Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Capitolul I
ECUAII DIFERENIALE
1. S de integreze ecuaia diferenial de ordinul nti liniar
y' y tgx =
1
, y( 0 ) = 0
cos x
considerm
pe
C
.
cos x
sub
dy
= tgx dx cu
y
y=
C(x)
;
cos x
avem
=
cos 2 x
cos x
cos x
a ecuaiei difereniale y =
x
.
cos x
y2
= ln x + C. Punnd condiia iniial y(1) = 0 obinem C = 0 i
2x2
Soluie: Observm c =
dy dv
=
i ecuaia dat
dx du
1
y = -2 xy 2 , y(1 ) = 1.
x
Obinem
u' =
y'
y2
sau
y' =
u'
. Ecuaia
u2
dat
devine:
2x 2 C
u'
1
1
u
u
=
+ . Soluia
sau
cu
soluia
general
2
x
u'
+
=
2
x
3
x
u 2 xu
u2
x
1
2
2x
C
+
3
x
1
3
3x
.
2x3 + 1
Soluie: Substituia y = y P +
liniar
2 sin x
1
, yP =
2
cos x
cos x
1
1
1
sau y =
conduce la ecuaia
+
u
cos x u
cos x
C
.
2
cos x
3
1
3 cos 2 x
+
. Din condiia
Deci soluia general a ecuaiei date este y =
cos x 3C cos3 x
2
.
cos x
dp
dp
sau
+ 2p
dx
dx
dp
2
(x + 2 p) = 0. Soluia general este y = Cx + C , iar soluia singular este
dx
x2
.
4
Soluie :
a) Ecuaia caracteristic r2 1=0 are rdcinile reale i distincte r1= -1,
r2=1. Soluia general este y = C1e-x +C2ex.
Din condiiile iniiale obinem C1= C2 =1 i deci soluia particular
este y = e-x + ex.
b) Ecuaia caracteristic r4 5r2 + 4= 0 are rdcinile reale distincte
r1=-2, r2= -1, r3=1, r4=2. Soluia general a ecuaiei difereniale este
y= C1e-2x + C2e-x + C3ex + C4e2x.
1
3
i
i deci
2
2
3
3
x + C 4 sin
x) .
2
2
1
1
i y p = x 2 e x iar soluia
6
6
x
2
3
3
1
x + C 4 sin
x) + x 2 e x .
2
2
6
Soluie:
y ' ' = e 2t (
Folosim
substituia
x=et.
d 2 y dy
Avem
y ' = e t
dy
dt
d2y
dy
3 + 2 y = e t . Ecuaia
2
dt
dt
x
Soluia sistemului este: C1(x) = sin x ln tg + i C2(x) = -cosx.
2
y' = x y
Soluie: Sin ecuaia a doua x = y' + y, x' = y''+ y'. nlocuind n prima
ecuaie obinem y'' + 4y' + 4y = 0. Ecuaia caracteristic r2 + 4r +4= 0 are
rdcinile r1= r2= -2. Soluia general este x(t) = (C1+C2-C2t)e-2t i
y(t) = (C1 + C2t) e-2t.
12. S se integreze sistemul simetric de ecuaii difereniale:
dx3
dx1
dx2
=
=
x3 x2 x1 x3 x2 x1
Soluie:
Sistemul dat poate fi scris sub forma:
dx3
dx + dx2 + dx3 x1dx1 + x2 dx2 + x3 dx3
dx1
dx2
=
=
= 1
=
.
x3 x2 x1 x3 x2 x1
0
0
u
u
u
= 0,
+ x3
+ x2
x3
x2
x1
x1 x3 = C1 i
x3 = 1
= x1 x2 .
dx
dx1
dx
= 2 = 3 are integralele prime
x1
x2
x3
x2 x3 = C2 .
x 2 x3 ).
2
x1 1 = C1,
x2 1 = C2 , de unde x1 = (1+C1) ,
x1
x3 ) 2 ( 1 +
x2
x3 ) 2 .
u
u
= u 2 -x12 -x22 ,
+ 2 x2 u
x2
x1
x2 = 1
= x1.
x1
= C1.
x2
dx1 dx2
2u du
=
= 2
x1
x2
u x12 x22
i integrala prim:
x12 + x22 + u 2
= C2 .
x1
x2
x2 = 1
= x 1 obinem: x1 = C1 i
2 x12 + 1
= C2
x1
Probleme propuse.
S se integreze ecuaiile difereniale:
2
y = 2 x + 2 , y( 0 ) = 3
x 1
2
2. y '+ y = x 3
x
3. ydx + ( 2 xy x) dy
1. y '+
4. 2 x 2 y ' = 4 xy y 2 , y( 1 ) = 1
3x 4 y + 7
4 x 5 y + 11
6. ( 3 x + 3 y-1 )dx + (x + y + 1 )dy = 0
5. y ' =
7. xy '+ y = x 2 y 2 , y( 1 ) = 1
8. y '+ y 2 +
9.
a
4
2
y + 2 = 0, y p =
x
x
x
y = xy'+
1
y'
x' = 2 x y + sin t
, x = x(t) , y = y(t).
15. a)
y' = 4 x + 2 y + cos t
x' = y + z
x = x(t), y = y(t), z = z(t)
b) y' = z + x ,
.
z' = x + y x( 0 ) = 1, y( 0 ) = 1, z( 0 ) = 0
16. a)
dx 3
dx 1
dx 2
=
=
x 1 ( x2 x3 ) x 2 ( x3 x1 ) x 3 ( x1 x2 )
b)
dx 3
dx 1
dx 2
=
=
2
2
x x2 x3 2 x1 x2 2 x1 x3
c)
dx 1 dx 2
dx 2
=
=
x1
x2
x2 x12 + x22 + x32
2
1
17. x1(x2 x3 )
18. a) x1
u
u
u
+ x2(x3 x1 )
+ x3(x1 x2 )
=0
x1
x2
x3
u
u
x2
= u, u
= x13
x
x
=
x1
x2
1
2
b) x1u
u
u
+ x2 u
= x1 x2 , u
x2
x1
x2
= 2
= x1