
9,641
10,060
10,479
10,898
11,318
11,737
11,946

30

12,819
13,460
14,101
14,742
15,383
16,023
16,664
17,305
17,946
18,267

19,626
20,607
21,588
22,569
23,551
24,532
25,513
26,494
27,476
27,966

800.000
700.000

25
600.000
v1

20
500.000

v2
v3

15

400.000

v4
v5

300.000
10
200.000

v6
Pe
Me

5
100.000
0.000
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000

2. PERFORMANELE AUTOMOBILULUI:
Performanele reprezint posibilitile maxime ale autofurgonului n privina vitezei,
demarajului i capacitii de frnare, precum i indicii de apreciere ai acestora.
2.1. Caracteristica forei la roat:
Caracteristica forei la roat sau caracteristica de traciune reprezint curbele de
variaie ale acesteia n funcie de viteza autofurgonului pentru fiecare treapt a cutiei
de viteze utilizate.
;
Me momentul efectiv al motorului;
8

itr raportul de transmitere al transmisiei;

tr randamentul transmisieie;
rd raza dinamic a roii.
2.2. Caracteristica dinamic a autovehiculului:
Fora de traciune disponibil excendentar care se utilizeaz la nvigerea
rezistenelor drumului i rezistenei la demarare, caracterizeaz dinamicitatea
autofurgonului, dar nu poate fi folosit ca indice de comparaie pentru autofurgoane
de greutai diferite, deoarece la valori egale ale forei excendentare, calitile
dinamice ale unui autofurgon cu greutate mai mic sunt superioare celor ale unui
autofurgon cu greutate total mai mare.

2.3. Acceleraia i inversul ei:

Acceleraia autofurgonului caraterizeaz n general, calitile lui dinamice deoarece,
n condiii egale, cu ct este mai mare cu att crete viteza medie de explatare.
Valoarea acceleraiei autofurgonului se poate determina cu ajutorul caracteristicii
dinamice.
Turatia

Puterea

Moment

Pe

Me

[rot/min]

[kW]

[Nm]

69,314
77,626
85,960
94,260
102,469
110,529
118,384
125,977
126,720
133,251
137,780
140,148
146,612
152,586
158,012
162,833
166,993
170,435
173,101
174,935

661,904
673,883
684,047
692,396
698,931
703,650
706,554
707,643
707,652
706,917
705,472
704,376
700,020
693,849
685,862
676,061
664,445
651,013
635,767
618,705

1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1710
1800
1865
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700

Viteza
Tr1
[m/s]
0
1,175
1,293
1,410
1,528
1,645
1,763
1,880
1,998
2,010
2,115
2,192
2,233
2,350
2,468
2,585
2,703
2,820
2,938
3,055
3,173

Fr

Treapta
I
a

1/a

0,304
0,310
0,314
0,318
0,321
0,323
0,325
0,325
0,325
0,325
0,324
0,324
0,322
0,319
0,315
0,311
0,305
0,299
0,292
0,284

[m/s2]
0
0,954
0,972
0,988
1,000
1,010
1,017
1,021
1,023
1,023
1,022
1,020
1,018
1,011
1,002
0,990
0,975
0,958
0,937
0,915
0,889

[s2/m]
0
1,047761
1,028409
1,012547
0,999886
0,990204
0,983339
0,979176
0,977648
0,977638
0,97873
0,980839
0,98244
0,988837
0,998028
1,010166
1,025463
1,044196
1,066721
1,09349
1,125078

[N]
57212,38
58247,83
59126,39
59848,07
60412,86
60820,76
61071,78
61165,91
61166,7
61103,16
60978,24
60883,52
60506,99
59973,58
59283,28
58436,1
57432,03
56271,07
54953,23
53478,5
9

2800
2850

Viteza
Tr2
[m/s]
0,000
1,795895
1,975484
2,155074
2,334663
2,514253
2,693842
2,873431
3,053021
3,07098
3,23261
3,349344
3,4122
3,591789
3,771379
3,950968
4,130558
4,310147
4,489737
4,669326
4,848916
5,028505
5,1183

Viteza
Tr3
[m/s]
0
2,744063
3,018469
3,292875
3,567282
3,841688
4,116094
4,3905
4,664907

175,879
176,000

Fr

599,829
589,710

Treapta
II
a

1/a

0,199055
0,202642
0,205681
0,208172
0,210115
0,211511
0,212358
0,212658
0,212658
0,212411
0,211956
0,211615
0,210272
0,208381
0,205942
0,202956
0,199422
0,19534
0,19071
0,185533
0,179808
0,17674

[m/s2]
0,000
0,611288
0,623009
0,63294
0,64108
0,647431
0,651991
0,654762
0,655742
0,655742
0,654933
0,653447
0,652333
0,647944
0,641764
0,633795
0,624035
0,612486
0,599146
0,584017
0,567097
0,548388
0,538362

[s2/m]
0
1,635889
1,605113
1,57993
1,559867
1,544567
1,533763
1,527273
1,524989
1,52499
1,526874
1,530346
1,532958
1,543343
1,558204
1,577797
1,602473
1,632691
1,669041
1,712279
1,763366
1,823527
1,857487

Treapta III
a

1/a

0,130134
0,132452
0,134409
0,136004
0,137238
0,13811
0,138621
0,138771

[m/s2]
0
0,3861893
0,3937662
0,4001619
0,4053766
0,4094102
0,4122627
0,4139342
0,4144245

[s2/m]
0
2,589404
2,539578
2,498988
2,466842
2,442538
2,425638
2,415843
2,412985

[N]
37438,14
38115,71
38690,61
39162,86
39532,44
39799,36
39963,62
40025,21
40025,73
39984,15
39902,4
39840,42
39594,03
39244,99
38793,27
38238,9
37581,87
36822,17
35959,81
34994,79
33927,11
33354,77

Fr
[N]
24501,97
24945,42
25321,67
25630,74
25872,62
26047,31
26154,81
26195,13

3,291 51846,89
3,349 50972,25

10

0,276
0,271

0,860 1,162219
0,845 1,183154

4,692347
4,939313
5,117677
5,213719
5,488126
5,762532
6,036938
6,311344
6,585751
6,860157
7,134563
7,408969
7,683376
7,820579

Viteza
Tr4
[m/s]
0
4,191699
4,610869
5,030039
5,449209
5,868379
6,287549
6,706719
7,125889
7,167806
7,545059
7,817519
7,964229
8,383399
8,802569
9,221739
9,640909
10,06008
10,47925
10,89842
11,31759
11,73676
11,94634

26195,46
26168,25
26114,75
26074,19
25912,93
25684,49
25388,86
25026,05
24596,04
24098,84
23534,46
22902,89
22204,13
21829,55

Fr

0,138767
0,13856
0,138229
0,137988
0,137054
0,135759
0,134102
0,132084
0,129705
0,126965
0,123863
0,1204
0,116576
0,114529

0,4144086
0,4137338
0,4126515
0,411862
0,4088091
0,4045751
0,39916
0,3925638
0,3847866
0,3758283
0,3656889
0,3543684
0,3418668
0,3351731

Treapta
IV
a

1/a

0,084864
0,086312
0,087517
0,08848
0,089199
0,089675
0,089908
0,089898
0,089884
0,089645
0,08935
0,089149
0,08841
0,087428
0,086202
0,084734
0,083022
0,081068
0,07887
0,07643
0,073746
0,072313

[m/s2]
0
0,238231
0,242967
0,246908
0,250054
0,252406
0,253963
0,254725
0,254692
0,254645
0,253865
0,252901
0,252243
0,249826
0,246614
0,242608
0,237807
0,232211
0,225821
0,218635
0,210655
0,201881
0,197195

[s2/m]
0
4,197607
4,11579
4,050095
3,999134
3,961876
3,937588
3,925807
3,92631
3,927034
3,939106
3,954121
3,964437
4,002789
4,054916
4,121877
4,205092
4,306426
4,428293
4,573825
4,747088
4,95342
5,071113

[N]
16040,02
16330,32
16576,63
16778,96
16937,31
17051,67
17122,04
17148,43
17148,65
17130,84
17095,81
17069,26
16963,7
16814,15
16620,62
16383,1
16101,6
15776,12
15406,65
14993,19
14535,76
14290,54

2,413077
2,417013
2,423353
2,427998
2,44613
2,471729
2,505261
2,547356
2,598843
2,66079
2,734565
2,821922
2,925116
2,983533

11

Treapta
V
Viteza
Tr5
[m/s]
0
6,409385
7,050323
7,691262
8,3322
8,973139
9,614077
10,25502
10,89595
10,96005
11,53689
11,9535
12,17783
12,81877
13,45971
14,10065
14,74159
15,38252
16,02346
16,6644
17,30534
17,94628
18,26675

Fr

1/a

0,054733
0,055519
0,056131
0,056569
0,056832
0,056921
0,056835
0,056576
0,05654
0,056142
0,055766
0,055533
0,05475
0,053794
0,052662
0,051357
0,049877
0,048222
0,046394
0,044391
0,042214
0,04106

[m/s2]
0
0,139726
0,142297
0,144297
0,145728
0,146589
0,146879
0,1466
0,145751
0,145635
0,144332
0,143104
0,142342
0,139783
0,136654
0,132955
0,128686
0,123847
0,118438
0,112459
0,105911
0,098792
0,095019

[s2/m]
0
7,156847
7,027562
6,93013
6,862098
6,821809
6,808309
6,821279
6,861024
6,866502
6,928488
6,987948
7,02531
7,153927
7,317736
7,521328
7,770838
8,074461
8,44321
8,892092
9,441922
10,12229
10,52424

[N]
10490,08
10679,93
10841,02
10973,34
11076,9
11151,69
11197,71
11214,97
11215,12
11203,46
11180,56
11163,19
11094,16
10996,35
10869,78
10714,45
10530,35
10317,49
10075,86
9805,459
9506,297
9345,929

Treapta
VI
Viteza
Tr6
[m/s]
0
9,812768
10,79405
11,77532
12,7566
13,73788
14,71915
15,70043

Fr

1/a

0,033949
0,034084
0,034069
0,033905
0,033591
0,033126
0,032512

[m/s2]
0
0,071769
0,072211
0,072163
0,071625
0,070597
0,069079
0,067071

[s2/m]
0
13,93362
13,84828
13,85746
13,96152
14,16481
14,47609
14,9095

[N]
6851,783
6975,788
7081,005
7167,433
7235,073
7283,924
7313,986

12

16,68171
16,77983
17,66298
18,30081
18,64426
19,62554
20,60681
21,58809
22,56937
23,55064
24,53192
25,5132
26,49447
27,47575
27,96639

7325,259
7325,353
7317,743
7302,783
7291,439
7246,346
7182,464
7099,794
6998,335
6878,087
6739,05
6581,225
6404,611
6209,208
6104,461

k1=

3,004266

k2=

3,001878

k3=

3,000856

k4=

3,000418

k5=

3,00023

k6=

3,00015

c=
nm=
Mn=
1=
2=
3=

0,6
1710
589,71
0,75
1,5
-1,25

0,031748
0,031663
0,030834
0,03016
0,02977
0,028557
0,027193
0,02568
0,024017
0,022203
0,02024
0,018128
0,015865
0,013452
0,01219

0,064573
0,064296
0,061585
0,05938
0,058107
0,054138
0,04968
0,044731
0,039292
0,033364
0,026945
0,020036
0,012637
0,004748
0,00062

15,48632
15,55298
16,23775
16,84077
17,20977
18,47128
20,12898
22,35584
25,45022
29,97272
37,11282
49,91018
79,13247
210,6146
1613,646

13

Forta la roata
70000
60000
fr1

50000

fr2
fr3

40000

fr4
30000

fr5
fr6

20000
10000
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

Caracteristica dinamica
0.350
0.300
d1

0.250

d2
0.200

d3
d4

0.150

d5
d6

0.100
0.050
0.000
0

10

15

20

14

25

30

Acceleratie
1.200

1.000
a1
0.800

a2
a3

0.600

a4
a5

0.400

a6

0.200

0.000
0

10

15

20

25

30

Inversul acceleratiei
30

25
1/a1

20

1/a2
1/a3

15

1/a4
1/a5
1/a6

10

0
0

10

15

20

15

25

30

2.4. Demarajul automobilului:

Performanele i calitaile dinamice ale autofurgoanelor sunt puternic influenate de
capacitatea de demarare a acestora. Studiul demarajului autofurgonului presupune
determinarea acceleraiei, a timpului si spaiului de demaraj, indici cu care se poate
aprecia i compara capacitatea de demarare pentru diferite tipuri de autocamioane.
- Timpul i spaiul de demarare:
Capacitatea de demarare a autofurgonului este caracterizat de acceleraie, ns
pentru a avea indici de apreciere mai uor de utilizat in compararea diferitelor tipuri
de autofurgoane, este necesar determinarea timpului i spaiului:

Treapta I

Treapta II

Turatia
n
[rpm]
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1710
1800
1865
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2850
1865
1900
2000

Viteza
[m/s]
0
1,175
1,293
1,410
1,528
1,645
1,763
1,880
1,998
2,010
2,115
2,192
2,233
2,350
2,468
2,585
2,703
2,820
2,938
3,055
3,173
3,291
3,349
3,349
3,412
3,592

1/a
[s2/m]
0
1,047761
1,028409
1,012547
0,999886
0,990204
0,983339
0,979176
0,977648
0,977638
0,97873
0,980839
0,98244
0,988837
0,998028
1,010166
1,025463
1,044196
1,066721
1,09349
1,125078
1,162219
1,183154
1,530346
1,532958
1,543343

Td
[s]

Sd
[m]

0
0,615655
0,737649
0,857574
0,975822
1,092758
1,208722
1,324037
1,439018
1,450508
1,553967
1,628809
1,669185
1,785016
1,901762
2,019762
2,139374
2,260985
2,38502
2,511952
2,642314
2,776713
2,845619
2,845721
2,941995
3,218231

0
0,361753
0,512286
0,67436
0,848064
1,033583
1,231186
1,441237
1,664192
1,687212
1,90059
2,061766
2,151089
2,416527
2,697783
2,995926
3,312198
3,648049
4,005172
4,385551
4,791526
5,225871
5,454631
5,454973
5,780454
6,74783

16

Treapta III

Treapta IV

Treapta V

2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2850
1865
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2850
1865
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2850
1865
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2850

3,771
3,951
4,131
4,310
4,490
4,669
4,849
5,029
5,118
5,118
5,214
5,488
5,763
6,037
6,311
6,586
6,860
7,135
7,409
7,683
7,821
7,818
7,964
8,383
8,803
9,222
9,641
10,060
10,479
10,898
11,318
11,737
11,946
11,954
12,178
12,819
13,460
14,101
14,742
15,383
16,023
16,664
17,305
17,946
18,267

1,558204
1,577797
1,602473
1,632691
1,669041
1,712279
1,763366
1,823527
1,857487
2,423353
2,427998
2,44613
2,471729
2,505261
2,547356
2,598843
2,66079
2,734565
2,821922
2,925116
2,983533
3,954121
3,964437
4,002789
4,054916
4,121877
4,205092
4,306426
4,428293
4,573825
4,747088
4,95342
5,071113
6,987948
7,02531
7,153927
7,317736
7,521328
7,770838
8,074461
8,44321
8,892092
9,441922
10,12229
10,52424

3,496734
3,77833
4,063902
4,354402
4,65088
4,954505
5,2666
5,588684
5,753952
5,752619
5,985586
6,654332
7,329077
8,011936
8,705171
9,411246
10,13288
10,87314
11,63551
12,42402
12,82936
12,81875
13,39962
15,06943
16,7582
18,47193
20,21714
22,00103
23,83169
25,7184
27,67193
29,70501
30,7555
30,79867
32,37046
36,91447
41,55219
46,30765
51,20832
56,28625
61,57966
67,13509
73,01058
79,28031
82,5886
17

7,773161
8,860454
10,01438
11,2404
12,54488
13,93534
15,42064
17,01132
17,84979
17,84297
19,0464
22,62481
26,42048
30,44916
34,72929
39,28245
44,13399
49,31385
54,85761
60,80785
63,95006
63,86708
68,4506
82,09933
96,61094
112,0554
128,515
146,0871
164,8875
185,0542
206,7539
230,1896
242,6291
243,145
262,1096
318,902
379,8382
445,3693
516,0424
592,5265
675,6488
766,4464
866,2408
976,7498
1036,651

Treapta VI

1865
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2850

18,301
18,644
19,626
20,607
21,588
22,569
23,551
24,532
25,513
26,494
27,476
27,966

16,84077
17,20977
18,47128
20,12898
22,35584
25,45022
29,97272
37,11282
49,91018
79,13247
210,6146
1613,646

83,0547
88,90198
106,4085
125,3472
146,1919
169,6474
196,84
229,7548
272,4516
335,7649
477,926
925,4522

1045,174
1153,188
1488,173
1869,148
2308,918
2826,785
3453,847
4245,16
5313,544
6959,932
10796,16
23202,07

Timpul de demarare

1000
900
800
700

Timpul [s]

600
Td
500
400
300
200
100
0
0

10

15
Viteza [v]

18

20

25

30

Spatiu de demarare

25000

20000

Spatiul [m]

15000
Sd

10000

5000

0
0

10

15

20

25

30

Viteza [m/s]

2.5. Bilanul de putere:

Aceast reprezint echilibrul dintre puterea la roat Pr i suma puterilor necesare
nvingerii rezistenelor la naintare i determin cu relaia:

Pe = puterea efectiva a motorului [kW]

Pr = puterea consumata pentru invingerea rezistentelor la rulare [kW]
Pp = puterea necesara invingerii rezistentei la urcarea pante [kW]
Pa = puterea necesara invingerii rezistentei aerului [kW]
Pd = puterea necesara invingerii rezistentei la demarare [kW]
Pr Ga f cos v a
Pp Ga sin v a
Pa K S v a

19

Treapta
Treapta I

Treapta II

Ughiul
Turatia
0
5
10
15
n
Me
Va
Fr
PR
Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp
[rpm]
[Nm]
[m/s]
[N]
[kW]
[kW]
[kW]
[kW]
[kW]
1000 661,9036 1,175182 57212,38 67,23496 2,659122 20,30735 40,16491 57,78662
1100
673,883
1,2927 58247,83 75,29697 2,926862 22,33991 44,18323 63,56711
1200 684,0473 1,410218 59126,39 83,38112 3,195124 24,37299 48,20207 69,34812
1300 692,3965 1,527736 59848,07 91,43207 3,463956 26,40665 52,22148
75,1297
1400 698,9307 1,645255 60412,86 99,39453 3,733405 28,44092 56,24151
80,9119
1500 703,6498 1,762773 60820,76 107,2132 4,003519 30,47585
60,2622 86,69477
1600 706,5539 1,880291 61071,78 114,8327 4,274344
32,5115
64,2836 92,47834
1700 707,6429 1,997809 61165,91 122,1978 4,545929 34,54791 68,30577 98,26268
1710
707,652 2,009561 61166,7 122,9182 4,573132 34,75159 68,70803 98,84115
1800 706,9169 2,115327 61103,16 129,2532 4,818322 36,58512 72,32874 104,0478
1900 704,3758 2,232846 60883,52 135,9435 5,091568 38,62319 76,35256 109,8338
2000 700,0197 2,350364 60506,99 142,2134 5,365717 40,66216 80,37729 115,6207
2100 693,8485 2,467882 59973,58 148,0077 5,640815 42,70208 84,40297 121,4086
2200 685,8623
2,5854 59283,28 153,271
5,91691
44,743 88,42964 127,1974
2300
676,061 2,702918 58436,1 157,948
6,19405 46,78496 92,45736 132,9873
2400 664,4447 2,820436 57432,03 161,9834 6,472281 48,82802 96,48617 138,7783
2500 651,0133 2,937955 56271,07 165,3218 6,751652 50,87221 100,5161 144,5704
2600 635,7669 3,055473 54953,23 167,9081 7,032209 52,91759 104,5473 150,3637
2700 618,7054 3,172991 53478,5 169,6868 7,314001
54,9642 108,5796 156,1582
2800 599,8289 3,290509 51846,89 170,6027 7,597074
57,0121 112,6133 161,9541
2850
589,71 3,349268 50972,25 170,7197 7,739107 58,03654 114,6306 164,8525
n
Me
Va
Fr
PR
Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp
1000 661,9036 1,795895 37438,14 67,23496 4,079775 31,04952 61,39554 88,32476
1100
673,883 1,975484 38115,71 75,29697 4,494276 34,16099 67,54161 97,16376
1200 684,0473 2,155074 38690,61 83,38112 4,910639 37,27433 73,68955 106,0046
1300 692,3965 2,334663 39162,86 91,43207 5,329036
40,3897 79,83953 114,8475
1400 698,9307 2,514253 39532,44 99,39453 5,749636 43,50727
85,9917 123,6926
1500 703,6498 2,693842 39799,36 107,2132 6,172607 46,62722 92,14625 132,5401
1600 706,5539 2,873431 39963,62 114,8327
6,59812
49,7497 98,30334 141,3901
1700 707,6429 3,053021 40025,21 122,1978 7,026343
52,8749 104,4631 150,2428
1710
707,652
3,07098 40025,73 122,9182 7,069321 53,18758 105,0793 151,1282
1800 706,9169
3,23261 39984,15 129,2532 7,457447 56,00298 110,6258 159,0984
1900 704,3758
3,4122 39840,42 135,9435
7,8916 59,13411 116,7915 167,9571
2000 700,0197 3,591789 39594,03 142,2134 8,328972 62,26845 122,9605 176,8189
2100 693,8485 3,771379 39244,99 148,0077 8,769733 65,40619 129,1328 185,6842
2200 685,8623 3,950968 38793,27 153,271 9,214051 68,54748 135,3087
194,553
2300
676,061 4,130558 38238,9 157,948 9,662097
71,6925 141,4884 203,4256
2400 664,4447 4,310147 37581,87 161,9834 10,11404 74,84142 147,6719
212,302
2500 651,0133 4,489737 36822,17 165,3218 10,57005
77,9944 153,8595 221,1825
2600 635,7669 4,669326 35959,81 167,9081 11,03029 81,15162 160,0513 230,0673

20

2700
2800
2850
n
Treapta III

1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1710
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2850
n

Treapta IV

1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1710
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700

618,7054 4,848916 34994,79 169,6868 11,49494 84,31324 166,2475 238,9564

599,8289 5,028505 33927,11 170,6027 11,96416 87,47944 172,4483 247,8501
589,71
5,1183 33354,77 170,7197 12,20054
89,0643 175,5505 252,2988
Me
Va
Fr
PR
Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp
661,9036 2,744063 24501,97 67,23496 6,291335 47,50013 93,86777 135,0147
673,883 3,018469 24945,42 75,29697 6,943737 52,27341 103,2778 148,5394
684,0473 3,292875 25321,67 83,38112 7,602787 57,05334 112,6945 162,0708
692,3965 3,567282 25630,74 91,43207
8,26909 61,84053 122,1185 175,6094
698,9307 3,841688 25872,62 99,39453
8,94325 66,63557 131,5503 189,1559
703,6498 4,116094 26047,31 107,2132
9,62587 71,43907 140,9905 202,7109
706,5539
4,3905 26154,81 114,8327 10,31756 76,25163 150,4399 216,2749
707,6429 4,664907 26195,13 122,1978 11,01891 81,07387 159,8989 229,8486
707,652 4,692347 26195,46 122,9182
11,0896 81,55665 160,8453 231,2065
706,9169 4,939313 26168,25 129,2532 11,73054 85,90638 169,3681 243,4325
704,3758 5,213719 26074,19 135,9435 12,45305 90,74977 178,8483 257,0274
700,0197 5,488126 25912,93 142,2134 13,18705 95,60464 188,3399 270,6337
693,8485 5,762532 25684,49 148,0077 13,93313 100,4716 197,8436 284,2521
685,8623 6,036938 25388,86 153,271
14,6919 105,3513 207,3601 297,8832
676,061 6,311344 25026,05 157,948 15,46397 110,2442 216,8898 311,5276
664,4447 6,585751 24596,04 161,9834 16,24994 115,1511 226,4334 325,1859
651,0133 6,860157 24098,84 165,3218 17,05041 120,0724 235,9915 338,8587
635,7669 7,134563 23534,46 167,9081
17,866 125,0089 245,5647 352,5466
618,7054 7,408969 22902,89 169,6868 18,69729
129,961 255,1537 366,2503
599,8289 7,683376 22204,13 170,6027 19,54491 134,9295 264,7589 379,9702
589,71 7,820579 21829,55 170,7197 19,97503 137,4201 269,5679 386,8365
Me
Va
Fr
PR
Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp
661,9036 4,191699 16040,02 67,23496 9,815516 72,76411 143,5931 206,4471
673,883 4,610869 16330,32 75,29697 10,88001 80,12346 158,0353 227,1748
684,0473 5,030039 16576,63 83,38112 11,96819 87,50651 172,5013 247,9261
692,3965 5,449209 16778,96 91,43207 13,08223
94,9154 186,9931 268,7033
698,9307 5,868379 16937,31 99,39453 14,22427 102,3523 201,5129 289,5085
703,6498 6,287549 17051,67 107,2132 15,39648 109,8194 216,0629 310,3439
706,5539 6,706719 17122,04 114,8327 16,60099 117,3187 230,6451 331,2116
707,6429 7,125889 17148,43 122,1978 17,83998 124,8526 245,2619 352,1137
707,652 7,167806 17148,65 122,9182 17,96586
125,608 246,7255 354,2059
706,9169 7,545059 17130,84 129,2532 19,11558 132,4231 259,9152 373,0525
704,3758 7,964229 17069,26 135,9435 20,42997 140,0323 274,6074
394,03
700,0197 8,383399 16963,7 142,2134 21,78528 147,6825 289,3405 415,0485
693,8485 8,802569 16814,15 148,0077 23,18368 155,3757 304,1166 436,1101
685,8623 9,221739 16620,62 153,271 24,62732 163,1142
318,938 457,2169
676,061 9,640909 16383,1 157,948 26,11835 170,9001 333,8068 478,3711
664,4447 10,06008 16101,6 161,9834 27,65893 178,7356 348,7251 499,5748
651,0133 10,47925 15776,12 165,3218 29,25121 186,6227 363,6952 520,8303
635,7669 10,89842 15406,65 167,9081 30,89735 194,5637 378,7191 542,1396
618,7054 11,31759 14993,19 169,6868
32,5995 202,5607
393,799 563,5049
21

2800
2850
n
Treapta V

1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1710
1800
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2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
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2850
n

Treapta VI

1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1710
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800

599,8289 11,73676 14535,76 170,6027 34,35981 210,6159 408,9371 584,9283

589,71 11,94634 14290,54 170,7197 35,26245
214,666 416,5286 595,6626
Me
Va
Fr
PR
Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp
661,9036 6,409385 10490,08 67,23496 15,74315 111,9957 220,2979 316,4059
673,883 7,050323 10679,93 75,29697 17,61398 123,4918 242,6242
348,343
684,0473 7,691262 10841,02 83,38112 19,56952 135,0726 265,0352 380,3648
692,3965
8,3322 10973,34 91,43207 21,61747 146,7458 287,5387
412,479
698,9307 8,973139 11076,9 99,39453 23,76555 158,5191 310,1422 444,6933
703,6498 9,614077 11151,69 107,2132 26,02145 170,4003 332,8536 477,0155
706,5539 10,25502 11197,71 114,8327 28,39287
182,397 355,6805 509,4532
707,6429 10,89595 11214,97 122,1978 30,88751 194,5169 378,6306 542,0141
707,652 10,96005 11215,12 122,9182 31,14405 195,7359 380,9327 545,2773
706,9169 11,53689 11203,46 129,2532 33,51308 206,7677 401,7116
574,706
704,3758 12,17783 11163,19 135,9435 36,27728 219,1571 424,9313 607,5364
700,0197 12,81877 11094,16 142,2134
39,1878 231,6929 448,2973 640,5132
693,8485 13,45971 10996,35 148,0077 42,25236 244,3827 471,8173 673,6441
685,8623 14,10065 10869,78 153,271 45,47864 257,2343 495,4991 706,9366
676,061 14,74159 10714,45 157,948 48,87436 270,2552 519,3503 740,3986
664,4447 15,38252 10530,35 161,9834 52,44721 283,4533 543,3786 774,0377
651,0133 16,02346 10317,49 165,3218
56,2049 296,8363 567,5918 807,8617
635,7669
16,6644 10075,86 167,9081 60,15513 310,4118 591,9975 841,8782
618,7054 17,30534 9805,459 169,6868 64,30559 324,1875 616,6034 876,0949
599,8289 17,94628 9506,297 170,6027
68,664 338,1712 641,4173 910,5196
589,71 18,26675 9345,929 170,7197 70,92359 345,2434 653,9046 927,8123
Me
Va
Fr
PR
Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp Pr+Pa+Pp
661,9036 9,812768 6851,783 67,23496 26,74387 174,1065 339,9172 487,0585
673,883 10,79405 6975,788 75,29697 30,48231 192,5812
374,973 536,8284
684,0473 11,77532 7081,005 83,38112 34,52476
211,36 410,3328 586,9023
692,3965
12,7566 7167,433 91,43207 38,89886 230,4703 446,0242 637,3079
698,9307 13,73788 7235,073 99,39453 43,63225
249,94 482,0749 688,0727
703,6498 14,71915 7283,924 107,2132 48,75257 269,7966 518,5126 739,2245
706,5539 15,70043 7313,986 114,8327 54,28745 290,0677 555,3648 790,7908
707,6429 16,68171 7325,259 122,1978 60,26453 310,7811 592,6592 842,7994
707,652 16,77983 7325,353 122,9182 60,88762 312,8778
596,414 848,0256
706,9169 17,66298 7317,743 129,2532 66,71145 331,9642 630,4234 895,2777
704,3758 18,64426 7291,439 135,9435 73,65585 353,6449 668,6852 948,2536
700,0197 19,62554 7246,346 142,2134 81,12536 375,8507
707,472 1001,755
693,8485 20,60681 7182,464 148,0077 89,14763 398,6092 746,8116 1055,808
685,8623 21,58809 7099,794 153,271 97,75028 421,9481 786,7316 1110,442
676,061 22,56937 6998,335 157,948
106,961 445,8951 827,2596 1165,685
664,4447 23,55064 6878,087 161,9834 116,8073 470,4777 868,4233 1221,562
651,0133 24,53192 6739,05 165,3218
127,317 495,7236 910,2503 1278,103
635,7669
25,5132 6581,225 167,9081 138,5176 521,6605 952,7682 1335,336
618,7054 26,49447 6404,611 169,6868 150,4367 548,3159 996,0047 1393,286
599,8289 27,47575 6209,208 170,6027 163,1021 575,7176 1039,987 1451,983
22

2850

589,71

27,96639 6104,461 170,7197

169,7233

589,7068

1062,267

1481,62

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0

10

15

23

20

25

30

3. FRNAREA AUTOMOBILULUI
Frnarea este procesul prin care se reduce parial sau total viteza autofurgonului. De
capacitatea de frnare a autofurgonului depinde n mare msura posibilitatea utilizrii
integrale a vitezei si acceleraiei acestuia, elemente ce determin viteza medie de
exploatare.
Fora de frnare tangenial care acioneaz asupra roii n timpul frnrii se realizeaz la
roile autofurgonului ca urmare a aciunii momentelor de frnare Mf, de rezisten la
rulare Mrul i de inerie a roii M.
Suprafaa pe care se frneaz este:
- asfalt uscat: =0,8;
- pmnt bttorit: =0,6;
- asfalt umed: =0,4;
- zpad bttorit: =0,2.
Spaiul minim de frnare este:

;
;
Spaiul de oprire al autofurgonului este:
;
Unde: t0=0,6 s timpul de reacie al conductorului auto;
t1=0,3 s timpul dinnn momentul nceperii cursei active a pedalei de frn la
atingerea valorii nominale a forei pe pedala de frn;
t1=0,4 s ntrzierea din momentul nceperii dezvoltrii forei de frnare
pn la atinegrea valorii maxime.
Ss
0
1,287
2,574
3,861
5,148
6,435
7,722
9,009
10,296
11,583
12,87

24

Viteza
[m/s]
f=0,02
=0,2

f=0,02
=0,4

f=0,02
=0,6

f=0,02
=0,8

0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
0
3
6
9
12
15
18

Sf
[m]

So
[m]

0
2,085071
8,340284
18,76564
33,36113
52,12677
75,06255
102,1685
133,4445
168,8907
208,5071
0
1,09218
4,36872
9,82962
17,47488
27,3045
39,31848
53,51682
69,89952
88,46658
109,218
0
0,739864
2,959455
6,658775
11,83782
18,4966
26,6351
36,25333
47,35129
59,92897
73,98639
0
0,559409
2,237637
5,034683
8,950548
13,98523
20,13873

0
3,372071
10,91428
22,62664
38,50913
58,56177
82,78455
111,1775
143,7405
180,4737
221,3771
0
2,37918
6,94272
13,69062
22,62288
33,7395
47,04048
62,52582
80,19552
100,0496
122,088
0
2,026864
5,533455
10,51977
16,98582
24,9316
34,3571
45,26233
57,64729
71,51197
86,85639
0
1,846409
4,811637
8,895683
14,09855
20,42023
27,86073

af
[m/s2]
2,1582
2,1582
2,1582
2,1582
2,1582
2,1582
2,1582
2,1582
2,1582
2,1582
2,1582
4,1202
4,1202
4,1202
4,1202
4,1202
4,1202
4,1202
4,1202
4,1202
4,1202
4,1202
6,0822
6,0822
6,0822
6,0822
6,0822
6,0822
6,0822
6,0822
6,0822
6,0822
6,0822
8,0442
8,0442
8,0442
8,0442
8,0442
8,0442
8,0442
25

In fct. Fa
Sf
[m]
0
2,083966
8,322639
18,67662
33,08118
51,44755
73,66474
99,60171
129,1098
162,0253
198,1725
0
1,091877
4,363872
9,805123
17,39766
27,11659
38,93039
52,80122
68,68533
86,53349
106,2915
0
0,739725
2,95723
6,647521
11,80232
18,41011
26,45625
35,92305
46,78992
59,03352
72,62789
0
0,55933
2,236364
5,028246
8,930231
13,93571
20,03626

af
[m/s2]
2,1582
2,158433
2,159134
2,1603
2,161934
2,164034
2,166602
2,169636
2,173136
2,177104
2,181538
4,1202
4,120433
4,121134
4,1223
4,123934
4,126034
4,128602
4,131636
4,135136
4,139104
4,143538
6,0822
6,082433
6,083134
6,0843
6,085934
6,088034
6,090602
6,093636
6,097136
6,101104
6,105538
8,0442
8,044433
8,045134
8,0463
8,047934
8,050034
8,052602

21
24
27
30

27,41105
35,80219
45,31215
55,94093

36,42005
46,09819
56,89515
68,81093

8,0442
8,0442
8,0442
8,0442

27,22168
35,48003
44,79775
55,15966

8,055636
8,059136
8,063104
8,067538

Spatiul de franare
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140

Sf2

130

Sf4
Sf6

120

Sf8
110

Sf22
Sf24

100

sf26

90

sf28
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0

10

15

20

26

25

30

35

6
af02

af04
af06

af08
3

0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

4. CALCULUL STABILITII AUTOFURGONULUI

Stabilitatea autofurgonului este proprietatea acestuia de a se opune alunecrii, patinrii i
rsturnrii.
- Stabilitatea de derapare: - viteza limit de deplasare (petru viraj cu raz
constant i vitez constant), fr apariia deraprii este:

Unde: unghuil de nclinare al virajului;

y coeficientul de stabilitate transversale a autofurgonului;
Condiia producerii deraprii naintea rsturnrii este: Vd<Vr.
Stabilitatea de rsturnare: - viteza critic apare n momentul n care roile de
aceeai parte a autofurgonului ncepe s piard contactul cu calea de rulare.

Unde: Rv raza de curbur;

27

g acceleraia gravitaional;
unghiul de nclinare transversal;
hg nlimea centrului de greutate;
B ecartamentul;
coeficientul de aderen
=0,8
Vd
[km/h]
19,80909
28,01428
34,31035
39,61818
44,29447
48,52216
52,40992
56,02856
59,42727
62,64184

R
[m]
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500

Vcr
[km/h]
22,76336
32,19225
39,42729
45,52671
50,90041
55,7586
60,22618
64,38449
68,29007
71,98405

Viteza limita de derapare

70

Viteza de deplasare [km/h]

60

50

40
R-Vd
30

20

10

0
0

100

200

300
Raza curbei [m]

28

400

500

600

Viteza critica de rasturnare

80

70

Viteza de deplasare [km/h]

60

50

40
Vcr
30

20

10

0
0

100

200

300
Raza curbei [m]

29

400

500

600