UNIVERSITATEA TEFAN CEL MARE SUCEAVA

FACULTATEA DE TIINE ECONOMICE I ADMINISTRAIE PUBLIC

Economie Internaional



Profesor:
Profesor universitar dr. Gabriela Prelipcean

Student: Dnil tefan
MFCTS 2


Suceava 2014

Cuprins
TEMA 1 Evideniai cele dou efecte statice prin exemple numerice .............................................. 3
TEMA 2 Ireversibilitatea Globalizrii .............................................................................................. 5
TEMA 3 Economia global............................................................................................................... 7
TEMA 4 - Top ri dup importul i exportul de bunuri i servicii - WTO ......................................... 9
TEMA 5 Evaluarea competitivitii exportului ............................................................................... 12
TEMA 6 Tendinele anului 2014 .................................................................................................... 14
TEMA 7 Recenzie ........................................................................................................................... 15
Anexa 1. - PROFILURI COMERCIALE .......................................................................................... 17


TEMA 1 Evideniai cele dou efecte statice prin exemple numerice

Teoriile integrrii ce deriv din cele ale liberului schimb au la baz analizele
privind uniunile vamale sau regionale, ele constituind cheia de bolta, condiia sine qua non a
tuturor.
Cel care a teoretizat pentru prima data aspectele formale ale funcionarii unei
uniuni vamale a fost economistul American Jacob Viner (The Customs Union Issue, Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace, New-York, 1950); el schieaz cadrul analitic s se vad
dac astfel de uniuni, definite ca zone de liber-schimb geografic limitate, ajung sau nu s se
amelioreze bunstarea general n raport cu liberal schimb universal.
1

Contribuia principal a economistului American Jacob Viner const n definirea i
demarcarea efectelor de creare de comer i de deturnare sau deviere de comer.
Prin creare de comer. J. Viner nelege apariia de noi fluxuri comerciale n cadrul
uniunilor vamale care nlocuiesc sursele de furnizare mai puin eficiente cu cele mai avantajoase
din punct de vedere al costurilor de producie. Aceasta reprezint crearea intern de comer.
Dac nlocuirea unor fluxuri din interiorul uniunii mai puin avantajoase (mai puin
eficiente din punct de vedere al costurilor de producie) se face cu fluxuri mai eficiente din
afara uniunii vamale, atunci are loc fenomenul de creare extern de comer.
Dac nlocuirea surselor de furnizare a mrfurilor, mai eficiente din punct de
vedere al costurilor de producie ce provin din afara uniunii vamale se face cu surse din cadrul
uniunii vamale mai puin eficiente, dar devenite mai ieftine ca urmare a liberalizrii
schimburilor comerciale reciproce i a instituirii unui tarif vamal comun, atunci are loc
fenomenul de deturnare de comer.
Pentru a realiza i mai bine diferenele ntre conceptele de mai sus, voi prezenta n
continuare un trei ipoteze restrictive.
a) Se presupun un anumit produs, de exemplu un laptop, produs de catre dou ri i
restul lumii, un exemplu concret fiind SUA, dar cu nivel diferit al costurilor.

ara Ita
lia
Fra
na
SU
A
Costul unitar de
producie
60
0
500 35
0
Costul unitar de producie cel mai sczut este in SUA.
n condiii de comer liber, importul cel mai avantajos ar fi n SUA. Italia ar obine un ctig de
250 euro, iar Frana ar obine 150 euro

b) n cazul n care Italia impune o tax vamal de 100% la import.
Taxa vamal la
importuri n
Italia
Preul mrfii in
Italia
Preul importului
din
Frana
Preul importului
din
SUA
50% 600 1000 700

1
Diaconescu Mirela , Economie european. Fundamente i etape ale construciei europene ediia a II-a revzut i
adugit, Editura Uranus, Bucureti, 2004

Pentru Italia este mai avantajos s produc n interior dect s importe. Rezult
eliminarea comerului.
c) Italia i Frana formeaz o uniune vamal, liberaliznd comerul reciproc, dar impunnd taxa
vamal fa de SUA

Taxa vamala Preul mrfii n
Italia
Preul mrfii n
Frana
Preul mrfii
importate din
SUA
100% 600 500 700

Deci analiza datelor acestui caz particular ne permite apreciind c :
Dac Italia i Frana produc un laptop mai puin eficient raportat la rile tere i
tariful vamal i tariful vamal anterior este prohibitive, uniunea este avantajoas deoarece
conduce la creare de comer.
Dac Italia i Frana produc laptopuri mai puin eficient dect rile tere i
formeaz o uniune vamal cu un tarif anterior neprohibitiv, atunci uniunea, dei genereaz
economii n aprovizionare, este dezavantajoas deoarece determin deturnare de comer
(specializarea se realizeaz n favoarea unui productor mai puin eficient)
Dac Frana produce laptopuri mai eficient dect rile tere, atunci, oricare ar fi
nivelul taxei vamale, uniunea este avantajoas, conducnd la creare de trafic n favoarea celui
mai eficient productor;
n cazul n care Italia este singura n msur s produc laptopuri, dar ineficient
raportat la rile tere, uniunea poate genera fie creare, fie deturnare de trafic, n funcie de
raportul de competitivitate i de nivelul taxei vamale anterior i ulterior constituirii uniunii;
Dac Italia i Frana nu produc bunul laptopuri, uniunea este fr efect cu privire la
producia i schimbul acestuia;
Efectele sunt cu att mai favorabile cu ct se pleac de la un tarif vamal mai ridicat
i cel ulterior este mai sczut;
Rezultatele constituirii uniunii sunt mai puin favorabile dect n condiii de liber schimb
generalizat.

TEMA 2 Ireversibilitatea Globalizrii
Globalizarea economic reprezint creterea interdependenei economice a economiilor
naionale din ntreaga lume printr-o cretere rapid n micarea de bunuri, servicii, tehnologie, i de
capital
2
. ntruct globalizarea este centrat pe dezvoltarea rapid a tiinei i tehnologiei i pe
creterea diviziunii transfrontaliere a forei de munc
3
, globalizarea economic este propulsat de
circularea rapid de informa ii n toate tipurile de activiti productive i marketing, i avansarea
tiinei i tehnologiilor.
Globalizarea este ireversibil: Pe termen lung, globalizarea este probabil s fie un fenomen
inexorabil. Globalizarea economic are o tendin ireversibil, datorit faptului c pieele mondiale
sunt n mare nevoie de tiin i tehnologii informaionale. O dat cu cererea n cretere ale tiinei
i tehnologiei, pe pieele mondiale se creeaz o "tot mai mare divizie transfrontalier a forei de
munc", care afecteaz fiecare aspect al pieelor globalizate din rile dezvoltate ct i n curs de
dezvoltare.
4

Globalizarea este un proces ireversibil i nu o opiune i aduce urmtoarele argumente n
sprijinul acestei afirma ii: Globalizarea este nainte de toate un rezultat cumulativ al unor procese
cantitative i calitative desfurate de-a lungul timpului, ncepnd cu economia (privit i ea sub
multiple aspecte: comer, finane, investi ii) i terminnd cu mediul nconjurtor, cultura i
tehnologia. Multe din procesele cu caracter transnaional au sporit riscul de contagiune, n special n
ceea ce privete crizele financiare, crend un aa-numit deficit de adaptare la problemele ridicate de
globalizare.
5

For a cu care se manifest astzi globalizarea este att de puternic, nct a pus n discuie i
capacitatea instituiilor guvernamentale de a stpni i anihila anumite efecte negative produse de
ea. n felul acesta, se pune tot mai mult problema unor aciuni concertate, efective i robuste, care s
previn crizele, deoarece pieele nu vor fi niciodat inerent stabile i nici echitabile.
Creterea interdependenelor dintre state a fcut din comer i finane dou chei cu ajutorul
crora poate fi obinut un plus de coeren i complementaritate n politicile economice, astfel nct
s se obin maximum de beneficiu de pe urma creterii i dezvoltrii globale. n aceast arie de
preocupri este posibil identificarea unor obiective comune care s serveasc deopotriv
intereselor tuturor statelor, att dezvoltate, ct i n curs de dezvoltare.
Vectorul cel mai important, adevratul catalizator care a fcut din globalizare un proces
ireversibil, l constituie, fr ndoial, rspndirea informaiei tehnologice. Deplina i efectiva
participare la reelele informatice globale este crucial pentru toate rile care doresc s beneficieze

2
Joshi, Rakesh Mohan, (2009) International Business, Oxford University Press, New Delhi and New York
3
Economic Globalization (2000.) Trends, Risks and Risk Prevention, pg.3
4
Shanquan, Gao (2000). Economic Globalization: Trends, Risks and Risk Prevention. United Nations
5
Bari I. (2003), Globalizarea Economiei, Editura Economica, Bucureti
de pe urma globalizrii i s nu fie marginalizate. Exploziva diseminare a informaiilor tehnologice
a produs, din pcate, noi decalaje, iar pe altele le-a adncit.
6


6
Hirst P., Thomson G. (2002), Globalizarea sub semnul ntrebrii. Economia interna ional i posibilit i
de guvernare, Ed. Trei, Bucureti
TEMA 3 Economia global
Economia global este un termen care este frecvent folosit pentru a explica un sistem
complex alctuit din diferite economii i piee de pe ntregul glob. De-a lungul deceniilor, secolelor,
economia global a trecut prin multe schimbri, inclusiv recesiune, precum i perioade de
prosperitate. Starea economiei globale este influenat de factori i circumstane nefixate, care sunt
relevante doar pentru o anumit perioad de timp. n prezent, n epoca globalizrii capitalului,
economia mondial este format din economii, care sunt interdependente i sunt influenate de
numeroi actori importani. n timp ce n perioada de la nceputul secolului al XX-lea principalii
actori la nivel mondial au fost statele i guvernele, astzi actori cum ar fi corporaiile, instituii
internaionale, precum i guvernele joac un rol important n economia mondial. n acest sens
Friedman susine c, n prezent, economia global este un proces aflat sub dominaia unui sistem
monopolar, cel american, globalizarea economic este condus de corporaii multinaionale i de
instituii controlate de ctre SUA (cum ar fi World Bank), iar globalizarea cultural a condus cu
siguran la rspndirea modului de via american, sub pecetea mrcilor consacrate: Coca-Cola,
McDonalds, etc. Astfel, n cadrul unei noi ordini globale administrate de ctre SUA, sunt generate,
induse i perpetuate, modelele umane care sunt receptate i asimilate n mod eronat, reproduse
aproape mimetic, fr fond, de ctre celelalte popoare, constituind un real pericol pentru identitatea
naional.
Aceast perioad n care trim va rmne n istorie dup cum afirm jurnalistul american
Thomas L. Friedman, nu prin conflicte militare sau evenimente politice, ci prin ptrunderea
umanitii ntr-o noua etap a globalizrii, aplatizarea Pmntului. n acest sens Thomas
Friedman relev rolul fundamental al tehnologiilor informaionale n procesul globalizrii,
enumernd cele 10 fore aplatizatoare: (1) 11/9/89: cderea zidurilor Berlinului i (20): lansarea
WINDOWS-ului, (3) 8/9/95: recunoaterea public a Netscape, (4): fluxul de lucru automatizat prin
integrarea software-ului, (5): uploading-ul sau ontrolul puterii comunitilor, (6): externalizarea
(outsourcing-ul), (7): offshoring-ul, (8) internalizarea (insourcing-ul), (9): In-formarea: Google.
Yahoo!, MSN Web Search, (10)Steroizii: telefoane mobile, Ipod, etc.
Economia mondial a devenit ocean furios de capital n valoare de sute de mii de
miliarde de dolari, servit cu lubrifiant monetar i se pare a nu cunoate limite. O mare parte din
ea se bazeaz pe efectul de levier (mprumut pentru investiii), ce d natere riscului financiar
global de ndatorare.
Smick descrie n Lumea e rotunda. Pericolele ascunse pentru economia globala, modul n
care pieele financiare s-au internaionalizat printr-o reea complex de inginerie financiar,
denumit securitizare. Instrumentele financiare din cadrul acestui sistem financiar modernizat
multi-structurat includ, printre altele fondurile de capital privat, plasamentele private, fondurile
speculative, obligaiunile cu randament ridicat, fondurile de capital de risc, fonduri i investiii de
tip privat.
Calculatoare fac transferuri instantanee de bani i de titluri de valoare ntr-o lume ncrcat
cu bani, introducnd un element extrem de imprevizibil, deoarece zeci de miliarde de dolari, se
poate muta dintr-un loc n altul, la un click de mouse-ului. Lumea industrializat a predat
controlul sistemului su financiar unui grup mic de cinci mii sau cam aa ceva de specialiti de pe
pieele tehnice rspndite prin bncile de investiii, fondurile speculative i alte instituii financiare.
Fr frontiere comerciale sau politice, sub dublul efect al globalizrii i revoluiei digitale,
rezervele de cunoatere i resursele de pretutindeni se conecteaz ntre ele i terenul global de joc se
niveleaz c niciodat pn acum, se aplatizeaz, chiar sub ochii notri, ns n acelai timp tinde
s se curbeze, pentru c altfel nu am avea un orizont ctre care s ne ndreptm.

TEMA 4 - Top ri dup importul i exportul de bunuri i servicii - WTO

pentru mai multe detalii vizualizai ANEXA 1
Merchandise exports, c.i.f. (million US$)
Produse manufacturate
1 China
2 048 714
2 SUA
1 545 709
3 Germania
1 407 082
4 Japonia
798 568
5 Olanda
655 700
6 Franta
568 920
7 Koreea
547 870
8 Rusia
529 255
9 Italia
500 719
10 Hong Kong
492 907

Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (million US$)
Produse manufacturate
1 SUA
2 335 537
2 China
1 818 405
3 Germania
1 167 236
4 Japonia
885 843
5 Marea Britanie
689 927
6 Franta
673 794
7 Olanda
591 198
8 Hong Kong
553 486
9 Koreea
519 584
10 India
489 668
23%
17%
15%
9%
7%
6%
6%
6%
6%
5%
Top 10 exportatori n comerul cu bunuri (produse manufacturate) ri
China SUA Germania Japonia Olanda Franta Koreea Rusia Italia Hong Kong

Commercial services exports (million US$)
Servicii
1 SUA
621 218
2 Marea Britanie
279 983
3 Germania
257 237
4 Franta
210 662
5 China
190 440
6 Japonia
142 407
7 India
140 705
8 Olanda
131 235
9 Hong Kong
123 387
10 Koreea
109 619

24%
19%
12%
9%
7%
7%
6%
6%
5%
5%
Top 10 importatori n comerul cu bunuri (produse manufacturate) ri
SUA China Germania Japonia Marea Britanie Franta Olanda Hong Kong Koreea India
28%
13%
12%
9%
9%
6%
6%
6%
6%
5%
Top 10 exportatori n comerul cu servicii ri
SUA Marea Britanie Germania Franta China Japonia India Olanda Hong Kong Koreea
Commercial services imports (million US$)
Servicii
1 SUA
411 110
2 Germania
293 435
3 China
280 164
4 Japonia
174 757
5 Marea Britanie
173 891
6 Franta
172 085
7 India
127 482
8 Olanda
119 248
9 Koreea
107 057
10 Canada
105 151


21%
15%
14%
9%
9%
9%
7%
6%
5%
5%
Top 10 importatori n comerul cu servicii ri
SUA Germania China Japonia Marea Britanie Franta India Olanda Koreea Canada
TEMA 5 Evaluarea competitivitii exportului

Preul cu amnuntul n Romnia, estimat n 2014, al unei lzi de vin din Moldova.
Volum per
bax
Pre bucat/euro Pre
Lad/euro
"CABERNET" rou sec 0,75 l 12.00 2.5 30

Factorii de cost % Euro Explicaii
Preul perceput de distileria
Cricova
1
36.81% 30.00 Preul de vnzare este de 30 euro pe lad
Transportul la Giurgiuleti
2
0.34% 0.28 250 euro pentru expedierea unui
container din Cricova ctre Giurgiuleti.
n medie un container are 800 lzi
Transportul din Galai ctre
Bucureti (Romnia)
3=1+2
1.37% 1.12 Costul este de 900 euro pe container
Costul mrfurilor la
descrcarea n Bucureti
(Romnia)
4
38.52% 31.40
Taxele de import i accizele
5
13.04% 10.63 n luna februarie a 2014, taxele de import
erau de 15.4 euro pe hectolitru, iar
accizele erau 100 euro pe hectolitru, ceea
ce nseamn 10.38 euro pe lad (cu tot cu
TVA, 10.63)
Costul de debarcare, alturi
de taxele de import i accize
6=4+5
51.56% 42.03
TVA 24%
7
9.98% 8.13
Costul total pentru
debarcarea mrfurilor
8=6+7
52.60% 50.16
Marja importatorului
9
15.38% 12.54 Un importator sau distribuitor din
Romnia va percepe o marj ntre 20 i
30% (s pp.25%)
Preul cu ridicata
10 = 8+9
76.92% 62.69
Marja detailistului
11
23.08% 18.81 Marjele detailistului sunt de aprox. 30%
Preul cu amnuntul
12 =10+11
100% 81.50 Echivalent cu 6.79 euro pe sticla de 750
ml


TEMA 6 Tendinele anului 2014
Tendinele anului 2014 pe care le consider cele mai interesante/importante sunt urmtoarele
7
:
Exporturile vor continua s creasc cu 10%, la fel ca n 2013, rmnnd unul dintre
motoarele PIB.
BCR, cel mai mare creditor al economiei, este ateptat s ias din procesul de restructurare
fr precedent i s-i reia locul pe piaa finanrilor.
La Rovinari trebuie s nceap construcia unei termocentrale de 1 mld. euro cu China
Huadian Engineering, iar la Cernavod s-ar putea semna un acord cu chinezii de la General
Nuclear Power Corp.
n 2014 va fi ultimul program Rabla. Programul va ncepe n martie 2014, cnd se vor da
20.000 de tichete n valoare de 1.500 de euro.
ncepe lupta pe online. Dup Carrefour i Cora, Mega Image vrea s vnd produse
alimentare online.
Ministerul Sntii va derula un proiect pilot de schimbare a statutului spitalelor i de
cretere a salariilor medicilor.
Reeaua de autostrzi ar putea crete cu circa 70 km, pe rutele Ndlac-Arad (39 km),
Ortie-Sibiu (un tronson de 22 km) i Bucureti-Moara Vlsiei (6,5 km).
Piaa de internet mobil va crete puternic. Orange, Vodafone i Cosmote vor lansa n aprilie
reele 4G cu viteze i acoperire mai mari, iar RCS&RDS i va extinde reeaua mobil ntr-o
nou Valoarea tranzaciilor cu aciuni va crete cu cel puin 20%, iar bursa de la Bucureti
va ndeplini condiiile pentru a fi promovat n categoria pieelor de capital emergente. BET-
ul a crescut cu 26% n 2013.
Energia va fi vedeta bursei datorit listrilor noi (Hidroelectrica, Electrica, C.E. Oltenia), iar
aciunile din sectorul energetic vor avea randamente superioare
Anul 2014 va fi al doilea an din ultimele dou decenii n care Romnia va reui s fie
exportator net de produse agroalimentare.


7
http://www.zf.ro/zf-24/50-de-tendinte-pentru-2014-ce-se-va-intampla-cu-pib-ul-cursul-de-schimb-leu-euro-
exporturile-vanzarile-de-masini-reteaua-de-autostrazi-sau-cu-bursa-11853972
TEMA 7 Recenzie
Adam Smith Avuia naiunilor, Ed, publica, 2011
Adam Smith a fost un gnditor scoian, profesor, care a predat
literatur,morala i economia politic la Universitile din Edinburg i
Glasgow.
Lucrarea sa esenial este Avuia naiunilor.Cercetare asupra
naturii i cauzele ei, aprut n anul 1776. Ideea principal a Avuiei
naiunilor reiese din titlul ei. Aceasta se refer la definirea noiunii de
bogie a naiunilor i la analiza factorilor care permit sporirea ei.
Legile pieei dau natere concurenei care, asigura bunurile de care
societatea are nevoie, n cantitile dorite i la preuri acceptabile. n
acelai mod, piaa reglementeaz veniturile productorilor de bunuri.
Astfel, piaa apare ca fiind cel mai inteligent planificator, ceea ce reprezint o culme a
libertilor economice individuale.Mecanismul economic imaginat de autor reprezint un sistem de
legturi de tipul cauz-efect, desfurat pe termen lung, care dispune de capacitatea de autoreglare,
asigurnd n acest mod progresul. Pentru Adam Smith, punctul de plecare l constituie, la fel ca i
fiziocrai, ordinea natural.
n concepia sa, aceasta reprezint mai mult dect o ordine social i se realizeaz n mod
firesc i continuu, atunci cnd oamenii acioneaz n conformitate cu natura lor, care este de ordine
divin.
O mn invizibil, celebra expresie i aparine lui A.Smith, vegheaz i dirijeaz destinele
individuale, integrndu-le, cu aciunile i comportamentele lor, ntr-o ordine social, c reflex al
armoniei cosmice. Aceasta mn nevzut pune fiecare element la locul potrivit, astfel nct
economia poate funciona fr ntrerupere, iar interesele generale sunt sincronizate cu cele
individuale.
Fiind de accord cu fiziocraii i criticndu-i pe mercantiliti, Adam Smith considera c
avuia naiunii const n totalitatea bunurilor de care dispune aceast pentru satisfacerea nevoilor i
n munca anual a fiecrei naiuni. El generalizeaz obinerea i sporirea avuiei la toate ramurile
produciei, nu numai la agricultura dup cum se rezum fiziocraii.
Analiznd rolul hotrtor al muncii omeneti n crearea avuiei naionale Adam Smith
evideniaz dou aspecte eseniale, i anume:importanta diviziunii muncii pentru creterea
ndemnrii lucrtorilor, deci implicit a productivitii muncii i importanta creterii numrului de
lucrtori productivi, comparativ cu muncitorii neproductivi.
Adam Smith analizeaz de asemenea, rolul capitalului ca factor de producie i importanta
acumulrii de capital, prin transformarea unei pri din profit n capital suplimentar. Din aceast
perspectiv, el face distincia ntre rolurile diferite ndeplinite de comportamentele capitalului
(capital fix i capital circulant) n procesul crerii i sporirii avuiei naiunilor.
Pe lng problemele economice de care s-a ocupat pe larg, respectiv diviziunea muncii,
originea i ntrebuinarea banilor, valoarea i preul mrfurilor, capitalul i utilizarea acestuia,
crearea i repartiia venitului naional, mecanismul de ansamblu al funcionrii economice de pia,
Adam Smith face i el unele referiri tangeniale la multe alte probleme, printre care: comerul
internaional, venitul naional brut i net, politica economic a statului etc.
ntreaga filosofie economic a lui Adam Smith izvorte din credina sa n miraculoas
capacitate a pieei de a conduce sistemul economiei de pia la randamentul sau maxim. Dac a
prtinit totui pe cineva, acesta este consumatorul, care devine consumatorul rege i ale crui
interese sunt ntotdeauna plasate deasupra celor ale productorului.



Anexa 1. - PROFI LURI COMERCI ALE

September 2013
China

BASIC INDICATORS


Population (thousands, 2012)

1 350 695

Rank in world trade, 2012 Exports Imports
GDP (million current US$,
2012)

8 358 363

Merchandise


1 2
GDP (million current PPP
US$, 2012)

12 470 982

excluding intra-EU trade 2 3
Current account balance (million US$,
2012) 190 000

Commercial
services

5 3
Trade per capita (US$, 2010-
2012)

2 853

excluding intra-EU trade 3 3
Trade to GDP ratio (2010-
2012)

53.2



Annual percentage change



2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Real GDP (2005=100) 200

10 9 8
Exports of goods and services
(volume, 2005=100) a 200

12 9 ...
Imports of goods and services
(volume, 2005=100) a 180

10 5 ...



TRADE POLICY


WTO accession


11 December 2001

Contribution to WTO budget (%, 2013) 7.697
Trade Policy Review


12, 14 June 2012

Import duties collected (%, 2008-2010)
GPA accession


Observer

in total tax revenue


2.7
Tariffs and duty free
imports


to total imports


2.0
Tariff binding coverage (%)

100

Number of notifications to WTO and measures in force
MFN
tariffs


Final bound Applied 2011

Outstanding notifications in WTO Central
Registry 8
Simple average of import
duties


Goods RTAs - services EIAs notified to
WTO 10 - 9
All goods

10.0 9.6

Anti-dumping (30 June 2012)

116
Agricultural goods
(AOA) 15.8 15.6

Countervailing duties (30
June 2012)

4
Non-agricultural
goods 9.1 8.7

Safeguards (6 November
2012)

0
Non ad-valorem duties (%
total tariff lines) 0.0 0.5

Number of disputes (complainant - defendant)
MFN duty free imports (%,
2011)


Requests for consultation 11 - 31
in agricultural goods (AOA) 1.0

Original panel / Appellate Body (AB) reports 7 - 11
in non-agricultural goods 54.3

Compliance panel / AB reports (Article 21.5
DSU) 0 - 0
Services sectors with GATS
commitments 93

Arbitration awards (Article 22.6 DSU) 0 - 0



MERCHANDISE
TRADE


Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (million
US$) 2 048 714

15 20 8
Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (million
US$) 1 818 405 16 25 4






2012


2012
Share in world total exports 11.13 Share in world total imports 9.78
Breakdown in economy's total
exports


Breakdown in economy's total imports
By main commodity group (ITS)


By main commodity group (ITS)
Agricultural products

3.2 Agricultural products


8.6
Fuels and mining products

2.7 Fuels and mining products

29.4
Manufactures


94.0 Manufactures


58.2
By main destination


By main origin

1. United States


17.2
1. European Union
(27)


11.7
2. European Union
(27)


16.3

2. Japan


9.8
3. Hong Kong,
China


15.8
3. Korea, Republic
of


9.3
4. Japan


7.4 4. China


7.9
5. Korea, Republic
of


4.3

5. United States


7.4



COMMERCIAL SERVICES
TRADE

Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Commercial services exports (million
US$) 190 440

14 9 8
Commercial services imports (million
US$) 280 164

19 23 18




2012

2012
Share in world total exports 4.38 Share in world total imports 6.75





Breakdown in economy's total
exports


Breakdown in economy's total imports
By principal services item


By principal services item


Transportation

20.4 Transportation

30.6
Travel

26.3 Travel

36.4
Other commercial services

53.3 Other commercial services

32.9

United States

BASIC INDICATORS


Population (thousands, 2012)

313 914

Rank in world trade, 2012 Exports Imports
GDP (million current US$, 2012)

15 684 800

Merchandise


2 1
GDP (million current PPP US$,
2012)

15 684 800

excluding intra-EU trade 3 1
Current account balance (million US$,
2010) - 470 899

Commercial services

1 1
Trade per capita (US$, 2010-2012)

14 701

excluding intra-EU trade 2 2
Trade to GDP ratio (2010-2012)

30.5



Annual percentage change



2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Real GDP (2005=100) 108

1 2 2
Exports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) a 136

5 7 ...
Imports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) a 108

1 5 ...



TRADE POLICY


WTO accession


1 January
1995

Contribution to WTO budget (%, 2013) 11.709
Trade Policy Review


18, 20
December 2012

Import duties collected (%, 2009-2011)

GPA accession


1 January
1996

in total tax revenue


1.0
Tariffs and duty free imports


to total imports


1.2
Tariff binding coverage (%)

100.0

Number of notifications to WTO and measures in force
MFN
tariffs


Final bound Applied 2012

Outstanding notifications in WTO Central
Registry 5
Simple average of import
duties


Goods RTAs - services EIAs notified to WTO 14 - 13
All goods


3.5 3.4

Anti-dumping (30 June 2012)

241
Agricultural goods (AOA) 4.7 4.7

Countervailing duties (30 June
2012)

50
Non-agricultural goods 3.3 3.2

Safeguards (6 November
2012)

0
Non ad-valorem duties (% total
tariff lines) 8.2 8.6

Number of disputes (complainant - defendant)
MFN duty free imports (%, 2011)


Requests for consultation
106 -
120
in agricultural goods (AOA) 43.0

Original panel / Appellate Body (AB) reports 40 - 68
in non-agricultural goods 50.5

Compliance panel / AB reports (Article 21.5
DSU) 6 - 12
Services sectors with GATS
commitments 110

Arbitration awards (Article 22.6 DSU) 13 - 2



MERCHANDISE TRADE


Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (million US$) 1 545 709

8 16 4
Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (million US$) 2 335 537

4 15 3






2012


2012
Share in world total exports 8.40 Share in world total imports 12.56
Breakdown in economy's total exports

Breakdown in economy's total imports
By main commodity group (ITS)


By main commodity group (ITS)
Agricultural products

11.1 Agricultural products


6.1
Fuels and mining products

12.1 Fuels and mining products

20.8
Manufactures


71.3 Manufactures


69.3
By main destination


By main origin
1.
Canada


18.8

1. China


19.1
2. European Union (27)


17.1
2. European Union
(27)


16.7
3. Mexico


13.9 3. Canada


14.0
4. China


7.2 4. Mexico


12.0
5. Japan


4.5 5. Japan


6.4



COMMERCIAL SERVICES
TRADE

Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Commercial services exports (million US$) 621 218

8 9 6
Commercial services imports (million US$) 411 110

6 7 4




2012

2012
Share in world total exports 14.28 Share in world total imports 9.90





Breakdown in economy's total exports


Breakdown in economy's total imports
By principal services item


By principal services item


Transportation

13.3 Transportation

21.9
Travel

26.2 Travel

22.3
Other commercial services

60.5 Other commercial services

55.8


September 2013
Germany

BASIC INDICATORS


Population (thousands, 2012)

81 890

Rank in world trade, 2012 Exports Imports
GDP (million current US$, 2012)

3 399 589

Merchandise


3 3
GDP (million current PPP US$, 2012)

3 349 405

excluding intra-EU trade - -
Current account balance (million US$, 2012) 238 359

Commercial services

3 2
Trade per capita (US$, 2010-2012)

39 808

excluding intra-EU trade - -
Trade to GDP ratio (2010-2012)

95.0



Annual percentage change



2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Real GDP (2005=100) 111

1 3 1
Exports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) 139

5 8 4
Imports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) 137

5 7 2



TRADE POLICY


WTO accession


1 January
1995

Contribution to WTO budget (%, 2013) 8.554
Trade Policy Review


16,
18 July 2013

Import duties collected


GPA accession


1 January
1996

in total tax revenue


...
Tariffs and duty free imports


to total
imports


...
Tariff binding coverage (%)

100

Number of notifications to WTO and measures in force
MFN
tariffs


Final bound Applied 2012

Outstanding notifications in WTO Central
Registry 6
Simple average of import duties


Goods RTAs - services EIAs notified to WTO 34 - 11
All goods


5.2 5.5

Anti-dumping (30 June 2012)

123
Agricultural goods (AOA) 13.7 13.2

Countervailing duties (30 June
2012)

10
Non-agricultural goods 3.9 4.2

Safeguards (6 November 2012)

0
Non ad-valorem duties (% total tariff
lines) 4.8 5.0

Number of disputes (complainant - defendant)
MFN duty free imports (%, 2011)


Requests for consultation 89 - 74
in agricultural goods (AOA) 46.5

Original panel / Appellate Body (AB) reports 38 - 30
in non-agricultural goods 59.8

Compliance panel / AB reports (Article 21.5
DSU) 4 - 4
Services sectors with GATS commitments 115

Arbitration awards (Article 22.6 DSU) 4 - 3



MERCHANDISE TRADE


Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (million US$) 1 407 082

5 17 -5
Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (million US$) 1 167 236

6 19 -7






2012


2012
Share in world total exports 7.65 Share in world total imports 6.28
Breakdown in economy's total exports

Breakdown in economy's total imports
By main commodity group (ITS)


By main commodity group (ITS)
Agricultural products

6.5 Agricultural products


9.5
Fuels and mining products

6.1 Fuels and mining products

19.7
Manufactures


85.1 Manufactures


68.8
By main destination


By main origin

1. European Union (27)


56.2
1. European Union
(27)


56.0
2. United States


7.9 2. China


8.6
3. China


6.1 3. United States


5.7
4. Switzerland


4.5 4. Russian Federation


4.7
5. Russian Federation


3.5
5.
Switzerland


4.2



COMMERCIAL SERVICES TRADE

Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Commercial services exports (million US$) 257 237

7 9 -1
Commercial services imports (million US$) 293 435

5 11 -1




2012

2012
Share in world total exports 5.91 Share in world total imports 7.07





Breakdown in economy's total exports


Breakdown in economy's total imports
By principal services item


By principal services item


Transportation

22.0 Transportation

23.1
Travel

14.8 Travel

28.6
Other commercial services

63.2 Other commercial services

48.3


September 2013
Japan

BASIC INDICATORS


Population (thousands, 2012)

127 561

Rank in world trade, 2012
Expo
rts Imports
GDP (million current US$, 2012)

5 959 718

Merchandi
se


4 4
GDP (million current PPP US$, 2012)

4 487 301

excluding intra-EU trade 4 4
Current account balance (million US$, 2012) ...

Commercial
services

6 4
Trade per capita (US$, 2010-2012)

14 331

excluding intra-EU trade 4 4
Trade to GDP ratio (2010-2012)

31.6



Annual percentage change



2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Real GDP (2005=100)
103

0 -1 2
Exports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) a 114

2 0 ...
Imports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) a 106

1 6 ...



TRADE POLICY

WTO accession


1 January 1995

Contribution to WTO budget (%, 2013) 4.611
Trade Policy Review


19, 21 February
2013

Import duties collected (%, 2009-2011)

GPA accession


1 January 1996

in total tax revenue


1.0
Tariffs and duty free imports


to total
imports


1.2
Tariff binding coverage (%)

99.7

Number of notifications to WTO and measures in
force
MFN
tariffs


Final bound Applied 2012

Outstanding notifications in WTO Central
Registry 6
Simple average of import duties


Goods RTAs - services EIAs notified to
WTO 13 - 12
All goods


5.2 4.6

Anti-dumping (30 June 2012)

4
Agricultural goods (AOA) 22.1 16.6

Countervailing duties (30 June
2012)

...
Non-agricultural goods 2.6 2.6

Safeguards (6 November
2012)

0
Non ad-valorem duties (% total tariff
lines) 3.5 3.6

Number of disputes (complainant - defendant)
MFN duty free imports (%, 2011)


Requests for consultation 18 - 15
in agricultural goods (AOA) 47.0

Original panel / Appellate Body (AB)
reports 11 - 7
in non-agricultural goods 83.0

Compliance panel / AB reports (Article
21.5 DSU) 1 - 1
Services sectors with GATS commitments 112

Arbitration awards (Article 22.6 DSU) 0 - 1



MERCHANDISE TRADE


Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (million US$) 798 568

4 7 -3
Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (million US$) 885 843

8 23 4






2012


2012
Share in world total exports
4.34

Share in world total imports 4.76
Breakdown in economy's total exports

Breakdown in economy's total imports

By main commodity group (ITS)

By main commodity group (ITS)

Agricultural products


1.4
Agricultural
products


10.6
Fuels and mining products

4.4

Fuels and mining products

40.8
Manufactures



88.9
Manufactur
es


47.2
By main destination


By main origin

1. China


18.0

1. China


21.2
2. United States


17.8
2. European Union
(27)


9.4
3. European Union (27)


10.2

3. United States


8.8
4. Korea, Republic of


7.7

4. Australia


6.4
5. Chinese Taipei


5.8

5. Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of

6.2



COMMERCIAL SERVICES TRADE

Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Commercial services exports (million US$) b 142 407

... 3 0
Commercial services imports (million US$) b 174 757

... 6 5




2012


2012
Share in world total exports
3.27

Share in world total imports 4.21




Breakdown in economy's total exports

Breakdown in economy's total imports

By principal services item


By principal services item

Transportation

28.2

Transportation

31.6
Travel

10.2

Travel

15.9
Other commercial services

61.6

Other commercial services

52.5


September 2013
France

BASIC INDICATORS


Population (thousands, 2012)

65 697

Rank in world trade, 2012
Export
s Imports
GDP (million current US$, 2012)

2 612 878

Merchandise


6 6
GDP (million current PPP US$, 2012)

2 371 919

excluding intra-EU trade - -
Current account balance (million US$, 2012) - 60 072

Commercial services

4 6
Trade per capita (US$, 2010-2012)

24 282

excluding intra-EU trade - -
Trade to GDP ratio (2010-2012)

60.0



Annual percentage change



2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Real GDP (2005=100) 105

1 2 0
Exports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) 111

2 5 2
Imports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) 115

2 5 -1



TRADE POLICY


WTO accession


1 January
1995

Contribution to WTO budget (%, 2013) 4.172
Trade Policy Review


16,
18 July 2013

Import duties collected


GPA accession


1 January
1996

in total tax revenue


...
Tariffs and duty free imports


to total
imports


...
Tariff binding coverage (%)

100

Number of notifications to WTO and measures in force
MFN
tariffs


Final bound Applied 2012

Outstanding notifications in WTO Central
Registry 6
Simple average of import duties


Goods RTAs - services EIAs notified to WTO 34 - 11
All goods


5.2 5.5

Anti-dumping (30 June 2012)

123
Agricultural goods (AOA) 13.7 13.2

Countervailing duties (30 June
2012)

10
Non-agricultural goods 3.9 4.2

Safeguards (6 November 2012)

0
Non ad-valorem duties (% total tariff
lines) 4.8 5.0

Number of disputes (complainant - defendant)
MFN duty free imports (%, 2011)


Requests for consultation 89 - 76
in agricultural goods (AOA) 46.5

Original panel / Appellate Body (AB) reports 38 - 30
in non-agricultural goods 59.8

Compliance panel / AB reports (Article 21.5
DSU) 4 - 4
Services sectors with GATS commitments 115

Arbitration awards (Article 22.6 DSU) 4 - 3



MERCHANDISE TRADE


Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (million US$) 568 920

3 14 -5
Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (million US$) 673 794

4 18 -6






2012


2012
Share in world total exports 3.09 Share in world total imports 3.62
Breakdown in economy's total exports

Breakdown in economy's total imports
By main commodity group (ITS)


By main commodity group (ITS)
Agricultural products

13.8 Agricultural products


9.7
Fuels and mining products

7.2 Fuels and mining products

19.5
Manufactures



77.3
Manufacture
s


70.3
By main destination


By main origin

1. European Union (27)


59.0
1. European Union
(27)


58.6
2. United States


6.1 2. China


8.0
3. China


3.5 3. United States


6.4
4. Switzerland


3.2
4.
Switzerland


2.3
5. Russian Federation


2.1
5. Russian
Federation


2.3



COMMERCIAL SERVICES TRADE

Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Commercial services exports (million US$) a 210 662

... 17 -6
Commercial services imports (million US$) a 172 085

... 12 -9




2012


2012
Share in world total exports 4.84 Share in world total imports 4.14




Breakdown in economy's total exports

Breakdown in economy's total imports
By principal services item


By principal services item


Transportation

21.1 Transportation

28.1
Travel

25.5 Travel

21.6
Other commercial services

53.4 Other commercial services

50.3


September 2013
Korea, Republic of

BASIC INDICATORS


Population (thousands, 2012)

50 004

Rank in world trade, 2012
Export
s
Import
s
GDP (million current US$, 2012)

1 129 598

Merchandise


7 9
GDP (million current PPP US$,
2012)

1 540 151

excluding intra-EU trade 5 6
Current account balance (million US$, 2012) 43 251

Commercial services

13 11
Trade per capita (US$, 2010-2012)

24 221

excluding intra-EU trade 8 7
Trade to GDP ratio (2010-2012)

110.9



Annual percentage change



2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Real GDP (2005=100) 128

4 4 2
Exports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) 172

8 9 4
Imports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) 152

6 6 3



TRADE
POLICY


WTO accession


1 January 1995

Contribution to WTO budget (%, 2013) 2.765
Trade Policy Review


19, 21
September 2012

Import duties collected (%, 2009-2011)
GPA accession


1 January 1997

in total tax revenue


4.5
Tariffs and duty free imports


to total
imports


1.7
Tariff binding coverage (%)

94.6

Number of notifications to WTO and measures in force
MFN
tariffs


Final bound Applied 2012

Outstanding notifications in WTO Central
Registry 6
Simple average of import duties


Goods RTAs - services EIAs notified to
WTO 12 - 8
All goods


16.6 13.3

Anti-dumping (30 June 2012)

30
Agricultural goods (AOA) 56.1 52.7

Countervailing duties (30 June
2012)

...
Non-agricultural goods 10.2 6.8

Safeguards (6 November
2012)

0
Non ad-valorem duties (% total
tariff lines) 0.7 0.5

Number of disputes (complainant - defendant)
MFN duty free imports (%, 2011)


Requests for consultation 16 - 14
in agricultural goods (AOA) 10.3

Original panel / Appellate Body (AB) reports 10 - 8
in non-agricultural goods 37.6

Compliance panel / AB reports (Article 21.5
DSU) 0 - 1
Services sectors with GATS
commitments 98

Arbitration awards (Article 22.6 DSU) 0 - 1



MERCHANDISE


Value

Annual percentage change
TRADE


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (million US$) 547 870

10 19 -1
Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (million US$) 519 584

10 23 -1






2012


2012
Share in world total exports 2.98 Share in world total imports 2.79
Breakdown in economy's total exports

Breakdown in economy's total imports
By main commodity group (ITS)

By main commodity group (ITS)
Agricultural products

2.3 Agricultural products


6.4
Fuels and mining products

12.6 Fuels and mining products

43.7
Manufactures



84.4
Manufacture
s


49.5
By main destination


By main origin
1. China


24.5 1. China


15.5
2. United States


10.7 2. Japan


12.4
3. European Union
(27)


9.1
3. European Union
(27)


9.7
4. Japan


7.1 4. United States


8.4
5. Hong Kong, China


5.9 5. Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of

7.6



COMMERCIAL SERVICES TRADE

Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Commercial services exports (million US$) 109 619

12 9 17
Commercial services imports (million US$) 107 057

9 5 7




2012


2012
Share in world total exports 2.52 Share in world total imports 2.58




Breakdown in economy's total exports

Breakdown in economy's total imports
By principal services item


By principal services item

Transportation

37.1 Transportation

28.2
Travel

13.0 Travel

18.8
Other commercial services

49.7 Other commercial services

53.0


September 2013
Netherlands

BASIC INDICATORS


Population (thousands, 2012)

16 768

Rank in world trade, 2012
Export
s Imports
GDP (million current US$, 2012)

772 227

Merchandise


5 7
GDP (million current PPP US$, 2012)

724 337

excluding intra-EU trade - -
Current account balance (million US$, 2012) 76 748

Commercial services

9 8
Trade per capita (US$, 2010-2012)

73 407

excluding intra-EU trade - -
Trade to GDP ratio (2010-2012)

154.3



Annual percentage change



2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Real GDP (2005=100) 107

1 1 -1
Exports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) 128

4 4 3
Imports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) 129

4 4 3



TRADE POLICY


WTO accession


1 January
1995

Contribution to WTO budget (%, 2013) 3.118
Trade Policy Review


16,
18 July 2013

Import duties collected


GPA accession


1 January
1996

in total tax revenue


...
Tariffs and duty free imports


to total
imports


...
Tariff binding coverage (%)

100

Number of notifications to WTO and measures in force
MFN


Final bound Applied 2012

Outstanding notifications in WTO Central 6
tariffs Registry
Simple average of import duties


Goods RTAs - services EIAs notified to WTO 34 - 11
All goods


5.2 5.5

Anti-dumping (30 June 2012)

123
Agricultural goods (AOA) 13.7 13.2

Countervailing duties (30 June
2012)

10
Non-agricultural goods 3.9 4.2

Safeguards (6 November 2012)

0
Non ad-valorem duties (% total
tariff lines) 4.8 5.0

Number of disputes (complainant - defendant)
MFN duty free imports (%, 2011)


Requests for consultation 89 - 75
in agricultural goods (AOA) 46.5

Original panel / Appellate Body (AB) reports 38 - 30
in non-agricultural goods 59.8

Compliance panel / AB reports (Article 21.5
DSU) 4 - 4
Services sectors with GATS commitments 115

Arbitration awards (Article 22.6 DSU) 4 - 3



MERCHANDISE TRADE


Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (million US$) 655 700

7 16 -2
Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (million US$) 591 198

7 16 -1






2012


2012
Share in world total exports 3.56 Share in world total imports 3.18
Breakdown in economy's total exports

Breakdown in economy's total imports
By main commodity group (ITS)


By main commodity group (ITS)
Agricultural products

15.7 Agricultural products


12.2
Fuels and mining products

24.3 Fuels and mining products

30.2
Manufactures



59.1
Manufacture
s


56.7
By main destination


By main origin

1. European Union (27)


72.7
1. European Union
(27)


51.6
2. United States


4.6 2. China


8.2
3. China


1.8 3. United States


6.8
4. Russian Federation


1.6
4. Russian
Federation


5.2
5. Switzerland


1.3 5. Norway


3.1



COMMERCIAL SERVICES TRADE

Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Commercial services exports (million US$) 131 235

6 17 -3
Commercial services imports (million US$) 119 248

5 15 -1




2012

2012
Share in world total exports 3.02 Share in world total imports 2.87





Breakdown in economy's total exports


Breakdown in economy's total imports
By principal services item


By principal services item


Transportation

22.8 Transportation

18.0
Travel

10.6 Travel

16.9
Other commercial services

66.6 Other commercial services

65.1


September 2013
Russian Federation

BASIC INDICATORS


Population (thousands, 2012)

143 533

Rank in world trade, 2012
Export
s Imports
GDP (million current US$, 2012)

2 014 776

Merchandise


8 16
GDP (million current PPP US$, 2012)

3 373 166

excluding intra-EU trade 6 11
Current account balance (million US$, 2008) 103 530

Commercial services

22 14
Trade per capita (US$, 2010-2012)

6 533

excluding intra-EU trade 11 9
Trade to GDP ratio (2010-2012)

51.5



Annual percentage change



2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Real GDP (2005=100) 128

4 4 3
Exports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) 119

3 0 1
Imports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) 203

11 20 9



TRADE POLICY


WTO accession


22 August
2012

Contribution to WTO budget (%, 2013) 2.080
Trade Policy Review


...

Import duties collected (%, 2009-2011)
GPA accession


Observer

in total tax revenue


5.6
Tariffs and duty free imports


to total
imports


6.1
Tariff binding coverage (%)

100

Number of notifications to WTO and measures in force
MFN
tariffs


Final bound Applied 2012

Outstanding notifications in WTO Central
Registry 5
Simple average of import duties


Goods RTAs - services EIAs notified to WTO 16 - 0
All goods


7.8 10.0

Anti-dumping (30 June 2012)

...
Agricultural goods (AOA) 11.2 13.3

Countervailing duties (30 June
2012)

...
Non-agricultural goods 7.2 9.4

Safeguards (6 November 2012)

0
Non ad-valorem duties (% total tariff
lines) 9.1 12.7

Number of disputes (complainant - defendant)
MFN duty free imports (%, 2011)


Requests for consultation 0 - 2
in agricultural goods (AOA) 9.0

Original panel / Appellate Body (AB) reports 0 - 0
in non-agricultural goods 32.6

Compliance panel / AB reports (Article 21.5
DSU) 0 - 0
Services sectors with GATS commitments 122

Arbitration awards (Article 22.6 DSU) 0 - 0



MERCHANDISE TRADE


Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (million US$) 529 255

12 30 1
Merchandise imports, f.o.b. (million US$) 335 446

15 30 4






2012


2012
Share in world total exports 2.88 Share in world total imports 1.80
Breakdown in economy's total exports

Breakdown in economy's total imports
By main commodity group (ITS)


By main commodity group (ITS)
Agricultural products

6.0 Agricultural products


13.3
Fuels and mining products

71.3 Fuels and mining products

2.9
Manufactures



19.6
Manufacture
s


80.1
By main destination


By main origin

1. European Union (27)


45.1
1. European Union
(27)


33.9
2. China


6.4 2. China


15.4
3. Belarus


4.0 3. Ukraine


5.5
4. Turkey


3.0 4. United States


3.8
5. Japan


2.9 5. Belarus


3.6
Unspecified destinations 17.7 Unspecified origins 16.7


COMMERCIAL SERVICES TRADE

Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Commercial services exports (million US$) 58 299

13 22 7
Commercial services imports (million US$) 104 170

16 22 19




2012

2012
Share in world total exports 1.34 Share in world total imports 2.51





Breakdown in economy's total exports


Breakdown in economy's total imports
By principal services item


By principal services item


Transportation

32.6 Transportation

15.8
Travel

19.2 Travel

41.1
Other commercial services

48.2 Other commercial services

43.2


September 2013
Italy

BASIC INDICATORS


Population (thousands, 2012)

60 918

Rank in world trade, 2012
Export
s Imports
GDP (million current US$, 2012)

2 013 263

Merchandis


9 11
e
GDP (million current PPP US$, 2012)

2 017 026

excluding intra-EU trade - -
Current account balance (million US$, 2012) - 14 891

Commercial services

14 13
Trade per capita (US$, 2010-2012)

19 803

excluding intra-EU trade - -
Trade to GDP ratio (2010-2012)

57.7



Annual percentage change



2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Real GDP (2005=100) 97

0 0 -2
Exports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) 111

2 6 2
Imports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) 100

0 0 -8



TRADE POLICY


WTO accession


1 January
1995

Contribution to WTO budget (%, 2013) 3.451
Trade Policy Review


16,
18 July 2013

Import duties collected


GPA accession


1 January
1996

in total tax revenue


...
Tariffs and duty free imports


to total
imports


...
Tariff binding coverage (%)

100

Number of notifications to WTO and measures in force
MFN
tariffs


Final bound Applied 2012

Outstanding notifications in WTO Central
Registry 6
Simple average of import duties


Goods RTAs - services EIAs notified to
WTO 34 - 11
All goods


5.2 5.5

Anti-dumping (30 June 2012)

123
Agricultural goods (AOA) 13.7 13.2

Countervailing duties (30 June
2012)

10
Non-agricultural goods 3.9 4.2

Safeguards (6 November 2012)

0
Non ad-valorem duties (% total tariff
lines) 4.8 5.0

Number of disputes (complainant - defendant)
MFN duty free imports (%, 2011)


Requests for consultation 89 - 75
in agricultural goods (AOA) 46.5

Original panel / Appellate Body (AB) reports 38 - 30
in non-agricultural goods 59.8

Compliance panel / AB reports (Article 21.5
DSU) 4 - 4
Services sectors with GATS commitments 115

Arbitration awards (Article 22.6 DSU) 4 - 3



MERCHANDISE TRADE


Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (million US$) 500 719

4 17 -4
Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (million US$) 486 630

3 15 -13






2012 a


2012 a
Share in world total exports 2.72 Share in world total imports 2.62
Breakdown in economy's total exports

Breakdown in economy's total imports
By main commodity group (ITS)


By main commodity group (ITS)
Agricultural products

8.5 Agricultural products


11.9
Fuels and mining products

8.2 Fuels and mining products

27.2
Manufactures



79.8
Manufacture
s


59.0
By main destination


By main origin

1. European Union (27)


55.5
1. European Union
(27)


53.4
2. United States


6.1 2. China


7.4
3. Switzerland


5.5
3. Russian
Federation


4.2
4. China


2.7 4. United States


3.2
5. Turkey


2.5
5.
Switzerland


2.8



COMMERCIAL SERVICES TRADE

Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Commercial services exports (million US$) 102 878

2 9 -2
Commercial services imports (million US$) 104 734

2 6 -8




2012


2012
Share in world total exports 2.37 Share in world total imports 2.52




Breakdown in economy's total exports

Breakdown in economy's total imports
By principal services item


By principal services item

Transportation

13.8 Transportation

23.2
Travel

40.1 Travel

25.0
Other commercial services

46.1 Other commercial services

51.8


September 2013
Canada

BASIC INDICATORS


Population (thousands, 2012)

34 880

Rank in world trade, 2012
Export
s
Import
s
GDP (million current US$, 2012)

1 821 424

Merchandise


12 12
GDP (million current PPP US$, 2012)

1 483 586

excluding intra-EU trade 8 8
Current account balance (million US$, 2008) 6 376

Commercial services

17 12
Trade per capita (US$, 2010-2012)

30 674

excluding intra-EU trade 10 8
Trade to GDP ratio (2010-2012)

61.3



Annual percentage change



2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Real GDP (2005=100) 111

1 3 2
Exports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) a 93

-1 5 ...
Imports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) a 118

3 7 ...



TRADE
POLICY


WTO accession


1 January
1995

Contribution to WTO budget (%, 2013) 2.780
Trade Policy Review


20, 22 June
2011

Import duties collected


GPA accession


1 January
1996

in total tax revenue


...
Tariffs and duty free imports


to total
imports


...
Tariff binding coverage (%)

99.7

Number of notifications to WTO and measures in force
MFN
tariffs


Final bound Applied 2012

Outstanding notifications in WTO Central
Registry 4
Simple average of import duties


Goods RTAs - services EIAs notified to
WTO 9 - 5
All goods


6.9 4.3

Anti-dumping (30 June 2012)

33
Agricultural goods (AOA) 17.5 16.2

Countervailing duties (30 June
2012)

11
Non-agricultural goods 5.3 2.4

Safeguards (6 November 2012)

0
Non ad-valorem duties (% total
tariff lines) 2.8 1.7

Number of disputes (complainant - defendant)
MFN duty free imports (%, 2011)


Requests for consultation 33 - 17
in agricultural goods (AOA) 53.5

Original panel / Appellate Body (AB) reports 15 - 13
in non-agricultural goods 69.6

Compliance panel / AB reports (Article 21.5
DSU) 6 - 5
Services sectors with GATS commitments 105

Arbitration awards (Article 22.6 DSU) 1 - 3



MERCHANDISE TRADE


Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (million US$) 454 794

3 17 1
Merchandise imports, f.o.b. (million US$) 474 920

6 15 2






2012


2012
Share in world total exports 2.47 Share in world total imports 2.55
Breakdown in economy's total exports

Breakdown in economy's total imports
By main commodity group (ITS)

By main commodity group (ITS)
Agricultural products

13.8 Agricultural products


8.2
Fuels and mining products

32.7 Fuels and mining products

14.0
Manufactures


46.3 Manufacture


73.6
s
By main destination


By main origin
1. United States


74.6 1. United States


50.6
2. European Union (27)


8.5 2. China


11.0
3. China


4.3
3. European Union
(27)


10.9
4. Japan


2.3 4. Mexico


5.5
5. Mexico


1.2 5. Japan


3.3



COMMERCIAL SERVICES TRADE

Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Commercial services exports (million US$) 77 531

5 9 -1
Commercial services imports (million US$) 105 151

7 10 1




2012


2012
Share in world total exports 1.78 Share in world total imports 2.53




Breakdown in economy's total exports

Breakdown in economy's total imports
By principal services item


By principal services item

Transportation

17.0 Transportation

22.0
Travel

22.4 Travel

33.5
Other commercial services

60.6 Other commercial services

44.5


September 2013
Hong Kong, China

BASIC INDICATORS


Population (thousands, 2012)

7 155

Rank in world trade, 2012
Export
s
Import
s
GDP (million current US$, 2012)

263 259

Merchandise


10 8
GDP (million current PPP US$,
2012)

371 650

excluding intra-EU trade 7 5
Current account balance (million US$, 2012) ...

Commercial services

10 21
Trade per capita (US$, 2010-2012)

145 657

excluding intra-EU trade 6 13
Trade to GDP ratio (2010-2012)

417.9



Annual percentage change



2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Real GDP (2005=100) 129

4 5 2
Exports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) 135

4 4 2
Imports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) 140

5 5 3



TRADE
POLICY


WTO accession


1 January
1995

Contribution to WTO budget (%, 2013) 2.569
Trade Policy Review


1, 3
December 2010

Import duties collected (%, 2009-2011)
GPA accession


19 June 1997

in total tax revenue


0.6
Tariffs and duty free imports


to total
imports


0.0
Tariff binding coverage (%)

45.6

Number of notifications to WTO and measures in force
MFN
tariffs


Final bound Applied 2012

Outstanding notifications in WTO Central
Registry 4
Simple average of import duties


Goods RTAs - services EIAs notified to
WTO 3 - 3
All goods


0.0 0.0

Anti-dumping (30 June 2012)

...
Agricultural goods (AOA) 0.0 0.0

Countervailing duties (30 June
2012)

...
Non-agricultural goods 0.0 0.0

Safeguards (6 November
2012)

0
Non ad-valorem duties (% total
tariff lines) 0.0 0.0

Number of disputes (complainant - defendant)
MFN duty free imports (%, 2011)


Requests for consultation 1 - 0
in agricultural goods (AOA) 100.0

Original panel / Appellate Body (AB) reports 0 - 0
in non-agricultural goods 100.0

Compliance panel / AB reports (Article 21.5 0 - 0
DSU)
Services sectors with GATS
commitments 68

Arbitration awards (Article 22.6 DSU) 0 - 0



MERCHANDISE
TRADE


Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (million US$) 492 907

8 14 8
Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (million US$) 553 486

9 16 8



2012


2012
Share in world total exports 2.68 Share in world total imports 2.98
Breakdown in economy's total exports

Breakdown in economy's total imports
By main commodity group (ITS)


By main commodity group (ITS)
Agricultural products

1.9 Agricultural products


4.5
Fuels and mining products

2.0 Fuels and mining products

4.7
Manufactures



85.9
Manufacture
s


81.9
By main destination


By main origin
1. China


57.6 1. China


45.6
2. United States


8.9 2. Japan


7.7
3. European Union
(27)


8.8
3. European Union
(27)


7.4
4. Japan


3.8 4. Singapore


6.3
5. India


2.2 5. United States


6.0



COMMERCIAL SERVICES TRADE

Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Commercial services exports (million US$) 123 387

10 14 5
Commercial services imports (million US$) 57 240

8 10 2



2012

2012
Share in world total exports 2.84 Share in world total imports 1.38


Breakdown in economy's total exports


Breakdown in economy's total imports
By principal services item


By principal services item


Transportation

25.9 Transportation

28.7
Travel

26.0 Travel

35.4
Other commercial services

48.1 Other commercial services

35.9


September 2013
India

BASIC INDICATORS


Population (thousands, 2012)

1 236 687

Rank in world trade, 2012
Export
s
Import
s
GDP (million current US$, 2012)

1 841 717

Merchandise


19 10
GDP (million current PPP US$,
2012)

4 793 414

excluding intra-EU trade 14 7
Current account balance (million US$,
2008) - 30 972

Commercial services

7 7
Trade per capita (US$, 2010-2012)

754

excluding intra-EU trade 5 5
Trade to GDP ratio (2010-2012)

50.9



Annual percentage change



2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Real GDP (2005=100) 164

7 6 3
Exports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) 198

10 15 3
Imports of goods and services (volume,
2005=100) 241

13 21 7



TRADE
POLICY


WTO accession


1 January 1995

Contribution to WTO budget (%, 2013) 1.801
Trade Policy Review


14, 16
September 2011

Import duties collected (%, 2007-2009)
GPA accession


Observer

in total tax revenue


9.7
Tariffs and duty free imports


to total
imports


6.5
Tariff binding coverage (%)

73.8

Number of notifications to WTO and measures in force
MFN
tariffs


Final bound Applied 2012

Outstanding notifications in WTO Central
Registry 23
Simple average of import
duties


Goods RTAs - services EIAs notified to
WTO 15 - 4
All
goods


48.6 13.7

Anti-dumping (30 June 2012)

222
Agricultural goods (AOA)

113.1 33.5

Countervailing duties (30 June
2012)

...
Non-agricultural goods 34.5 10.4

Safeguards (6 November
2012)

2
Non ad-valorem duties (% total
tariff lines) 5.3 4.9

Number of disputes (complainant - defendant)
MFN duty free imports (%, 2011)


Requests for consultation 21 - 22
in agricultural goods (AOA) 15.8

Original panel / Appellate Body (AB) reports 9 - 6
in non-agricultural goods 14.1

Compliance panel / AB reports (Article 21.5
DSU) 1 - 0
Services sectors with GATS
commitments 37

Arbitration awards (Article 22.6 DSU) 0 - 1



MERCHANDISE
TRADE


Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (million US$) 294 158

17 34 -3
Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (million US$) 489 668

19 33 5






2012


2012
Share in world total exports 1.60 Share in world total imports 2.63
Breakdown in economy's total exports

Breakdown in economy's total imports
By main commodity group (ITS)


By main commodity group (ITS)
Agricultural products

14.4 Agricultural products


5.2
Fuels and mining products

21.9 Fuels and mining products

42.9
Manufacture
s



61.2
Manufacture
s


38.5
By main destination


By main origin
1. European Union
(27)


16.7
1. European Union
(27)


11.1
2. United States


12.8 2. China


11.1
3. United Arab
Emirates


12.3
3. United Arab
Emirates


7.7
4. China


5.1 4. Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of

6.7
5. Singapore


4.7
5.
Switzerland


5.9



COMMERCIAL SERVICES
TRADE

Value

Annual percentage change


2012

2005-2012 2011 2012
Commercial services exports (million US$) 140 705

15 11 3
Commercial services imports (million US$) 127 482

15 6 3




2012

2012
Share in world total exports 3.23 Share in world total imports 3.07





Breakdown in economy's total exports


Breakdown in economy's total imports
By principal services item


By principal services item


Transportation

12.1 Transportation

46.2
Travel

12.6 Travel

9.7
Other commercial services

73.7 Other commercial services

40.1


http://stat.wto.org/CountryProfile