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TESTICUL
HISTOLOGIE
SPERMATOGENEZA
LICHID SEMINAL
GLANDA
TESTICUL
% LS
1-2%
DESCRIERE
Spermatozoizi; cantitate redusa de lichid epididimar
EMISIE
2-3
VEZICULE SEMINALE
65-75%
Fructoza, Amino-acizi, Prostaglandine, Proteine (ENZIME), Proteine (COAGUL) PSA, Fosfataza acida, Enzime Proteolitice, Acid Citric, Zinc
PROSTATA
25-30%
2-3
G BULBOURETRALE
1%
Mucus, Galctoza
HORMONI SEXUALI
HORMONI SEXUALI
METABOLISM
Plasma
Urina
PATOLOGIA TESTICULARA
1. HIPOGONADISM (DEFICIT DE PRODUCTIE
SAU ACTIUNE A TESTOSTERONULUI)
2. DEFICIT SPERMATOGENETIC
(INFERTILITATE MASCULINA)
HIPOGONADISM EFECTE
S. OSOS LARINGE PILOZITATE DERMA MADUVA OSOASA S. MUSCULAR T. ADIPOS PENIS PROSTATA SPERMATOGENEZA EJACULAT LIBIDOU ERECTIE Reducere masa osoasa, osteoporoza Fara Modificari Reducere densitate, fara schimbare aspect Atrofie, Paloare, Riduri fine Anemie Atrofie, Hipostenie Crescut Fara Modificari Atrofie Reducere Reducere Volum Scazut Disfunctie Erectila
HIPOGONADISMUL MASCULIN
Common Klinefelter's syndrome Uncorrected cryptorchidism Less Common PRIMARY GONADAL FAILURE Radiation Chemotherapy Orchitis Trauma Anorchia due to bilateral torsion or vanishing testes syndrome Medications (ketoconazole) SECONDARY GONADAL FAILURE Chronic disease (HIV infection, COPD, end stage renal disease) Tumors of the hypothalamic-pituitary region Abuse of drugs such as alcohol and marijuana Critical illness Hyperprolactinemia Medications (e.g., opiates, anabolic steroids) Head injury Surgery Infiltrative disorders (e.g., hemochromatosis, sarcoidosis, histiocytosis) Severe obesity Excessive exercise Eating disorders DUAL Aging Alcoholism Hemochromatosis Sickle cell disease Congenital adrenal hypoplasia (DAX-1 mutations) Infections (e.g., TB) Pituitary apoplexy Prader-Willi syndrome Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, Kallmann's syndrome Rare Noonan's syndrome Myotonic dystrophy Mutations in the LH receptor or subunits Type 1 autoimmune polyglandular syndrome
HIPOGONADISM: EVALUARE
subdermal testosterone pellet implants, intramuscular testosterone enanthate, oral testosterone undecanoate, scrotal testosterone patch, and 1998 transdermal testosteronepatches, transdermal testosterone gels, buccal testosterone and intramuscular testosterone undecanoate.
DISFUNCTIA ERECTILA
DISFUNCTIA ERECTILA
MECANISM vascular neurologic hormonal psihogen
DISFUNCTIA ERECTILA
CAUZE ENDOCRINOLOGICE Hipogonadismele (adenom hipofizar) Diabet zaharat (tip I e II) Hipo / Hipertiroidism
Hiperprolactinemia
Acromegalia Hipo / Hiper Coriticism
Hepatopatia
Insuficienta renala cronica (uremie)
DISFUNCTIA ERECTILA
EVALUARE Hemoleucograma, Profil Inflamator Glicemie; HbA1c AST, ALT
Creatinina, Uree
Colesterol Total, LDL, HDL, Trigliceride
DISFUNCTIA ERECTILA
TERAPIE INIHIBITORI FOSFODIESTERAZA CLASA 5 (oral) Sildenafil
Tadalafil
Vardenafil PROSTAGLANDINA (injectabil) PG-E1
Criptorhidismul
Absenta unilaterala sau bilaterala testiculelor din scrot 2-4% din nn la termen de sex masculin 50% se rezolva spontan 1-2% la varsta de 1 an a
Examen clinic:
- Pot exista semne de hipoandrogenizare
Complicatii:
Hernie Traumatisme Torsionare Neoplazii
Tratament:
Medicamentos:
- hCG 3000 u/sapt, 6-8 sapt - GnRH intranazal pulsatil 4 saptamani Chirurgical: orhidopexie
Infertilitate
GINECOMASTIE
Cresterea glandelor mamare datorata
proliferarii benigne a tesutului glandular Diferentiata de proliferarea adipoasa
CAUZE
Productie crescuta de precursori estrogenici patologii hepatice, tumori C Sertoli/Leydig sau adrenale (rar) Cresterea activitatii aromatazelor
obezitate, varsta
Reducerea productiei de Testosteron Hipogonadism, tireotoxicoza, insensibilitate la androgeni (rar)
GINECOMASTIE
INFERTILITATEA
Incapacitatea de conceptie a unui cuplu dupa 1 an de raporturi sexuale libere Primara / Secundara (sarcina in trecut) CAUZE masculine feminine mixte idiopatice
INFERTILITATEA DATE de ANAMNEZA: 1. Frecventa si momentul raporturilor sexuale 2. Perioada de infertilitate 3. Antecedente patologice 4. Boli cu transmitere sexuala
Neisseria G, Treponema P, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma
6. Drug story
Spermograma Normala
<1
3-4
15-35 5
FSH Testo
Insuf Spermatogenetica
Patologie obstructiva
Infertilitate Idiopatica
NEOPLAZII TESTICULARE
1-1.5% din neoplaziile sexului masculin
incidenta maxima in a IV-a decada pentru tumori seminomatoase pure si in a III-a decada pentru tumori nonseminomatoase
asociere de tip familiar
NEOPLAZII TESTICULARE
NEOPLAZII TESTICULARE
Masa scrotala unilaterala, deobicei nedureroasa sau descoperita accidental in curs de evaluari radiologice 20% di cazuri au ca prim simptom durerea scrotala si pana la 27% din barbati pot prezenta durere locala Ginecomastie in 7% din cazuri si este mai frecventa in tumorile non-seminomatoase Lombalgie / Pubalgie in 11% din cazuri Reducerea volumetrica a testicolului poate preceda aparitia tumorei Sindrom flogistic orhi-epididimar in 10% din cazuri, cu probabila intarziere a diagnosticului
NEOPLAZII TESTICULARE
MARKERI
AFP (produsa de celulele sacului vitelin) hCG (produsa de celulele trophoblastului)
ECOGRAFIA TESTICULARA
Trebuie efectuata la barbati tineri fara masa palpabila scrotala dar care prezinta linfoadenopatii retroperitoneale sau mase viscerale abdominale Trebuie efectuata la barbati tineri cu Ginecomastie sau valori crescute ale Gonadotropinei Corionice Umane (hCG) or sau AlfaFeto Proteinei (AFP) Recomandata pentru follow-up in pacienti cu risc crescut (criptorhidie, insuficienta gonadica primara)
ECOGRAFIA TESTICULARA
UTILIZARE INTERZISA
Varsta liceului: 4-6% din baieti si 1-2% din fete au folosit macar 1 data substante anabolizante Numar mare de molecule disponibile
Stanozolol,
UTILIZARE INTERZISA
EFECTE ADVERSE Cresterea transaminazelor, hepatita, carcinom hepatic (compusi orali) Tensiune mamara sau ginecomastie (compusi aromatizabili) Infertilitate / Azoospermie Sindrom de Abstinenta Eritrocitoza