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Anatomia inimii
Presarcina
Postsarcina
se calculeaza ca raportul
Vsistolic/VEDx100
valori normale = 55-70%.
Insuficienta cardiaca
Definitie
Insuficienta cardiaca
Stanga/dreapta
acuta/cronica
Insuficienta cardiaca
compensata/decompensata
sistolica/diastolica
FACTORII DETERMINANI AI
FUNCIEI VENTRICULARE
CONTRACTILITATE (inotropism)
PRESARCINA
POSTSARCINA
VOLUM /
BTAIE
- Contracie VS sinergic
- SIV intact
- Valve competente
FRECVEN
cardiaca
DEBIT CARDIAC
Preload (PRESARCINA)
Volume of blood in ventricles at end diastole
Depends on venous return
Depends on compliance
Afterload (POSTSARCINA)
Force needed to eject blood into circulation
Arterial B/P, pulmonary artery pressure
Valvular disease increases afterload
PRESARCINA
POSTSARCINA
(presiune)
POSTSARCINA VS cand
creste?
Cand avem o
suprasolicitare de
presiune
HTA
stenoza aortica
coarctatia de
aorta
POSTSARCINA VS cauze
POSTSARCINA
(presiune)
Presarcina
Cordul normal
Suprasolicitarea de volum
la sfarsitul diastolei
Cordul
gravitational
Venodilatatie
Manevra Valsalva
Insuficienta cardiaca
Heart Failure
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Heart Failure
Pathophysiology
Diastolic failure
Impaired ability of ventricles to relax and fill
during diastole > decrease stroke volume and CO
Diagnosis based on presence of pulmonary
congestion, pulmonary hypertension, ventricular
hypertrophy
*normal ejection fraction (EF)- Know why!
Because not much blood to eject
boli pericardice
pericardita constrictiva ,
tamponada cardiaca
scurtarea diastolei
tahiaritmii excesive
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=9N7iTmthB9s
Khan video
Mecanisme
Hemodinamic
Renal
Neuro hormonal
Genetic (new age)
FIZIOPATOLOGIE
Modelul hemodinamic al IC
Crestere de
postsarcina
Injurie
miocardica
Debit cardiac
scazut
Vasoconstrictie
periferica
complianta
Consecinte:
defect in productia si utilizarea de ATP
numarul de cardiomiocite
LV Dysfunction causes
Decreased cardiac output
FIZIOPATOLOGIE
Compensatory Mechanisms:
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
System
Beta
Stimulation
CO
Na+
Renin + Angiotensinogen
Angiotensin I
ACE
Angiotensin II
Peripheral
Vasoconstrictio
n
Kaliuresis
Aldosterone Secretion
Fibrosis
Afterload
Cardiac Output
Heart Failure
Preload
Cardiac Workload
Edema
Fiziologic: SNS
contractilitate
FC
activitate de pacemakeri cardiaci
Arterial vasoconstriction
Increase in cardiac contractility
Hypertrophy
Heart Failure
Etiology and Pathophysiology
IC compensata sau
decompensata
n IC compensat mecanismele
compensatorii reuesc s menin DC la
valori adecvate necesitilor metabolice
tisulare pe seama rezervei funcionale;
Insuficienta cardiaca
ACUTA
modificri:
scaderea brusc a DC: hipotensiune arterial,
hipoperfuzie tisular oc cardiogen
cauze: IM ntins, rupturi valvulare, embolia
pulmonar masiv
Insuficienta cadiaca
CRONICA
Heart Failure
Pathophysiology
Cardiac compensatory mechanisms
1.tachycardia
2.ventricular dilation-Starlings law
3.myocardial hypertrophy
Hypoxia leads to decrease contractility
(for example in IMA = acute miocardial infarction)
mecanism intrinsec de
autoreglare a volumului bataie in
caz de injurie cardiaca acuta
FIZIOPATOLOGIE
Frank Starling
Heart Failure
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Cardiac wasting
Muscle myopathy
Fatigue
dilataia
cavitilor cordului:,
hipertrofiafibrelormiocardice,
tahicardia.
Obs. Tahicardie, ca mecanism compensator n anumite limite: frecven
prea mare scade debitul cardiac, prin reducerea diastolei i
perturbarea circulaiei coronariene
Heart Failure
Etiology and Pathophysiology
BNP
With chronic heart failure, atrial mycotes secrete
increase amounts of atrial natriuretic peptide
(ANP) and
brain natriuretic pepetide (BNP) in response to high
atrial and ventricular filling pressures
Usually is > 400 pg/mL in patients with dyspnea due to
heart failure.
Important:
Disfunctie miocardica
Reducerea perfuziei
sistemice
Alterarea
expresiei
genelor
Crestere si
remodelare
Apoptoza
Ishemie, depletie
de energie
Necroza
Moarte celulara
Toxicitate
directa
Ventricular hypertrophy
Ventricular dilation
Ventricular remodeling
Heart Failure
Complications
Remodelarea ventriculara
Semne clinice
Modificarea functiei de pompa a inimii
se asociaza cu semne si simptome tipice
Dispnee
tahicardie
tahipnee
Symptoms
CLASIFICARE
NYHA (1994) dupa simptome legate
de capacitatea functionala
Severitate bazata pe
simptome si activitate fizica
Clasa I
Clasa II
Clasa III
Clasa IV
Multiple manifestari
HTA
Cardiomiopatii
Droguri
Toxice
Endocrine
Nutritionale
Infiltrative
fatigue, weakness,
lethargy
wt. gain, inc. abd.
girth, anorexia, RUQ
pain
elevated neck veins
Hepatomegaly +HJR
may not see signs of
LVF
Stenoza mitral
stenozarea orificiului valvular mitral
Etiologie: congenital sau reumatismal
-scderea debitului cardiac (DC) apare iniial doar la efortul fizic sau
tahicardie (cnd scade durata diastolei i umplerea ventricular)