Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
1 din 6 indivizi au experiena unui episod depresiv major pe parcursul vieii3 MDD este potenial fatal4,5
8% dintre pacieni cu MDD care necesit spitalizare pot comite suicidul4 Depresia crete riscul general de mortalitate5
*Depresie major. 1. World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2001: Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2001. 2. Michaud CM, et al. JAMA. 2001;285:535-539. 3. Kessler RC, et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:8-19. 4. Bostwick JM, Pankratz VS. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1925-1932. 5. Murphy J, et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:473-480.
Gender Differences
Factori depresogeni
somatogene
1 2
psihogene
4
Boli cerebrale:
demene presenile i senile, vasculopatii cerebrale, tumori cerebrale, epilepsie, traumatisme cranio-cerebrale. Parkinsonism -encefalite, etc .
Depresii organice
Boli extracerebrale:
infecii virale, intoxicaii cronice, anemie, deficit de vit. B, endocrino-patii (diabet, hipotiroi-dism, boa-la Addisson, b. Cushing, Feocro-mocitom, etc.), colagenoze, trata-mente ndelungate cu prepa-rate farmacogene, antihiperten-sive, methyldopa, hormoni sexuali, tranchilizante, anti-concep-ionale, cortizonice, etc., mio--cardio-patii, suferine di-ges-tive, pielonefrite cronice, por-firie
Depresii monopo-lare (e-pi-sod unic sau epi-soa-de re-cu-rente). Depresii bipolare (alter-neaz epi-soa-de de-pre-sive i mania-ca-le). Depresii tardive (me-lan-coli-forme). Schizodepresii.
Dispoziie depresiv Anhedonie Lips de speran autodepreciere Memorie afectat Dificulti prosexice Anxietate Gnduri negre
cefalee oboseal disgripnii ameeli Dureri toracice Dureri articulare Dureri de spate Acuze gastroenterale (grea, vrsturi, constipaie, diaree, flatulen) Disfuncii sexuale Probleme menstruale
DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. Kroenke K, et al. Arch Fam Med. 1994;3:774-779.
0 to 1 (n=215)
9 (n=139)
*Physical symptoms included fatigue; disturbed sleep; menstrual problems; dizziness; GI complaints (nausea, vomiting, gas, constipation, diarrhea); headache; joint or limb pain; back pain; abdominal pain; chest pain; sexual dysfunction/apathy; and others. Kroenke K, et al. Arch Fam Med. 1994;3:774-779.
Simptom
Dispoziie depresiv Insomnie Tulburri de concentrare Idei autolitice Fatigabilitate Inapeten Disperare Idei delirante Tentativ autolitic
Frecven
95-100% 95% 90% 80% 75% 80% 50% 35% 15%
DIAGNOSTIC DIFERENIAL
Tristeea normal Doliul Anxietatea i panica Schizofrenia Tulb somatoform Tulb legate de stress
DIAGNOSTIC DIFERENIAL
AFECIUNI SOMATICE Boli neurologice epilepsie, AVC, Parkinson, scleroza multipl Boli cardiovasculare Cancer Boli endocrine
DIAGNOSTIC DIFERENIAL
Rezerpina Alfa-metildopa Sevraj amfetamine Betablocante Fenobarbital Contraceptive orale Steroizi Tamoxifene Cimetidin Acetazolamid
Tratamentul depresiei
Rspuns Reducerea clinic semnificativ a severitii simpt n comparaie cu baseline Absena sau aproape absena simptomelor i resturarea funcionrii Reapariia simptomelor depresive n timpul continurii tratamentului Nou episod depresiv aprut dup o remisiune susinut a unui episod precedent
Clinical Practice Guideline, 5: Depression in Primary Care, 2: Treatment of Major Depression; 1993. AHCPR publication 93-0551. Frank E, et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48:851-855.
Eutimia
Recuren
Severitate
Recdere
Simptome
Rspuns
+
Acut (6 to 12 spt) Continuare (4 to 9 luni) Meninere ( 1 an)
Sindrom
Tratament - faze
Timp
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Judd LL, et al. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1501-1504. 7. Paykel ES, et al. Psychol Med. 1995;25:1171-1180. 8. Thase ME, et al. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:1046-1052. 9. Miller IW, et al. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59:608-619. 10. Murphy JM, et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:473-480. 11. Everson SA, et al. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:1133-1138. 12.
*P<0.001 between treatment groups. Longitudinal follow-up study of patients treated with usual care by their physicians. Paykel ES, et al. Psychol Med. 1995;25:1171-1180.
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 No remission Remission
Outcome at 3 months
*Remission=HAM-D17 7. Based on odds ratio for DSM-IV major depression at 6-, 9-, 12-, 18-, and/or 24-month assessments for remitters at 3 months (OR=0.32; 95% CI 0.18-0.54). Simon GE, et al. WHO Bulletin. 2000;78:438-445.
Alegerea tratamentului:
Scopul este remisiunea
Antidepresive care i-au demonstrat eficacitatea Doze adecvate Asigur compliana pacientului
American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Major Depression. 2nd ed. Washington, DC; 2000.
Evoluia antidepresivelor
Spectru larg Aciune mai selectiv Antidepresive moderne
1950s
1960s
Imipramine Clomipramine (1957) Nortriptyline Amitriptyline Desipramine
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000+
Escitalopram Duloxetine
Maprotiline Fluoxetine Nefazodone Amoxapine Sertraline Mirtazapine Paroxetine Fluvoxamine Venlafaxine Citalopram Bupropion
Energie Interes
Instincte Dopamina
Stahl SM. Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2000:152.
Amygdala Hippocampus
Clasa de antidepresive Inhibitorii de monoamin-oxidaz (IMAO) Phenelzine Inhibitorii recaptrii monoaminelor Clomipramina Amitriptilina Imipramina Inhibitorii reversibili ai monoamin-oxidazei tip A (RIMA) Moclobemide Inhibitorii selectivi ai recaptrii serotoninei i noradrenalinei (SNRIs) Venlafaxina Inhibitorii selectivi ai recaptrii serotoninei (SSRIs) Citalopram Fluoxetina Fluvoxamina Paroxetina Sertralina Inhibitorii selectivi ai recaptrii noradrenalinei (NARIs) Reboxetina Modulatorii receptorilor serotoninergici (SRMs) Nefazodone Mirtazepina
Efecte secundare
Triciclice
efecte anticolinergice - uscciunea gurii, constipaie, retenie urinar, tulburri de vedere, palpitaii i tahicardie; precauie la pacieni cu glaucom, retenie urinar, stenoz piloric sau hipertrofie de prostat toxicitatea cardiac sever, cu tulburri de conducere sau aritmii modificri n greutate hipotensiune arterial efect iritativ gastric reacii alergice cutanate modificri ale libido-ului, impoten, ginecomastie i galactoree Contraindicaiile triciclicelor sunt: infarct miocardic acut, tulburri de ritm i conducere, insuficien coronarian, hepatopatie sever, manie, graviditate, alptare Antidepresivele triciclice sunt letale n supradozare
Efecte secundare
SSRIs
Grea Cefalee Nervozitate Sedare Insomnie
Sindromul serotoninic
se datoreaz creterii concentraiilor serotoninei plasmatice pn la niveluri toxice potenial fatal - n ordinea manifestrilor (pe msur ce starea se agraveaz): diaree nelinite agitaie extrem hiperreflexie i instabilitatea sist autonom mioclonus convulsii hipertermie, frisoane, rigiditate, delir com, status epilepticus colaps cardiovascular i exitus
SSRI responders
NRI responders
Nondepressed subjects
Symptoms return
No symptoms return
No symptoms appear
Delgado PL, et al. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;46:212-220. Delgado PL, Moreno FA. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(suppl 1):5-12.
Beneficiile SNRIs
Trateaz un spectru larg de pacieni1-3 Se atinge remisiunea Afecteaz att simptomele psihice ct i cele fizice5
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Danish University Antidepressant Group. J Affect Disord. 1990;18:289-299. Clerc GE, et al. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1994;9:139-143. Poirier M-F, Boyer P. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;175:12-16. Thase ME, et al. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178:234-241. Meoni P, et al. Presented at: World Congress of Biological Psychiatry; July 2001; Berlin, Germany.
Psihoterapia
Depresia uoar de elecie Depresia moderat alternativ (+/- chimioterapie) Depresia major tratament adjuvant