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FARMACIE
"CAROL DAVILA" BUCURESTI
Insuficienta respiratorie
Stefan Dumitrache-Rujinski
Crapo RO, Jensen RL, Hegewald M, Tashkin DP. Arterial blood gas reference values for sea level and altitude of 1,400 meters. Am J Resp
Crit Care Med. 1999;160(5 Pt 1):1525-31
Helen M. Sorenson. Oxygenation in the elderly
Insuficienta respiratorie
– PaO2 < 60 mmHg (gazometrie sange arterial)
– SaO2 < 88-90% (pulsoximetrie)
• exista corespondenta SaO2-PaO2
– la pH normal
curba de disociere a HbO2
• PaCO2 - ventilatia alveolara
• 35-45 mmHg (nu variaza cu varsta)
1) Tulburare Ṽ/Q
• BPOC
2) Sunt
• pneumonie
3) Hipoventilatie alveolara (hipercapnie)
• b. neuromusculare, obezitate morbida, deformari torace,
pahipleurite extinse, droguri
4) Membrana alveolo-capilara
• pneumopatii intersitiale difuze, emfizem
Tulburare Ṽ/Q
• Dezechilibru Ṽ/Q
– BPOC (hO2 ± HCO2)
• hO2 usor corectabila cu debite mici
• debitele mari de O2 pot agrava hipercapnia
• Extreme
– Spatiu mort (Ṽ/Q→∞)
• TEP
– Sunt (Ṽ/Q→0)
• Pneumonie
• SDRA→ hO2 nu se corecteaza cu debite mari (PaO2/FiO2)
3. Hipoventilatie alveolara (hipercapnie + hipoxemie)
- b. neuromusculare, obezitate morbida, deformari toracice,
pahipleurite extinse, droguri (morfina…)
- hipoxemia secundara CO2 alveolar crescut
- administrarea de oxigen agraveaza hipercapnia
– Respiratorie (pH~1/PaCO2)
– Metabolica (pH~PaCO2) pH~HCO3/PaCO2
• PaO2/FiO2 < 300 mmHg (40 kPa) → ALI (Acute Lung Injury)
• PaO2/FiO2 < 200 mmHg (26.7 kPa) → SDRA
• etiologie
– sepsis, socul, aspirația, inhalare fum si gaze fierbinti (inclusiv asociata țigărilor electronice sau produse de
vaping), pancreatită acută, politraumatisme, arsuri, post-transfuzionala, bypass cardiopulmonar, embolie
grasoasă, coagulare intravasculară diseminată, supradozajul de droguri, infectia SARS-CoV-2
CATEGORIES OF RESPIRATORY FAILURE
- abnormalities of the Central Nervous System
- abnormalities of the Peripheral Nervous System or Chest Wall
- abnormalities of the Airways
- abnormalities of the Alveoli
Common causes of type I (hypoxemic) respiratory failure include the
following:
• COPD
• Pneumonia
• Pulmonary edema
• Pulmonary fibrosis
• Asthma
• Pneumothorax
• Pulmonary embolism
• Pulmonary arterial hypertension
• Pneumoconiosis
• Granulomatous lung diseases
• Cyanotic congenital heart disease
• Bronchiectasis
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
• Fat embolism syndrome
Common causes of type II (hypercapnic) respiratory
failure include the following:
• COPD
• Drug overdose / Poisonings
• Myasthenia gravis
• Polyneuropathy
• Poliomyelitis
• Primary muscle disorders
• Head and cervical cord injury
• Primary alveolar hypoventilation
• Obesity-hypoventilation syndrome
Evaluare
SDR 15 SDR 15
Pulsoximetria nocturna
Hipoxemie intermitenta
SDR 12
SDR 12
SDR 12
Hipoxemie intermitenta
SDR 2012
Poligrafie cardio-respiratorie: SASO
SDR 2012
Hipoxemie continua
SDR 2015
SDR 15
Hipoxemie continua
SDR 15
Hipoxemie continua
SDR 15
Hipoxemie intermitenta
SDR 12
SaO 2 [%]
100
90
80
SDR 10
SOH + SAS
1 2 3 4 5 6 timp [h]
80%
Oxigenul produce
– vasoconstrictie pe circulatia sistemica
– vasodilatatie pe circulatia pulmonara
– “tratamentul” hipertensiunii pulmonare din BPOC (cord pulmonar
cronic) prin oxigenoterapia de lunga durata la domiciliu
Indicaţii oxigenoterapie de lungă durată in BPOC
• > 15 ore/zi
• oxigenul furnizat de
- “concentrator” de oxigen (dispozitiv care “retine” azotul din aerul atmosferic, rezultand un
aer “imbogatit” in oxigen) – dependent de acces la curent electric
- recipiente/cilindri cu oxigen lichid – logistica importanta, costuri crescute
- prin intermediul canulei nazale, masca faciala….
CPAP
CPAP
SaO 2 [%] SaO 2 [%]
100 100
90 CPAP 90
80 80
SAS2 SAS2
SDR 11 SDR 11
FiO2 21%
EPAP
CO2
Hipercapnie →→ BPAP
IPAP
SDR 17
ΔP = IPAP - EPAP
Mecanisme fiziopatologice - raspuns la terapie
mecanism patologie O2 & CO2 Efect O2
tulburare Ṽ/Q BPOC hO2±HCO2 debit mic corecteaza hO2
TEP
debit mare poate agrava HCO2
sunt pneumonie hO2 O2 aditional corecteaza
SDRA debit mare nu corecteaza
hipoventilatie b.neuromusculare, HCO2+hO2 amelioreaza hO2, agraveaza HCO2
patologie cutie toracica
sau pleurala
obezitate, droguri