Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
preoperator şi postoperator in
chirurgia functionala rinosinusala
Dr Violeta Necula
Preoperator
Pregatirea preoperatorie
• Tratament preoperator
• corticoterapie topica ± orala,
• irigatii cu solutie salina,
• antiboterapie
• Analize preoperatorii (American Society of Anesthesiologists)
• Pacient <40 ani, fara alte probleme de sanatate: hemoleucograma, glicemie, uree,
creatinina, electroliti (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻)
• Pacient <40 ani, fumator: hemoleucograma, glicemie, uree, creatinina, electroliti (Na⁺, K⁺,
Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻), EKG, Rx torace
• Pacient >40 ani: hemoleucograma, glicemie, uree, creatinina, electroliti (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻,
HCO₃⁻), EKG, Rx torace
• Teste alergologice, la nevoie
Preoperator
Portela RA, Hootnick J, McGinn J. Perioperative care in functional endoscopic sinus surgery: a survey study. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol, 2012; 2:27-33
• ERAS (Enhanced recovery after surgery) – protocol de ingrijiri
multidisciplinare preoperatorii si postoperatorii care au ca scop
imbunatatirea pregatirii pacientului si prevenirea complicatiilor
postoperatorii, reducerea stressului si grabirea vindecarii,
aplicat in diverse specialitati chirurgicale (Kehler, Danemarca)
• Preoperator
• Explicarea procedurilor
• Intreruperea alimentelor solide cu 8 ore preoperator iar a celor
lichide cu 2 ore preoperator
• AINSin si anxiolitice seara dinaintea operatiei
• Intraoperator
• Antibiotic cu 30 min preoperator
• Sedative si analgezice opioide cu efect de scurta durata
• Tetracaina si lidocaine local preoperator
• Fluide si solutii saline in cantitate mai redusa
• Tamponarea nasului cu materiale resorbabile
• Postoperator
Kehlet H. Multimodal approach to control postoperative pathophysiology
• Monitorizare cu ECG, oxygen 2h postop and rehabilitation. Br J Anaesth 1997;78:606–617. doi:
• AINS podtoperator la 2h si la 12h 10.1093/bja/78.5.606
Kehlet H, Mogensen T. Hospital stay of 2 days after open sigmoidectomy
• Reluarea alimentarii la 2 h postoperator with a multimodal rehabilitation programme. Br J Surg 1999;86:227–230.
• Mobilizarea pacientului la 2 h postoperator doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.1999.01023.x.
Rezultatele studiului
• Status psihologic mai bun
• Durere locala si cefalee mai reduse –
scor VAS semnificativ mai mic decat
la grupul de control
• Somn mai bun postoperator datorita
monitorizarii mai bune a durerii
• Nivelul de stress semnificativ mai
redus
• Rata complicatiilor egala intre cele 2
grupuri
The 2015 International Consensus
Statement on Allergy and Rhinology:
Rhinosinusitis (ICAR) document states
that preoperative INCS is recommended
for CRS.3 Evidence has shown that INCS
can improve the surgical field and decrease
intraoperative bleeding and operative time.
9
R.R. Orlandi, T.T. Kingdom, P.H. Hwang, et al.International consensus statement on Allergy and Rhinology: rhinosinusitis Int Forum Allergy Rhinol, 6 (Suppl1) (2016),
pp. S22-S209
S. Albu, A. Gocea, I. MitrePreoperative treatment with topical corticoids and bleeding during primary endoscopic sinus surgery
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 143 (4) (2010), pp. 573-578
• 1738 de chestionare legate de pregatirea
preoperatorie, 304 repondenti
• 608 de chestionare legate de tratamentul
postoperator, 143 de repondenti
Medicamente ce trebuie evitate
(10-14 zile preoperator)
• Vasoconstrictie topica
• Adrenalina sol 1:1000 sau 1:2000 la copii sau pacienti cu risc
• Tipul de anestezie
• Intravenoasa cu propofol si remifentanil
• Masca laringiana
• Pozitia pacientului – Trendelenburg inversat la 20-30⁰ fata de orizontala
• Corticoterapie preoperatorie orala/topica
• 30-50 mg pana la 1 mg/kg prednisolone 5-7 zile
• Tratamentul anticoagulant
• Acid tranexamic oral/local
• 1 g/zi po sau 100 mg solutie spray la sfarsitul operatiei
Îngrijirile
postoperatorii
Scop
• favorizarea vindecarii si a regenerarii precoce a mucoasei
• reducerea inflamatiei locale si a infectiei
• imbunatatirea pe termen scurt a simptomatologiei
• favorizarea reluarii functiei ciliare
• prevenirea complicatiilor precoce
Îngrijirile postoperatorii
• Irigatii saline intranazale/spalaturi nazale
• Debridari ale cavitatilor sinusale, sub control endoscopic
• Corticosteroizi topic nazal
• Cure scurte de corticosteroizi sistemic
• Antibiotice sistemic
• Stenturi
Irigatii/lavaj nazal cu solutii saline
• 90.6% recomanda de rutina sprayuri cu solutii saline
• 90% din prima saptamana
• 50% din prima zi postoperator
• 25% din ziua operatiei
• 93.2% spalaturi cu solutie salina
• 72.8% incep lavajul din prima saptamana
• 36% incep lavajul din prima zi postop
• 87% recomanda solutie salina izotona
Portela RA, Hootnick J, McGinn J. Perioperative care in functional endoscopic sinus surgery: a survey study. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol, 2012; 2:27-33
Irigatii nazale cu solutii saline
• Umidificarea cavitatilor rinosinusale postoperativ – reduce formarea crustelor, efecte pozitive
asupra reepitelizarii mucoasei
• Se poate recomanda din prima zi postoperator
• Efecte – amesteca secretiile, reduce vascozitatea lor, faciliteaza evacuarea prin transport
mucociliar
• Clatire cu solutii saline izotone sau usor hipertone (250ml) de 3-6 ori/zi, la inceput, apoi mai rar, de
1-3 ori
Debridari • 87.9% practica debridari postoperator
• 94% incep debridarile dupa 1-2 saptamani
• Indepartarea secretiilor, a sangelui, a • 57.9% fac debridari la 1-2 saptamani
fibrinei • 34.8% debrideaza la 2-3 saptamani
• Saptamanal, din prima saptamana, • 87.1% practica 1-3 debridari postop
pana la 4-6 saptamani
Portela RA, Hootnick J, McGinn J. Perioperative care in functional endoscopic sinus surgery: a survey study. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol, 2012; 2:27-33
Antibioterapia
• Antibiotice cu spectru larg in acutizari ale RSC
• Accelereaza vindecarea, reduce secretiile nazale si formarea crustelor
• Antibioticele locale (spray/nebulizator) nu sunt recomandate
• Clatire cu antibiotic – nu e recomandata in mod curent
• Clatire cu mupirocin – imbunatatirea pe termen scurt a simptomatologiei
• 87% recomanda antibioterapie postoperator
• 79.6% recomanda antibioterapie in toate cazurile
• 98% recomanda antibioterapie ce acopera patologia rinosinusala
Lehmann AE, Raquib AR, Siddiqi SH, Meier J, Durand ML, Gray ST,
Holbrook EH. Prophylactic antibiotics after endoscopic sinus
surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis: a randomized, double-blind,
placebo-controlled noninferiority clinical trial. Int Forum Allergy
Rhinol. 2021 Jul;11(7):1047-1055. doi: 10.1002/alr.22756. Epub
2020 Dec 19. PMID: 33340285.
Corticosteroizii • Corticosteroizi postoperator
• 5.3% recomanda la toti pacientii
• Reduc dimensiunea polipilor, edemul, • 17% recomanda coricosteroizi daca nu exista
comorbiditati (DZ, imunodeficiente)
mucoasa polipoasa, cicatrizarea, • 50.2% recomanda doar la pacientii cu rinosinuzita
imbunatatesc mirosul fungica alergica si la rinosinuzita cronica cu PN
• 89.8% recomanda corticosteroizi topic, 55.1% din I
• Pot creste riscul infectiei bacteriene
sapt
• Tratamentul local si sistemic preoperator • 13.6% recomanda corticosteroizi dupa refacerea
mucoasei cavitatii sinusale
reduce sangerarea intraoperatorie,
• CS intranazal – reduce simptomatologia, efect
durata operatiei, imbunatateste
pozitiv asupra rinosinuzitei cu polipoza nazala,
vizibilitatea intraoperatorie reduce recurenta in primul an postoperator
• Eloy P; Andrews P; Poirrier A. Postoperative care in endoscopic sinus surgery: a critical review. Current
Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery. 25(1):35-42, February 2017.
• Portela RA, Hootnick J, McGinn J. Perioperative care in functional endoscopic sinus surgery: a survey
study. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol, 2012; 2:27-33
• Weber RK, Hosemann W. Comprehensive review on endonasal endoscopic sinus surgery. GSM Current
Topics in Otorhinolaryngology – Head and neck Surgery. 2015:14
• Zhen-Xiao Huang, Yun-Xia Li, Yu-Bin Wu, Hai-Cheng Liu, Bing Zhou, Preoperative and postoperative
medical therapies for chronic rhinosinusitis: National surveys among Chinese otolaryngologists, World
Journal of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Volume 4, Issue 4, 2018, Pages 258-262,